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ENCYCLOPAEDIA

JUDAICA

ENCYCLOPAEDIA

JUDAICA

SECOND EDITION

VOLUME 1

Aa-Alp

Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief
Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor

MACIVIILLAN REFERENCE USA

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ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition

Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief

Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor

Shlomo S. (Yosh) Gafni, Editorial Project Manager

Rachel Gilon, Editorial Project Planning and Control

Thomson Gale

Gordon Macomber, President
Frank Menchaca, Senior Vice President and Publisher

Jay Flynn, Publisher
Helene Potter, Publishing Director

Keter Publishing House

Yiphtach Dekel, Chief Executive Officer
Peter Tomkins, Executive Project Director

Complete staff listings appear on pages 33-36

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Encyclopaedia Judaica / Fred Skolnik, editor-in-chief ; Michael Berenbaum, executive editor. -- 2nd ed.
v. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: v.1. Aa-Alp.

ISBN 0-02-865928-7 (set hardcover : alk. paper) - ISBN 0-02-865929-5 (vol. 1 hardcover : alk. paper) - ISBN 0-02-
865930-9 (vol. 2 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865931-7 (vol. 3 hardcover : alk. paper) - ISBN 0-02-865932-5 (vol.
4 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865933-3 (vol. 5 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865934-1 (vol. 6 hardcover :
alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865935-X (vol. 7 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865936-8 (vol. 8 hardcover : alk. paper) -
ISBN 0-02-865937-6 (vol. 9 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865938-4 (vol. 10 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-
865939-2 (vol. 11 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865940-6 (vol. 12 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865941-4
(vol. 13 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865942-2 (vol. 14 hardcover : alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865943-0 (vol. 15: alk.
paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865944-9 (vol. 16: alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865945-7 (vol. 17: alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865946-5 (vol.
18: alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865947-3 (vol. 19: alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865948-1 (vol. 20: alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865949-
X (vol. 21: alk. paper) -- ISBN 0-02-865950-3 (vol. 22: alk. paper)
1. Jews -- Encyclopedias. I. Skolnik, Fred. II. Berenbaum, Michael, 1945-
DS102.8.E496 2007
909'.04924 -- dc22

2006020426

978-0-02-865928-2 (set)
978-0-02-865929-9 (vol. 1)
978-0-02-865930-5 (vol. 2)
978-0-02-865931-2 (vol. 3)
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ISBN-13:

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978-0-02-865941-1 (vol. 13)
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978-0-02-865943-5 (vol. 15)
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10 987654321

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

In the past thirty- five years the Encyclopaedia Judaica has come to occupy a rarefied
space in the world of Jewish learning. Authoritative, comprehensive, serious yet ac-
cessible, it graced the library shelves of scholars and rabbis, of the learned and the
studious, and even of the would-be studious, consulted by the curious and the in-
quisitive, an important starting point for a journey of learning.

It also was that rare work in Jewish life and learning that covered controversy and
yet was not controversial. It could not be identified with one school of thought, with
one religious, political, or social perspective. Written by Zionists who believed ar-
dently in Jewish peoplehood and the centrality of the land of Israel and the renascent
State of Israel for the Jewish future, it also respected the many forms that Jewish life
had taken. It performed its task admirably, sharing with the reader what was known
and knowable in 1972, the year when it was first published. For a time through Year
Books and Decennial volumes, it sought to update its readers on more recent learn-
ing, trends, and issues, and for the first time in 1997 it migrated to an electronic ver-
sion with a wonderful search engine that freed the reader from taking volumes off
the shelf and moving from the index to yet another volume.

So we understood as we embarked upon the task of updating the masterful work
that much could be lost. We were also confident of what could be gained.

Why a new edition?

The answer is quite simple. Knowledge is dynamic, not static. Much has changed
in the last thirty- five years.

Israel of 2006 is quite different from Israel of 1972, when Golda Meir was prime
minister. Israel has faced two wars - the war of 1973 (Yom Kippur War) and the
war in Lebanon - two Intifadas, the Camp David Accords, the withdrawal from
Sinai, the Oslo Accords, the Disengagement, the rise of militant radical Islam,
and so much more. Israel has become the home of almost half the worlds Jewish
population, absorbing Jews from the former Soviet Union, from Ethiopia, Argen-
tina, France, and elsewhere. Soon a majority of the worlds Jews will live in Israel,
which has become a regional military superpower and a developed country in an
increasingly globalized world. Israeli culture has been transformed and its insti-

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

tutions have evolved. Quite simply, the Israel described in 1972 is unrecognizable
today.

The Soviet Union is no longer. Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia have become inde-
pendent countries; so too have the Ukraine and many of the former Soviet Repub-
lics. Jewish life has been transformed by these changes. The Iron Curtain has fallen
and thus the Jews of Poland and Hungary, of the Czech Republic and Slovakia live
under different conditions; and their world - the possibilities of their world - has
changed. East and West Germany have been reunited and the German Jewish com-
munity - which once lived with a fascinating past that had been eclipsed by its cata-
strophic recent history but had no discernible future - is now growing rapidly as it
has become home to many Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union.

In the United States, Las Vegas and Phoenix are growing most rapidly as Jew-
ish communities as tens of thousands of Jews have moved to these Sun Belt cities
and built not only new homes but also new institutions and new environments.
Southern Florida has become the third most populated area of Jewish settlement.
In the rural South, where Jews had lived for a century or more, synagogues have
become museums, thus marking the end of many small communities, while the
Jewish population of Atlanta and Jewish life in Atlanta, Dallas, and Houston have
expanded dramatically. Once Jewish Day Schools were the province of Orthodox
Jews living in major cities. They can now be found wherever there is a significant
Jewish population and they serve the entire spectrum of those interested in Jewish
learning. In light of such developments, each entry on the fifty states had to be up-
dated; so too the entries on each of the cities in which almost all of American Jews
reside.

Religiously, American Jewry has evolved dramatically. Orthodoxy is no longer
in danger of extinction but confident and self-sustaining. It is no longer character-
ized by loss but by gains, and modern Orthodoxy, which once appeared dominant,
has been sliding to the right. Chabad has developed as a global presence to be en-
countered wherever Jews live, wherever Jews travel. It has endured the passing of the
Rebbe, centralized charismatic leadership has been replaced by management and by
the charisma and dedication of many individual leaders. It has endured a messianic
crisis. Liberal forms of Judaism have become more diverse, more creative and more
diffuse. New institutions for the training of rabbis have evolved and the neat tripar-
tite division of Jews - Orthodox, Conservative and Reform - has become far more
fascinating as multiple forms of Jewish identity and Jewish engagement have become
available. Reconstructionist Judaism has created its own institutions; even the anti-
institutional world of Renewal Judaism is creating institutions of its own with its own
journals, its own publishing house and its own rabbinical and cantorial schools. Non-
denominational rabbinical seminaries are flourishing. Rural Jews gather for confer-
ences; Jewish life is alive and flourishing in cyberspace as well as real space, even as
a more individualized and less institutionalized Jewish identity takes root.

American Jews live in a world with few barriers, with no glass ceilings. Their Jew-
ishness is not regarded as a handicap but a privilege; highly individualized for many,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

celebrated or even ignored, it takes a variety of forms and expresses itself in many
creative endeavors. The editors of this new edition of the Encyclopaedia Judaica are
acutely conscious of these changes, both in the choice of individual entries and in
the description of various Jewish communities. But along with this extraordinarily
positive picture, American Jewry is in the decline numerically; simply put, Ameri-
can Jews are not reproducing, and the rate of intermarriage exceeds even the most
alarming predictions of a generation ago. Survivalists are deeply concerned about
survival, about the viability of the American Jewish community, in part because of
the freedom it enjoys. And with freedom comes the easy freedom not to identify
as a Jew, for one is not forced to identify as a Jew. One can embrace any number of
other identities, professional and personal, without betrayal.

Yet there is a cross fertilization between Israel and the United States. American
Jewish scholars spend sabbatical years in Israel, many have studied in Israel as part
of their undergraduate and graduate training, and Israeli scholars spend signifi-
cant time in the Diaspora. They read each other s work; they publish in each other s
journals. Scholarly works initiated in Israel are published in English and American
scholarship is read in Israel and often translated into Hebrew.

Thirty- five years ago the women's movement was just beginning and all rabbis
were men. Feminist Studies as a discipline was but in its infancy and women were
not considered by many an integral part of the Jewish community or the Jewish ex-
perience. Much has changed, and this new edition represents a deliberate attempt
to include women and the experience of women within its pages; the inclusion was
not for inclusions sake but because we cannot understand Jews or the Jewish expe-
rience without understanding the role of Jewish women. Permit a simple example.
An earlier entry on "Mikveh" considered Jewish religious teaching on the mikveh
and its halakhic requirements. A woman's perspective was not included, which we
now understand was a serious omission, one not repeated in this volume.

A new generation has arisen and, with each new generation, new scholarly ques-
tions are asked, new methodologies are employed. Thus, even though the giants of
the last generation played an important role in editing the Encyclopaedia Judaica,
extraordinary scholars such as Professors Gershom Scholem, Salo Baron, Menachem
Stern, H.L. Ginzburg, and Cecil Roth among others, the fields they developed and
in some cases pioneered have moved beyond them; their findings have been built
upon, their methodologies refined, enhanced, expanded, and disputed, and the re-
sult transforms our understanding even of the fields they illuminated so masterfully
a generation ago. We have endeavored to preserve much of their original writing,
to add what must be added, to refine where refinement was in order and to change
what must be changed with the passage of time. Thus, even while the masterful work
of Gershom Scholem has been preserved in its entirety, the intellectual discussion
he initiated has gone well beyond his work and his students and their students have
begun to ask different questions and reach different conclusions, as is reflected in
the second edition addendum to his classic Kabbalah entry. The presentation of the
historicity of the Talmud (see below) takes cognizance of the important work of

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1 7

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

Jacob Neusner and David Weiss Halivni and others as well as Saul Lieberman and
Efraim Urbach.

The generation that created the first edition of the Encyclopaedia Judaica was pri-
marily trained in Germany in the great institutions and the extraordinary culture of
the Weimar Republic or at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, perhaps the greatest
German university outside of Germany Alas, that generation has passed. Many of
the scholars who wrote for this edition were trained in the United States and, even if
trained in Israel, were influenced by the dominance of American culture and Ameri-
can scholarship. Native-born Israel-trained scholars have written with brilliant com-
petence. Historians dominated the first edition; in this new work, the approach of
scholars even in the field of Judaic Studies is far more multi- disciplinary.

Entries written for the first edition had to be written differently for the second
edition for their fields had evolved in the ensuing decades. Special treatment is ac-
corded to the subject of Jewish Law (Mishpat Ivri) under the direction of Justice
Menachem Elon, where it is now possible to examine the principles of Jewish reli-
gious law (halahkah) as they are reflected in the courts of a sovereign Jewish state.
Elon, who had pioneered this field, has expanded his treatment of Jewish law as it
has grown in the recent past, confronted new questions and grappled with issues
unknown thirty-five years ago.

Certain dramatic changes have occurred within the most classical of fields of
studies. As our Bible editor notes:

"Modern critical Bible study as it arose in the 19th century was often couched in
terminology affirming that the Old Testament was inferior to the New Testament and
that Judaism had been superseded by Christianity. Some notable Christian biblicists
were also antisemites. As a result Wissenschaft des Judentums, 'the scientific study
of Judaism,' neglected the critical study of the Bible. At Reform Judaisms Hebrew
Union College and Conservative Judaism's Jewish Theological Seminary it took years
before critical study of the Bible was fully embraced. Similarly, the Hebrew Univer-
sity of Jerusalem opened with a chair in biblical exegesis rather than Bible proper.
To some extent the first edition of the Encyclopaedia Judaica retained this gingerly
approach to Bible so that in contrast to most subject areas, apologetic writing was
not always discouraged. By the 1990s the American and Israeli Jewish communities
had reached a level of self-confidence and maturity that permitted even Orthodox
scholars to participate fully in the critical study of the Hebrew Bible. In addition,
the 20th century witnessed renewed interest in the great Bible commentators of
medieval times. Largely neglected in early modern critical Bible scholarship, these
commentaries, which anticipated modern 'discoveries' are regularly studied by con-
temporary Biblicists, Jewish and Christian." Critical literary studies of the Bible not
only dissect the Bible by pointing to the sources of its composition, but consider it
as an integrated whole which must be read as one work.

The editors of our Talmud division note that the past thirty years have seen a
number of developments in talmudic studies, which required the significant revi-
sion of many of the first edition entries dealing with talmudic and midrashic litera-

8

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

ture. First of all, since the 1970s, we have been witness to a dramatic increase in the
study of talmudic literature, not just within the rapidly expanding world of academic
Judaic studies, but even more so among the public at large. Many new editions and
translations in nearly all branches of talmudic and midrashic literature have been
published, often accompanied by reliable and user- friendly commentaries. These in
turn have opened up the study of the Mishnah, the Talmud, and other related texts
to a wide audience of interested non-professional students. Many of the core entries
in the previous edition of the Encyclopaedia were written with a pronounced bias
toward the agenda of professional scholarship, and it has been one of our concerns
both to widen this agenda and to provide the necessary foundation in order to make
entries accessible to the public at large (see, for example, Mishnah and Talmud, Bab-
ylonian). At the same time two developments in academic scholarship have also had
an impact on editorial policy. First of all, the application of modern critical histori-
cal methodology to the field of Aggadah and rabbinic biography has brought about
no less than a revolution in the attitude toward talmudic and midrashic traditions
concerning the lives and deeds of the rabbis (see Aggadah). This profound devel-
opment has led to the revision of well over a hundred entries describing the lives
of greater and lesser rabbinic figures (e.g. Eliezer ben Hyrcanus, Beruryah, Imma
Shalom, Johanan ben Zakkai, Meir, Elisha ben Avuyah, Johanan ben Nappaha, etc.),
while numerous traditional biographies of lesser rabbinic figures who have yet to
be critically reexamined have been reproduced intact. Secondly, the increasing so-
phistication of critical and historical tools for the analysis of talmudic literature as a
whole has brought about an equally profound revolution in our understanding of the
internal historical development of this literature, and specifically of the relationships
between parallel traditions found in the different finished talmudic works (see, for
example, Tosefta; Talmud, Babylonian - The Bavli and the Extant Tannaitic Works,
The Bavli and the Yerushalmi). The description and dating of the various talmudic
compositions - Mishnah, Tosefta, the halakhic and aggadic Midrashim, the Babylo-
nian and Jerusalem Talmudim - included in the earlier edition of the Encyclopaedia
could not, of course, have taken these new developments into account. As a result,
all of the entries dealing with this literature were reviewed, and in many cases (e.g.
the Midrashei Halakhah) thoroughly revised.

Judaic Studies in the United States was limited thirty-five years ago. The Asso-
ciation of Jewish Studies had just been founded; its members knew each other. Po-
sitions were few. Membership has since then increased a hundredfold, and interest
in Jewish Studies is wide throughout the Diaspora, as it has come to be seen as an
essential component of Western civilization, though not just of Western civilization.
American-trained Judaic Studies academics are on the faculty of every Israeli uni-
versity, often holding distinguished chairs, so the cross fertilization of Israeli and
American scholarship is a daily fact of life in both countries.

My own field of Holocaust Studies was but in its infancy thirty-five years ago.
The scholars were mostly survivors or refugees writing of their experience. Many
archives were closed, records were unavailable, many survivor memoirs had not yet

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

been written and one could convene a meeting of the significant figures in the field
in a conference room large enough for a dozen people. Holocaust Studies as a field
could be confined to several paragraphs, a few major works, and an occasional con-
ference. There was no major museum and no Holocaust educational resource cen-
ters, no sense of a "Holocaust industry." With the passage of time came the insights
of time. There was a more personal intensity to the scholarly battles of the first gen-
eration, as many had lived through the events. The works of Bruno Bettelheim, who
wrote of the infantalization of the victim; of Hannah Arendt, who condemned Jew-
ish leadership in the Holocaust; and of Raul Hilberg, whose magisterial work mini-
mized the role of Jewish resistance, severely stung. In response, other Jewish schol-
ars fought back angrily, defensively, as if the pride of the living seemingly could be
enhanced by a positive depiction of the conduct of the dead. In the past thirty-five
years, records were declassified, documents from the former Soviet Union and else-
where became available as so many archives were opened. Documents and copies of
originals could be read in Washington, New York, and Jerusalem and not just War-
saw, Budapest, or Berlin. We have broadened our perspective and sought to come to
terms with the dynamics of a growing field of study. And the contributions to this
new edition reflect how much more is now known about an event that was in the
immediate past thirty- five years ago.

From time to time, as we worked with the vastness of this material, colleagues
and friends - especially our children - would ask what place an encyclopedia holds
in the world of the web, where access to information is instantaneous and the web
so vast. We have endeavored to preserve the sense of authority of the original edi-
tion - its reliability. We were mindful of the fact that this work would be consulted
for years and years; thus, it is intended to be more than a snapshot of what is known
at this time; its insights are meant to withstand the passage of time. Still, in a gen-
eration or two, when scholars and students want to know what was known in the
first decade of the 21st century, who were the Jews, what they thought, how they
lived, they will be able do no better than to consult this work and to understand its
ramifications.

The Encyclopaedia Judaica grapples with Jews and Judaism, how Jews live, how
they perceive themselves, how they encounter the world and shape the world they
encounter. From medicine to mysticism, from resurgent Hasidism to renewal Ju-
daism, from economics to science, from politics to art, music, theater, and cinema,
even cartoons and comedy, sports and entertainment, we have endeavored to be
comprehensive and creative.

Keter Publishing House and Macmillan Library Reference (an imprint of Thom-
son Gale), the publisher and distributor, respectively, of the first edition of the En-
cyclopaedia Judaica, initiated this project. Under the watchful eye of Peter Tomkins,
Keter turned to the Jerusalem Publishing House, which has long been known for ini-
tiating encyclopedias in many languages all over the world, to organize the project.
Frank Menchaca initiated this project for Macmillan, Helene Potter was assigned
to bring it to life. When Menchaca went on to even higher levels of management,

10

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

Helene Potter capably filled the vacuum. Jay Flynn has been entrusted with the all
important task of bringing this work to completion.

The scope of a second edition of the Encyclopaedia was far too large to be covered
by minor revisions and cosmetic updates - too much had changed, too much more
had become known. In sum, as the project evolved, half of the original entries had
to be changed; more than 2,650 were added.

Over time, it also became clear that an American editor would have to be added
to the core staff, to work with Jerusalem-based editor-in-chief Fred Skolnik. Shlomo
(Yosh) Gafni, president of the Jerusalem Publishing House (JPH), and his managing
editor Rachel Gilon, were a source of guidance and wisdom, with the assistance of
Leonardo Szichman, who executed the huge data control. JPH undertook the diffi-
cult task of coordinating this project with enormous energy, skill, and dedication.
Fred Skolnik was indefatigable and so wonderfully skilled. Associated with the Ju-
daica for 35 years, he was both its champion and the driving force in its enlargement
and transformation.

The writers of the Encyclopaedia are many. They write with passion and confi-
dence of the fields they know, of the persons, the ideas and the issues they describe.
Many could write - and have written - volumes on their subjects. Here they were
asked to be concise and precise, to write in a manner that reflected what is known,
to avoid polemics, to be scrupulously fair. We have endeavored not only to furnish
important details but also to present them in an interesting manner, knowing that,
unlike the stuff of journalism, which will not be read tomorrow, this work will be
read by many on many tomorrows. It has to endure the test of time.

This edition is a unique partnership. Initiated by Israelis, it brought together
Israelis and Americans and scholars from many different countries and many spheres
of learning. It took cognizance of the centrality of Israel in the contemporary Jewish
world but also of the enduring life, creative vitality, and intensity of the Jewish experi-
ence in the Diaspora. It was mindful of the many forms that Jewish life has taken and
the diverse ways in which Jews have contributed to their people and the world.

It has been built on a strong foundation; time and again the editors have come to
appreciate how comprehensive and authoritative was the work of their predecessors.
We have endeavored to take the work of our predecessors forward in the ongoing
quest for knowledge and understanding of the Jewish experience.

Michael Berenbaum

Executive Editor

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1 11

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface to the Second Edition

5

General Introduction

15

Editorial and Production Staff (Second Edition)

33

Editorial and Production Staff (First Edition)

37

Contributors

45

Abbreviations

177

General Abbreviations

177
Abbreviations Used in Rabbinical Literature

178
Bibliographical Abbreviations

184

Transliteration Rules

197

Glossary

200

Entries Aa-Alp

207

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

The Encyclopaedia Judaica, first published in 1972, has a long history, antedated by a
number of predecessors. The English-language Jewish Encyclopedia, the first complete
work of this nature, appeared in New York at the beginning of the 20th century (its
twelfth and final volume was published in 1906). This pioneering work summed up
the state of Jewish scholarship and the condition of the Jewish world at the time. It
was an extraordinary achievement - especially if one considers the relatively small
numbers of the English-speaking and English-reading Jewish population at the
time. It was able, however, to call upon the collaboration of Jewish scholars in many
countries - in particular the representatives of the Wissenschaft des Judentums, the
School of Scientific Jewish Scholarship, then at its height. There were aspects that
it tended to overlook or underplay, such as the world of East European Jewry, Kab-
balah and Hasidism, Yiddish language and literature, and the life and culture of the
Jews in Muslim lands, but seen as a whole, it was a monumental work incorporat-
ing many entries which became classic statements on their subject. The 16 -volume
Russian Jewish encyclopedia Yevreyskaya Entsiklopediya, which also appeared before
World War I, was well conceived and in some respects brilliantly edited. Particularly
outstanding was its expertise on East European Jewish subjects. The 10-volume He-
brew Ozar Yisrael (1924), an almost single-handed achievement by J.D. Eisenstein,
was on a far smaller scale and had less rigorous standards, although in certain areas
its articles presented useful material.

At the time of the revival of Jewish interest and learning in Germany after World
War 1, Jacob Klatzkin, Ismar Elbogen, and Nahum Goldmann planned a new ency-
clopedia in the German language. This was intended to incorporate the results of the
intervening years of intensive scholarship and research, to reflect the intellectual at-
titudes which had become established during this period, and to correct certain im-
balances found within the Jewish Encyclopedia. Klatzkin and Goldmann gathered a
galaxy of scholars to produce a new work. This work - called Encyclopaedia Judaica
- progressed notwithstanding the obstacles and difficulties of those troubled times,
until the Nazis rose to power in Germany. Publication had to be suspended after
Volume 10 (completing the letter L), leaving incomplete this last monument of the

15

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

intellectual greatness of German Jewry. Under the same auspices, a Hebrew version
- the Eschkol encyclopedia - appeared, but only two volumes were issued. Mention
should also be made of the five-volume Juedisches Lexikon, edited by Georg Her-
litz and Bruno Kirschner, published by the Juedischer Verlag in 1927-30. Although
more modest in scope than the other works mentioned, it made a useful contribu-
tion to Jewish studies and also paid more attention than its predecessors to illustra-
tive material.

In the five first years of World War 11 the Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, edited by
Isaac Landman, was issued in the United States in 10 volumes. It was able to reflect
the growing importance of U.S. Jewry and to take into account late developments,
especially in American Jewish history and biography. It had considerable merits, but
was not an ambitious work. Moreover the fact that it was published in a period of
major transition in itself set a limit to its utility. It was, however, the Universal Jewish
Encyclopedia which constituted the basis of the 10-volume Spanish-language Enci-
clopedia Judaica Castellana produced in Mexico between 1948 and 1951. The major
contribution of this latter work lay in its original entries dealing with the develop-
ment of Jewish life in Latin America.

After the establishment of the State of Israel, the Hebrew language Encyclopaedia
Hebraica began to be published in Jerusalem by the Massada Publishing Company,
directed by the Peli family. This was the first large-scale general encyclopedia in the
Hebrew language - and naturally it emphasized the Jewish aspects of various sub-
jects, some of them of high scholarly importance and in certain cases even pioneer-
ing studies in their field. But though it contains the elements of a Jewish encyclope-
dia, it was not - nor was it intended to be - a Jewish encyclopedia as such.

The Development of the Encyclopaedia Judaica

For many years, and especially since the cataclysmic events in Jewish history of the
1940s, the need had been felt for an entirely new Jewish encyclopedia, especially
in the English language for English-speaking Jewry, who now accounted for about
half of the Jews of the world. Furthermore the survivors of the editorial board of
the German Encyclopaedia Judaica had always been determined that the Nazi at-
tack on their work could not be accepted as a final defeat and that the unfinished
publication must be completed. However, they too recognized that now only a rel-
atively small proportion of the Jewish people had access to a work in German and
that any new endeavor in this field must be, first and foremost, in English. Dr. Na-
hum Goldmann, the last active survivor of the original board of editors, had long
had this objective.

Initial funding of the project was made possible through an allocation obtained
by Dr. Goldmann from the German reparations fund earmarked for cultural pur-
poses. The Rassco Company in Israel also became interested and provided some of
the funds during the early stages. In the U.S., the Encyclopaedia Judaica Research
Foundation was established to raise further support for the project.

During this early period, when the preliminary work was centered in the U.S.,

16

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Prof. Benzion Netanyahu (father of Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu),
then editor of the Encyclopaedia Hebraica, served as editor in chief. The main edi-
torial offices were established in Philadelphia in 1963.

In 1965 Prof. Netanyahu was compelled through pressure of work to retire from
his post, and the editorial center was transferred to Jerusalem. This move was re-
garded as advisable because Jerusalem had become the unquestioned pivot of Jew-
ish studies in the world, with the greatest concentration of scholars in the subject
as well as possessing unrivaled research facilities. Moreover it was now the home of
Prof. Cecil Roth, who had been appointed to succeed Prof. Netanyahu as editor in
chief.

The publishing responsibility was assumed by the Israel Program for Scien-
tific Translations (at that time an Israel government corporation, later owned by
CLAL Israel Investment Company Ltd.). The Israel Program for Scientific Trans-
lations had already begun diversifying its publishing program and subsequently
set up the Keter Publishing House Ltd. under whose imprint the Encyclopae-
dia appeared. In the U.S. the Encyclopaedia Judaica also appeared for a limited
time with the imprint of Macmillan under an agreement by which the Macmil-
lan Company would distribute the Encyclopaedia in the Western Hemisphere.
The financing of the Encyclopaedia during the five years of actual work in which
it was produced in Israel was made possible initially by a generous loan from the
United States government out of counterpart funds available in Israel at a nominal
interest. This was supplemented by a considerable investment made by the publisher
to bring the project to a successful conclusion.

Work started in earnest in 1967 and a period of five years was allocated for the com-
pletion of the entire Encyclopaedia. It was decided early on that with well-planned or-
ganization and by proper exploitation of technological advances it would be possible
to achieve the highly desirable goal of publishing the entire Encyclopaedia at one time.
This would obviate the time gap inevitable in works that appear gradually, avoid the
frustration of having the first volumes of a series but not the continuation to which
references are made, and make possible the simultaneous publication of an index vol-
ume which the editors saw as basic and indispensable to the whole work.

To complete the Encyclopaedia within the given time, it was decided to adopt the
principle of maximum subdivision so as to involve the greatest number of editors
and contributors. The subject matter was broken down into some 20 divisions and
these were again subdivided into departments. Some divisions had only two or three
departments, but others included many more - 35 in the history division and more
than 70 in the division dealing with the participation of Jews in world culture.

The general flow of an entry was from the contributor to the departmental and
divisional editors, then to the central office for translation (where necessary), check-
ing, styling, transliterating and bibliographical verification, approval by the relevant
associate editor and by the editors in chief, and then back to the contributor for his
approval of the final version (in cases where substantial editorial changes had been
inserted). Finally the entry was sent to the index department and then to press.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1 17

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

A number of outstanding scholars served as consulting editors. They advised the
Encyclopaedia staff in their fields of specialization when requested, but did not bear
any editorial responsibility Nor did any departmental, divisional, or associate edi-
tor or deputy editor in chief have any editorial responsibility for the contents of the
Encyclopaedia apart from those which were his own direct responsibility The final
responsibility for all entries rested with the editors in chief.

Dr. Geoffrey Wigoder was appointed deputy editor in chief and the various di-
visions were grouped into sections each headed by an associate editor. The associ-
ate editors - Prof. Louis Rabinowitz, Prof. Raphael Posner, Dr. Binyamin Eliav, and
Mr. Simha Katz - together with the editor in chief and his deputy constituted the
editorial board. After the death of Prof. Roth in 1970, Dr. Wigoder was appointed
editor in chief. The New York office was headed by Dr. Frederick Lachman, who
coordinated the departments and divisions whose editors were in North America.
Working parallel with those preparing the text was the illustrations and graphics
department headed by Mr. Mo she Shalvi. This complex administration was directed
by Mrs. Rachel Sabbath. The immensity of the operation can best be illustrated by
the fact that apart from the 300 editors and 1,800 contributors with whom contact
was maintained, the Encyclopaedia employed an internal staff of 150 - not including
those who worked on the printing and binding stages. The entire publishing opera-
tion was directed by Mr. Yitzhak Rischin, managing director of the Keter Publish-
ing House Ltd.

The Year Books and Decennial Books

It was obvious on the publication of the Encyclopaedia Judaica that to maintain its
usefulness a mechanism would have to be found to ensure that it remained up to
date. The method chosen was the periodic publication of Year Books. These incor-
porated feature articles on subjects of current interest in the Jewish world as well as
extensive photo spreads on relevant topics. Many entries were updated, notably the
major countries of Jewish settlement which received special consideration in each
volume. Moreover new entries were devoted to personalities, organizations, Jewish
studies, and other items that had come into the news or to public attention since the
publication of the Encyclopaedia.

The Yearbooks continued to be published by Keter Publishing Company and the
editors included Rabbi Louis I. Rabinowitz, Professor Pinchas Peli, Dr. Geoffrey Wi-
goder, and Ms. Fern Seckbach.

In addition, two special Decennial books covering the decades preceding 1982 and
1992 were published, incorporating and supplementing Year Book material.

The CD-ROM Edition

The CD-ROM edition, appearing in 1997, included the complete text of the origi-
nal 16-volume edition of the Encyclopaedia Judaica, as well as the subsequent Year
Books and the Decennials published in 1982 and 1992. In the limited time allotted
for the Encyclopaedia Judaica CD-ROM project, there was no possibility for updat-

18

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

ing the entire work. Rather, the entire content of the Encyclopaedia Judaica was re-
viewed editorially and items selected for update or expanded coverage, under the
supervision of Dr. Geoffrey Wigoder, as editor in chief, together with Fern Seck-
bach, as deputy editor in chief.

The Second Edition

With the need acutely felt to bring the Encyclopaedia into the 21 st century, it was
now determined to produce a thoroughly revised and updated new edition of the
Encyclopaedia with the accumulated material in the CD-ROM as its starting point.
Accordingly, Thomson Gale signed a licensing agreement with the Keter Publish-
ing House and work on the second edition commenced in August 2003. The project
was concluded editorially in the first months of 2006, though last-minute emenda-
tions continued to be made until the Encyclopaedia went to press in the autumn of
2006. It employed over 50 divisional editors and around 1,200 contributors from all
around the world.

To prepare the second edition all entries were systematically reviewed by the
divisional editors to select those requiring updating, revision, or rewriting and to
propose new entries. Those selected were assigned to the appropriate scholars and
writers and the process culminated in the review and editing of all entries received
from the contributors. At the end of the process, about half of the original entries
had been revised and about 2,650 new entries were produced. In addition, around
30,000 new bibliographical items were added. In all, 4.7 million new words were
written for the second edition.

Principles of Selection

An obvious problem in the compilation of any encyclopedia is the decision as to
which entries are to be included and which excluded. For the first edition, guide-
lines were drawn up as a result of which certain subjects were earmarked for definite
inclusion while others clearly fell short. But there is always a body of "borderline"
entries which potentially could fall in either category. This problem becomes par-
ticularly sensitive when dealing with biographies of contemporaries. Which schol-
ars receive entries and which do not? Where is the line to be drawn for rabbis or
businessmen or lawyers or scientists?

The Editorial Board laid down general principles, but was fully aware of the po-
tential risk of inconsistency. The Editorial Board considered the entire entry list and
paid special attention to the "borderline" entries according to the principles of se-
lection it determined.

Various methods and criteria were established. For example, editors were cir-
cumscribed by the word allocation. For example, the editors of the section on Jews
in medicine listed many hundreds of Jews who had distinguished themselves in the
field. They were asked to subdivide the list into those of major importance of whose
inclusion there was no doubt; those who should appear if possible; and those who
should at least be mentioned and characterized in the main entry. In this way, the

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1 19

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

maximum of names appear in the Encyclopaedia. But at the same time, it was obvi-
ous that along the borderline, different selections would be made by different ex-
perts. In certain categories, it is impracticable to talk about objective standards and
an element of subjectivity must enter the final selection. This inevitably provides a
happy hunting ground for discussion and criticism. However, it must be noted that
the editors of this and any such work have no alternative in such instances but to rely
on their judgment, formed after consultation with the expert editors and advisers in
each field. With contemporary scholars, the tendency was to be more generous with
the older generation, whose major work had been completed, and to be more selec-
tive with younger scholars who are in the process of producing their major works
and where it is therefore more difficult to reach an assessment.

In some subjects, it was possible to fix objective criteria. For example when it came
to U.S. Jewish communities, it was decided to include only those numbering more
than 4,500 (although here too exceptions had to be made where the community
has historical or other social importance). For places in Israel, it was decided that
all municipalities would have their own entry as well as kibbutzim and moshavim
which were in existence at the time of the establishment of the State in 1948. For
those settlements founded subsequently, only those of special interest have their own
entry. With regard to the kibbutzim, the process of "privatization" which most have
undergone or are undergoing is not noted in each of the many kibbutz entries but
rather discussed in general terms in the Kibbutz Movement entry.

In certain biographical entries a problem was to determine who was a Jew. The
first principle adopted was that anyone born a Jew qualified for inclusion, even if
he or she had subsequently converted or otherwise dissociated himself from Jewish
life (where these facts are known, they are stated). The second principle was that
a person with one Jewish parent would qualify for inclusion (with the relevant in-
formation stated) if he or she were sufficiently distinguished. A person whose Jew-
ish origins were more remote would only be the subject of an entry in very unusual
cases. However, a more generous attitude was taken in the case of Marranos, in view
of the special circumstances surrounding their history.

A number of non-Jews are also the subject of entries in the Encyclopaedia. They
have been included because of their relationship to Jewish life or culture (to avoid
misunderstanding, the sign ° has been placed before their name at the head of the
entry). These have been selected to ensure the completeness of the Encyclopaedia, for
example in matters of history (e.g., Alexander the Great, Napoleon, Balfour, Stalin),
philosophy and thought (e.g., Aristotle, Avicenna, Kant), or literature (e.g., Dante,
Shakespeare, Goethe). In these cases, the entry concentrates only on those elements
of the subjects life and thought which are of Jewish interest, and for a biography and
assessment, the interested reader should refer to a general encyclopedia.

By and large the editors of the second edition have followed the above principles
in selecting new subjects for inclusion in the Encyclopaedia. At the same time, given
the widespread availability of perpetual Jewish calendars on the Internet, it was de-
cided to omit this feature from the new edition. It was thought more beneficial to

20 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

devote the space to additional text and such new features as the Thematic Outline
(see below). On the whole, it has been the explicit aim of the editors to offer entries
that the general as well as the specialized reader will expect to find in an encyclope-
dia of this nature.

Consistency

Notwithstanding all efforts, it has been impossible to maintain perfect consistency in
the Encyclopaedia Judaica. For one thing, scholars who have written the entries have
been allowed a certain latitude in incorporating their own conclusions and this leads
occasionally to internal contradictions. For example there are differing views about
biblical chronology. It is possible that a scholar writing on a king of ancient Israel
may maintain a certain year to have been that of his death; another scholar writing
about his successor may be of the view that he began to reign a few years earlier or
later; while the author of the general survey of the period may give still different
dates. Since the entire subject is a matter of conjecture and all scholars regard their
own chronology as well founded, it is impossible to compel them to use dates with
which they disagree. Wherever possible, such dates have been coordinated, but the
editors are aware of such discrepancies, which must be seen against the differences
of opinion among the scholars.

Similarly there can be inconsistencies regarding the transliteration of places and
names. The name Leib represents the accepted English version of a Yiddish name;
but many with that name who lived in German-speaking countries themselves wrote
it Loeb, so that both forms are to be found in the Encyclopaedia. Accepted usage is
followed in most cases, but there are many problems. In some instances, it is cus-
tomary in English to anglicize names, such as those of foreign rulers: Empress Cath-
erine - and not Yekaterina or Caterina; Frederick the Great - and not Friedrich; Vic-
tor Emmanuel - and not Vittorio Emmanuele. But usage differs in other instances:
Christopher (not Cristobal or Cristoforo) Columbus, but Johann (not John) Sebas-
tian Bach, Leo (not Lev) Tolstoy, but Albrecht (not Albert) Duerer. Just as inconsis-
tency occurs in general usage, so it occurs in specific Jewish contexts. It is common
to adapt the better-known names into English and to write Salomon as Solomon
or Josef as Joseph, but what about Salomone and Giuseppe? Biblical names have a
familiar English form that has been accepted, but it would hardly be appropriate to
anglicize Hebrew names in modern Israel and to refer to Moses Dayan.

Whether Slavic names should end with the form -ich, -icz, -itz, or -itch must de-
pend on usage and not logic; and usage is sometimes confusing as, for example, when
persons could have spelled their name according to German or Czech usage.

For a number of reasons (in part because of the ambiguity and interchangeability
of the forms Aben and Ibn, but mainly because of the sheer weight of numbers) the
Encyclopaedia has generally entered persons with quasi-surnames beginning with
Ibn under the second name - but not in the case of accepted usage such as that of
Abraham ibn Ezra who is always referred to as Ibn Ezra. Here too inconsistencies
occur.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1 21

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Problems have also arisen concerning the consistency of place names: the mod-
ern Slovakian town of Bratislava, for example, was famous in Jewish life as a center
of scholarship as Pressburg, and is frequently referred to as such within a historical
context. Both forms will therefore be found in the Encyclopaedia. In such instances
the Index will prove an invaluable guide in coordinating the various references.

Certain concessions have led to inconsistencies with regard to Hebrew transliter-
ation. Apart from the different systems that have been employed, common English
usage has been taken into consideration in some cases. According to Encyclopaedia
rules, the word for commandment should be transliterated mizvah - but the spell-
ing "bar mitzvah" has in fact passed into the English language as has "kibbutz" (not
kibbuz) and matzah (or matzoh) and it is the accepted usage that has been adopted.
Current Anglo-American usage refers, even in legislation, to ritually prepared food
as "kosher" but in other contexts the term is transliterated according to Hebrew us-
age as kasher.

There are similar problems regarding the transliteration of terms in modern He-
brew which embody the "mobile sheva" which is normally not pronounced in the
middle of a word in modern Hebrew. Thus the organization nvnrion should be trans-
literated in accordance with the rules as Histadderut, but it is universally known as
Histadrut. And then there are transliterations officially adopted by various bod-
ies - the name of the Religious Zionist movement is Mizrachi by which it appears
throughout the world, and so it appears in the Encyclopaedia even though accord-
ing to the rules it should appear as Mizrahi.

Inconsistencies also occur with regard to italicization. Foreign words are gener-
ally italicized - but not where they have become part of the English language, or are
in German, French, Spanish, or Italian languages. But this too leads to anomalies.
Yeshivah is now an English word and is not italicized; but the principal of a yeshivah
is a rosh yeshivah, which is italicized. Hasidim have joyfully entered the English lan-
guage, but their opponents, the Mitnaggedim, remain italicized outsiders.

Cross References and Glossary

The Encyclopaedia has been planned as a unit. To avoid unnecessary duplication,
cross-references are made to complementary entries and the fullest treatment of any
subject will be obtained by consulting both the cross-references given in any entry
together with any other references listed under the subject in the Index. However,
the Encyclopaedia has avoided a plethora of text cross-references which send the
reader from volume to volume (such as Ribash see Midrash, Genesis Rabbah, Exo-
dus Rabbah, etc.). Such information will be found by turning to the Index volume
which gives all relevant references.

In the text, cross-references are indicated in two ways. The first is by the direct
statement "See ..." referring to entries that have directly relevant additional infor-
mation. The second is by the use of an asterisk (*). The asterisk is placed before the
word under which the entry appears. Thus "Abraham *ibn Ezra" indicates that fur-
ther information related to that entry is to be looked for in the article on Ibn Ezra.

22 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

In occasional instances the asterisk has been used to refer the reader to an entry in
the Index rather than an article in the text.

Generally speaking, asterisks indicate those further entries which, it is felt, throw
additional light on the subject under discussion. For example, in the statement
"Benjamin Cardozo was born in New York," there is no cross-reference to New
York, both because it is unnecessary and because the entry on New York contains
no supplementary information on Cardozo. But the first reference to New York in
the entry on "United States" will have a cross-reference because the New York entry
in many ways supplements the "United States" entry. Occasional exceptions have
been made where some more obscure name or phrase is mentioned, the explana-
tion of which would unduly complicate the text. In most cases, only the first refer-
ence to a subject receives a cross-reference, but on occasions it is repeated for special
reasons.

It is inevitable in a work of this nature to use a considerable number of Hebrew
and technical terms which may not be familiar to the general reader. To explain
these on every occasion would make the work far too cumbersome. Therefore, where
necessary the cross-reference is given. However, for the convenience of the reader
a glossary has been prepared of the most frequently recurring Hebrew terms and
specialized names. This glossary is printed at the front of Volume 1, before the start
of the entries and at the end of the text in volumes 2 through 21.

Transliteration

For its basic transliteration from the Hebrew, the Encyclopaedia has adopted a sim-
plified system. It has been devised with particular regard to the usages of the Eng-
lish-speaking reader. However, certain exceptions have been necessary:

a) The editors of the section dealing with Hebrew and Semitic languages felt that
the Encyclopaedias simplified system could not convey all the nuances required
in technical linguistic entries. All entries in this section use the transliteration ad-
opted by the Academy of the Hebrew Language. However, to avoid inconsistencies
in proper names, the basic system used in the rest of the Encyclopaedia has also been
retained for names in these entries.

b) The editors of the Bible section felt the need for a few modifications in the En-
cyclopaedia's system in order to convey certain nuances. To preserve the maximum
unity, these have generally been added in parentheses after the usual transliteration,
although in certain cases where it makes no difference to the ordinary reader (use
oft in place oft), only one form has been given.

c) Other forms of transliteration will be found in some of the musical notations.
This is in accordance with the system that has been developed so as best to print
Hebrew transliteration together with music.

d) As already mentioned, in a few instances, Hebrew words have become part of
the English language and their spelling standardized. In such cases, the term must
be regarded by now as an English word, and the spelling in Webster s New Interna-
tional Dictionary (Third Edition) has been followed.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1 23

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

See accompanying tables regarding transliteration for Hebrew, Arabic, Yiddish,
Greek, and Russian.

Furthermore, certain English usages have been taken into account inasmuch as
certain words and names have received accepted English forms — for example Koran
(rather than Quran), Saladin (rather than Salah al-Din). Often, in place of the um-
laut in German names an "e" has been added after the accented vowel - thus Koe-
nigsberg, not Konigsberg.

Bibliographies

The bibliography available for an entry is integral to the treatment of the subject as
a whole. On the basis of these references, the reader who wishes to pursue the sub-
ject in greater depth can turn to these basic books and articles.

For the first edition a principle of selectivity had to be adopted in view of the vast
amount of material that had accumulated. It had to be be recognized that the Ger-
man language, in which so much of Jewish research was written, had become inac-
cessible to most Jewish students. On the other hand, a considerable body of scien-
tific publication on Jewish subjects had now become available in English while the
corresponding literature in Hebrew had assumed vast proportions.

Preference was thus given to works in the English language provided they were
of an adequate scientific standard. Moreover, where translations were available in
English they were listed in some cases in preference to a (generally German) origi-
nal. However, exceptions were made in some cases where the English translation
did not represent the entire original (e.g., in some sections of Graetz s History of the
Jews). Generally, only the most important and significant works are listed. Full bib-
liographies can usually be found in the works referred to and where there is a full
bibliography on the subject in a work cited, this fact is mentioned.

Many problems were encountered in the course of compiling the bibliography of
the first edition, not all of which found an ideal solution. For example, there is the
problem of which edition to cite - the first or latest? A book can have its first edition
in England in a different form than its first U.S. edition - and even have a different
name for each; an article can appear in a periodical and be reprinted as part of a
book; many volumes are now being reprinted photographically and are designated as
"second editions" although - where no extra material is added - this is inaccurate.

The organization of the bibliographies (basically supplied by the authors) is also
not consistent. An attempt was made to give precedence to the major works on the
subject and to works in English, while generally speaking, books precede articles.
However, in certain cases other arrangements (e.g., chronological) were followed. In
the first edition, names of articles in periodicals were usually not listed for reasons of
space, but the author and full details of the periodical served to direct the reader to
the major studies in such publications. For the bibliographical updates in the second
edition of the Encyclopaedia, the editors have endeavored to supply full article titles.
Bibliographical items added to updated or revised first edition entries are preceded
by the heading "Add. Bibliography" in bold face and appear immediately after the

24 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

old bibliography where one exists, unless the latter is arranged by subtopic. Bibliog-
raphies of entries new to the second edition are simply headed "Bibliography"

The standard histories - Graetz, Dubnow, Baron - have not been cited for every
article, but only in those cases where they provide material of special significance
for the subject in hand. Similarly, regarding individual countries, the standard re-
gional histories have been mentioned only when specially called for and the reader
should remember that they must be consulted.

Most of the bibliographical checking for the first edition was done at the Jewish
National and University Library, Jerusalem. The unrivaled richness of its collection
made possible a thorough investigation of most subjects dealt with and most works
cited, but there were cases when certain works or editions were not available and
the facts given by the contributor could not be verified.

To make the bibliographies less unwieldy a large number of standard works are
quoted by abbreviation. A full list of these abbreviations will be found at the front of
Volume 1 of the Encyclopaedia and the back of volumes 2 through 21. Such works can
be distinguished in the bibliographies by the fact that their titles are not italicized.

Biographical Entries

The title entry for an individual is given according to the name by which he or she
was most commonly known. Other names by which a person was known or ver-
sions of the name are also in the Index, allowing direct access to the entry, where
the alternative names appear in parentheses following the entry title.

Wherever possible, biographical entries are given under the surname if the per-
son had one. Where a combined rendering has become accepted in Europe (e.g.,
Abenatar) this is followed in the Encyclopaedia. In the case of Spanish and Portu-
guese names (e.g., Texeira de Mattos, Mendes da Costa), accepted usage is followed
even though the first component of these names is the basic part.

The place of birth and death are not always given. The reason is that the infor-
mation given customarily is in many cases conjectural, in others irrelevant. Places
of birth are usually mentioned in the text when these have been found to be verifi-
able. Place of death is not mentioned unless there is a specific reason for giving it.
Generally, it can be assumed that a subject died in the place where the person is last
mentioned as having resided. To keep the entries within allotted proportions, places
of education have generally been omitted as have details concerning awards such as
honorary degrees, visiting professorships, prizes (except for major ones such as the
Nobel Prize and the Israel Prize), promotion details (e.g., for military figures only
the last rank attained is usually given), etc. Though the second edition has been more
liberal in this respect, the above principles have generally been followed.

Family Entries

A single entry often covers various members of the same family. This has been es-
pecially the case when there are a number of members of the family who are of suf-
ficient interest to warrant a description but where space would not allow individual

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1 25

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

entries. In such cases the various members are generally treated in chronological
order within the entry. It often occurs that in such families there are several mem-
bers mentioned in the body of the entry but one or two members are of exceptional
importance, warranting a separate entry. In this case they are listed with few details
in their appropriate chronological context within the family entry together with an
asterisk indicating that they are the subject of separate entries.

In certain instances, two or more members of the same family have been combined
into a single entry. There are also examples of composite entries of several people
with the same name as in the case, for example, of biblical persons and places where
a single entry covers more than one person or place of the same name. In all such
cases, each individual subject can be traced through the Index, where an individual
listing will be found. If the family name is not repeated in the article following a per-
sonal name, it is understood that the name is identical with that of the title entry.

Special Terminology

In a few instances, the Encyclopaedia staff had to make decisions regarding the adop-
tion of basic terminology. One such term is "Holocaust" referring to the fate of the
Jews resulting from Nazi policies, from 1933 to 1945. Another is "Mishpat Ivri," fa-
miliarly called "Jewish Law."

Another is the use of the term Erez Israel. The name Palestine was specifically
created by the Romans in order to invalidate the association of the Jewish people
with the country they had formerly called Judea. The name Palestine was virtually
unknown even when the country was under Muslim (as well as Crusader) rule. The
Encyclopaedia therefore terms the country by its proper name Erez Israel (literally,
the Land of Israel) using the term "Palestine" only in certain contexts (especially
with regard to the later Roman period and to the period of the British Mandate
when it was the official name of the country). This applies as well to such historical
West Bank cities as Hebron, Jericho, and Nablus (Shechem), which are accordingly
defined as cities in Erez Israel.

Israel, on the other hand, generally implies in these pages the modern State of
Israel. Since the origins of a great part of Israeli institutions and life go back to the
1880 s, for certain purposes the term Israel is used retrospectively to this seminal pe-
riod. For example, the section of the comprehensive entry Israel (by far the largest
in the Encyclopaedia) headed "State of Israel" covers not only the period from 1948
but also the pre-State period. Though according to official government usage, Israel
(and not Israeli) is the adjective relating to Israel and Israeli is a citizen (or perma-
nent resident) of the State of Israel, in most cases "Israeli" has been also used as an
adjective in compliance with common usage.

Israels wars, discussed in the context of Israels history, are given their Israeli no-
menclatures. Thus, for example, Six-Day War for the war of 1967 and Yom Kippur
War for the war of 1973.

The Encyclopaedia uses the term Jerusalem Talmud rather than Palestinian Tal-
mud because although the latter is more accurate (the work was not written or

26 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

compiled in Jerusalem) the former conveys the traditional Jewish title Talmud Ye-
rushalmi.

Place Names

The basic guide for the form of place names in the first edition was the Columbia
Lippincott Gazetteer of the World (Columbia University Press, 1966) and where vari-
ous alternatives are cited there, the preferred form has been adopted. For the sake of
consistency the same guidelines have been used for the second edition. Place names
occurring in the Bible are given according to The Holy Scriptures (according to the
Masoretic text; The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1955). Other places in
Israel are cited according to the Encyclopaedia's rules of transliteration. This has led
to some inconsistencies in cases where ancient and modern places (not always on the
same site) have identical names. Thus readers will find that some towns mentioned
in the Bible will begin with Beth (e.g., Beth Shean) but others not mentioned there
will begin with Bet (Bet Shearim). There will be a similar problem with "En" and
Bin.

Another problem with place names is that in many instances, places had differ-
ent names at different periods. The usage of the Encyclopaedia is that where a place
is still in existence, the entry appears under its current name (in a very few cases,
an exception has been made where the alternative name is so strong in Jewish tradi-
tion that any variant would look bizarre). Variants are given at the beginning of the
entry on the place and all these variants are cited in their appropriate places in the
Index. When place names occur in the body of entries, it has often been necessary
to change the usage according to the period. For example it would be absurd to talk
of a person in "Wroclaw" in the first half of the 20 th century - he was in Breslau; a
book in the 18th century was published in Constantinople, not Istanbul.

A special problem was posed by East European names not to be found in the gaz-
etteer. Many Jews were born or lived in small places which had a reputation in the
Jewish world but are not large enough to figure in Western works of reference. Such
places were identified in standard atlases and where necessary the Encyclopaedia's
regular rules of transliteration for the appropriate language were followed.

A number of major geographical changes have occurred since the original edition
of the Encyclopaedia Judaica appeared, notably the break-up of the Soviet Union,
Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia and the reunification of Germany. The reader is ad-
vised to look under both the original and former names of these countries. Thus,
the major history of many members of the Commonwealth of Independent States
(formerly the U.S.S.R.) will be found under Russia and only developments since
their independence are under their particular name. Appropriate cross-references
will be found in the text.

Proper Names

Some of the problems relating to consistency in the use of proper names have already
been mentioned. As noted, the tendency has been to anglicize first names where ap-

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1 27

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

propriate. This has been done even though in certain instances the person himself
did not use the form. Thus a German Jew would have signed himself (probably in
Hebrew letters) as Schlomo or Salomon but - as is customary in standard works of
reference in English - these all appear as Solomon.

Every effort has been made to give the spelling of the surname as the person him-
self spelled it - even if this means that the more usual Berdichevski appears as Berdy-
czewski and Moshe Glikson appears as Gluecksohn, these being the forms they them-
selves used. However, problems remain. What about a person who never signed his
name, as far as is known, in Latin characters? For example, if such a persons name
was f mrm, is it to be transliterated Rabinowitz, Rabbinowitz, Rabbinowicz, Rabbi-
novich, Rabinovitch, or by any other of the known transliterations, all of which are
legitimate? There is no ready-made answer. In some instances, there are precedents
to follow; in others, the precedent has to be invented. We are aware that consistency
has not always proved possible. Sometimes an apparent inconsistency is deliberate.
A man living in a German -speaking country would have written his name Hirsch.
But for a man with this name in Eastern Europe there is no reason to use a German
form of transliteration; in such instances the rules of Yiddish (or familiar English)
transliteration have been followed and the name appears as Hirsh.

Dates

The Hebrew year begins in the fall, three months approximately (in recent centu-
ries) before the Gregorian year. Where the Hebrew year is known (but not the exact
date) the probability is that the Gregorian date corresponds to the last nine months
rather than the first three months of the Hebrew year. So the Encyclopaedia has nor-
mally used, e.g., 1298 and not 1297/98 to correspond to the Hebrew year 5058, etc.
Where, however, the exact Hebrew date is known, it is possible to be more precise.
Where precision is significant the form 1527/28 is used; this implies that the event
took place in the Hebrew year 5388 but the period of the year cannot be determined.
Before the Gregorian reform of the calendar in 1587 the secular-Christian New Year
was considered in most places to have been in March; the Gregorian reform estab-
lished January 1st but this was adopted only gradually in Europe. The Encyclopae-
dia Judaica assumes, however, in most cases (in accordance with modern historical
practice) the beginning of the new year in January, even before the Gregorian re-
form. To avoid unnecessary complications, account has not been taken of the ten-
(to 12- or 13-) day discrepancy between the Gregorian and Julian calendars, which
has continued in some areas until our own day. (The 1917 revolutions in Russia are
mostly called the February and October Revolutions, although by Western calen-
dars they occurred in March and November.)

Statistics

The whole area of Jewish demography is highly problematical and in many cases
precise numbers cannot be determined. Only in recent decades have systematic at-
tempts been made to determine Jewish statistics. Moreover, different criteria have

28

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

been adopted in different places, and results will vary with such factors as whether
any sort of Jewish definition appears in an official census, whether the particular
community has been subject to a scientific analysis - and how one defines a Jew! Oc-
casional discrepancies are inevitable. Moreover, in the case of France and the former
Soviet Union the problem has proven to be particularly acute. In the former case
this derives from the reluctance of community leaders to publicize Jewish popula-
tion figures. In the latter case, figures vary widely depending on the body produc-
ing them and the criteria used. In both cases, other than for the largest communi-
ties where current information is available, older figures are often used rather than
arbitrary or unsubstantiated later figures. For U.S. communities, the 2001 figures
appearing in the American Jewish Year Book have been used in the Encyclopaedia's
standardized state maps, together with the 2000 U.S. Census figures for the general
population, with later figures given in the text where available.

Alphabetization

Entries have been arranged (both in the body of the Encyclopaedia and in the In-
dex) in strict alphabetical order - disregarding spaces and hyphens. The criterion is
the order of the letters up to the first punctuation sign (comma, period, etc.). This
makes for easy reference as well as facilitating the work of the computer.

For example, Ben-Gurion should be sought somewhere after Benghazi and be-
fore Benjamin; El Paso will be after Elephantine but before Elul.

The following elements are not considered in alphabetization: definite and indef-
inite articles; personal titles (e.g., Sir or Baron), with the exception of "Saint"; ma-
terial that appears in parentheses; the ordinal number of a monarch or pope. In the
event of absolutely identical title entries, the following order of precedence prevails:
places, people, things. Where persons have identical names, the one who lived ear-
lier comes first. Where the same name is used as a first and family name, entries of
the first name precede those of the family name.

For example in looking for an ABRAHAM one would find the order:
ABRAHAM (the patriarch)
ABRAHAM (family name)

ABRAHAM, APOCALYPSE OF (the comma after Abraham acting as a cae-
sura)
ABRAHAM, MAX
ABRAHAM ABELE BEN ABRAHAM SOLOMON (considered as a unit in

the absence of a comma)
ABRAHAM A SANCTA CLARA
ABRAHAM BAR HIYYA
ABRAHAM BEN ALEXANDER (note that "bar" and "ben" are considered

as spelt in full)
ABRAHAM HAYYIM BEN GEDALIA
ABRAHAMITES
ABRAHAM JOSHUA HESCHEL OF APTA

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1 29

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

ABRAHAM (ben Aaron) OF BAGHDAD (note that variants in parentheses

are ignored for alphabetization purposes)
ABRAHAM OF SARAGOSSA
ABRAHAMS
ABRAHAMS, ISRAEL
ABRAHAMS, SIR LIONEL (note that titles such as Sir and Lord are ignored

for alphabetization purposes)
ABRAHAMS, MOSES
ABRAHAM'S BOSOM
ABRAHAMSEN, DAVID
ABRAHAM ZEVI BEN ELEAZER

Style

Although basing itself on standard rule of style, the Encyclopaedia has in many cases
had to establish its own rules to meet its own particular requirements. Spelling was
based on Webster's Third International Dictionary, except for a number of specific
Jewish and Hebrew words. Italicization is used in the text for non-English words
and phrases. (See also section on Consistency.)

Familiar abbreviations of rabbinical authorities (e.g., Rif for Isaac Alfasi or Rashba
for Solomon ben Adret) are generally not employed in the text but are used in bib-
liographical references in articles on rabbinical literature and Jewish law (see sec-
tion on Abbreviations). The exception here is Rashi (Rabbi Solomon Yizhaki) who
is so universally known by his acronym that it would be unnecessarily pedantic to
insist on his full name in usual references to him. In other cases, a decision had to
be made with regard to the form regularly used; thus the Encyclopaedia uses Mai-
monides rather than Moses ben Maimon or Maimuni and Nahmanides rather than
Moses ben Nahman. Here again the reader should consult the aliases appearing in
the alphabetized Index.

Illustrations

Supplementing the text are over 600 tables, maps, charts, and archaeological plans
including a full list of Jewish settlements in Israel and detailed chronologies of Jew-
ish history and of the Holocaust period, as well as an eight-page full-color insert in
each volume illustrating all facets of Jewish life in hundreds of photographs. A spe-
cial section of Holocaust photographs follows the main Holocaust entry.

Signatures and Contributors

Authors' names generally appear at the end of each entry. Where different contribu-
tors have written sections of an entry, their names are found at the end of the section
they have written. When two (or more) contributions have been merged into a single
article a joint signature appears at the end of the entry. Contributions to the second
edition are indicated by the words (2 nd ed.) after the contributor's name. However, in
cases where updates or revisions to a first edition entry are minor, or only new bibli-

30

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

ography has been added (see Bibliographies above), the second edition contributor
has generally not been cited, lest the mistaken impression be created that the entry
was a joint effort. Furthermore, with the removal of the ubiquitous "ed." (for "Edi-
tor") signature from first edition entries produced by the EJ editorial staff, such en-
tries are now unsigned, unless the second edition update or revision was significant
enough to warrant its attribution to the second edition contributor alone.

Information on the authors (as of the date of writing the entry) can be found in
the List of Contributors along with a list of all entries partially or entirely written
by each author.

For the first edition the Encyclopaedia Judaica received permission to utilize en-
tries appearing in two other encyclopedias in other languages - the German Ency-
clopaedia Judaica and the Hebrew Encyclopaedia Hebraica. Where contributors of
such entries were living, the English version was sent to them for their approval and
where received, the author's initial is given. In a few cases, for one reason or another,
the author was not available or not prepared to check the English version; in such
cases the entries are merely signed [Encyclopedia Judaica (Germany)] or [Encyclo-
paedia Hebraica] to indicate that the source is to be found in these works. For the
second edition, permission was received to use material from two other sources: Yad
Vashems Pinkasei Kehillot and its English abridgment (Encyclopedia of Jewish Com-
munities Before and During the Holocaust) and The Shorter Jewish Encyclopedia in
Russian (Kratkoy Evreyskoy Entsiklopedii). Material from these sources was incorpo-
rated into entries written and generally signed by second edition contributors.

Index

One of the highlights of the Encyclopaedia is its comprehensive index, originally
edited by Prof. Raphael Posner for the first edition. This provides the key which un-
locks the Encyclopaedia so that each detail becomes readily available for consulta-
tion. Ordinarily, an encyclopedia can be consulted only through the alphabetical
list of entries. In the case of the Encyclopaedia Judaica this would give the reader
some 22,000 subjects. With the aid of the Index the option is expanded more than
eightfold, and the reader can at once see where information on topics that have not
received independent entries but have been treated under other headings can be
found. In addition a subject can be followed through all aspects of its treatment in
the Encyclopaedia. For example, if the reader is interested in Maimonides, he or she
will discover not only that there is a major entry on Maimonides but that there are
further extensive treatments of Maimonides' thought and work in dozens of other
entries - such as the entry Mishpat Ivri (Jewish Law), Philosophy, Medicine, Aris-
totle, Attributes, etc.

The Index is an indispensable tool for the use of the Encyclopaedia and the edi-
tors recommend that the reader always start by turning to it. Only by consulting the
Index will he or she grasp the full treatment of any subject. (Where a person can be
referred to under various names or pseudonyms, the Index will guide the reader to
the relevant entry.) In planning the Encyclopaedia, the editors endeavored to main-

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1 31

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

tain an overview of the complete work and to avoid overlapping, as far as possible.
Without the Index, the reader would not be aware of the carefully planned structure
of each subject and might conclude that certain important facets had been omitted
or overlooked or that in certain cases treatment was inadequate. But by referring
to the Index the user will immediately find out under what heading each subject is
treated and where the supplementary aspects are dealt with.

It should be noted that the captions to the illustrations have also been indexed.
Thus, under Israel, the reader will find page references to all maps and tables in the
entry. In this way, the reader has easy access to all the visual material in the Ency-
clopaedia.

For full details on the Index and its use, the reader is referred to the Introduction
to the Index in the Index volume.

Thematic Outline

The Thematic Outline, at the front of the Index volume, is an entirely new feature
listing all entries in the Encyclopaedia under their appropriate subject headings, more
or less corresponding to the Encyclopaedia's editorial divisions. Thus, for example,
a typical heading of this kind would be "Canada," broken down into Main Entries,
General Entries, Community Entries, and Biographical Entries. For the larger divi-
sions (U.S., Israel, Germany, etc.) biographical entries are further subdivided into
Public and Economic Life, Academic Life, Popular Culture, Art, Science, etc. Many
entries will appear under more than one heading. Scientists, for example, will ap-
pear under both the country they are identified with (or more than one country in
certain cases) and the Science heading. As definitions are sometimes not clearcut,
the existence of an entry can always be checked against the Index.

The aim of the Thematic Outline is to provide at a glance a picture of what is con-
tained in the Encyclopaedia as well as to serve as a teaching and research tool show-
ing all the entries available on a given subject.

Conclusion

The preparation of the second edition of the Encyclopaedia Judaica was a labor of
devotion and dedication on the part of those responsible. It is the product of the
diligent work of many hundreds of participants making very special efforts to en-
sure its successful conclusion. In this, they have been motivated by an awareness
of the historic and cultural value of this work and the significant role it can play in
Jewish education and culture, in the spread of Jewish knowledge - which is such an
urgent priority in the Jewish and non-Jewish world today - and in the closer linking
of Israel with Jews as well as non-Jews the world over. The editors are aware that for
objective reasons, they have not always attained the desired perfection and that, as
is inevitable in any work of comparable size and scope, errors have crept in. But they
feel that the final product, seen in its entirety, is indeed a historical contribution to
Jewish culture with which they feel privileged to have been associated.

32

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF (SECOND EDITION)

EDITOR IN CHIEF
Fred Skolnik

EXECUTIVE EDITOR
Michael Berenbaum

EDITORIAL PROJECT MANAGER
Shlomo S. (Yosh) Gafni

EDITORIAL PROJECT PLANNING AND CONTROL
Rachel Gilon

DIVISIONAL EDITORS

ASIA AND AFRICA
Tudor Pariitt

M.A., Dr. Phil.; School of Oriental and African Studies, University
of London, U.K.

BIBLE

S. David Sperling

Ph.D.; Rabbi; Professor of Bible, Hebrew Union College, New York

BULGARIA

Emil Kalo

Ph.D.; President of the Organization of the Jews in Bulgaria "Shalom";
Bulgarian Academy of Science, Bulgaria

CANADA

Richard Menkis

Ph.D.; Associate Professor, University of British Columbia, Canada

Harold Troper

Ph.D.; Professor, Department of Theory and Policy Studies, Ontario
Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto

CHRISTIANITY AND SECOND TEMPLE

Shimon Gibson

Ph.D.; Archaeologist and Senior Research Fellow, W.F. Albright In-
stitute of Archaeological Research, Jerusalem

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Yeshayahu Jelinek

Ph.D.; Associate Professor Emeritus, Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Beersheba

ENGLAND

William D. Rubinstein

Ph.D., B.C.; Professor of History, University of Wales- Aberystwyth,
U.K.

FRANCE

Sylvie-Anne Goldberg

Ph.D.; Associate Professor, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences So-
ciales, France

Ilan Greilsammer

Ph.D.; Professor, Department of Political Science, Bar-Ilan Univer-
sity; Director, Center for European Community Studies, Bar-Ilan
University

GERMANY

Michael Brenner

Ph.D.; Professor of Jewish History and Culture, Ludwig-Maximil-
ians-Universitat, Munich, Germany

GREECE

Yitzchak Kerem

Professor, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece; Lecturer and
Researcher, Hebrew University of Jerusalem

HEBREW, SEMITIC, AND JEWISH LANGUAGES

Aharon Maman

Ph.D.; Professor of Hebrew, Hebrew University of Jerusalem

HEBREW LITERATURE, MEDIEVAL

Angel Saenz-Badillos

Ph.D.; Professor of Hebrew Language and Literature, Universidad
Complutense, Madrid, Spain

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

33

EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF (SECOND EDITION)

HEBREW LITERATURE, MODERN

Anat Feinberg

Ph.D.; Professor of Jewish and Hebrew Literature, Hochschule fur
Judische Studien, Heidelberg, Germany

MUSIC

Amnon Shiloah

Ph.D.; Professor Emeritus of Musicology, Hebrew University of
Jerusalem

HOLOCAUST AND UNITED STATES

Michael Berenbaum

Ph.D.; Professor of Theology (Adjunct), Director, Sigi Ziering Insti-
tute, University of Judaism, Los Angeles, CA

ISLAM AND MUSLIM COUNTRIES IN THE MIDDLE
EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

Jacob M. Landau

Ph.D.; Professor Emeritus of Political Science, Hebrew University of
Jerusalem; winner of the Israel Prize

ISRAEL

Fred Skolnik

Editor in Chief, Encyclopaedia Judaica (2nd edition)

ITALY

Robert Bonfil

Ph.D.; Professor Emeritus of Jewish History, Hebrew University of
Jerusalem

JEWISH LAW

Menachem Elon

Ph.D.; Deputy President of the Supreme Court of Israel; Professor of
Law, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, School of Law; Visiting Pro-
fessor of Law, New York and Harvard Universities Schools of Law;
winner of the Israel Prize

NETHERLANDS

Irene Zwiep

Ph.D.; Professor of Hebrew and Jewish Studies, Universiteit van Am-
sterdam, Holland

Resianne Fontaine

Ph.D.; Lecturer in the Department of Hebrew and Jewish Studies,
Universiteit van Amsterdam, Holland

Barend Theodoor Wallet

M.A.; Junior Researcher, Hebrew, Aramaic and Jewish Studies, Uni-
versiteit van Amsterdam, Holland

POLAND

Shlomo Netzer

Ph.D.; Modern East European Jewish History, Tel Aviv University

ROMANIA

Leon Volovici

Ph.D.; Senior Researcher, The Vidal Sassoon International Center
for the Study of Anti-Semitism, Jerusalem, Hebrew University of
Jerusalem

RUSSIA

Shmuel Spector

Ph.D.; Historian, Jerusalem

JEWISH THOUGHT AND PHILOSOPHY

Aviezer Ravitsky

Ph.D.; Professor, Department of Jewish Thought, Hebrew University
of Jerusalem; Senior Fellow, Israel Democracy Institute, Jerusalem;
winner of the Israel Prize

Raphael Jo spe

Ph.D.; Professor; Researcher; Jewish Philosophy Lecturer, Bar-Ilan
University

KABBALAH AND HASIDISM

Mo she Idel

Ph.D.; Professor of Jewish Thought and Kabbalah, Hebrew Univer-
sity of Jerusalem; Shalom Hartman Institute, Jerusalem; winner of
the Israel Prize

KARAITES

Haggai Ben-Shammai

Ph.D.; Professor of Arab Language and Literature, Hebrew Univer-
sity of Jerusalem

LATIN AMERICA

Margalit Bejarano

Ph.D.; Researcher and Teacher, Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Efraim Zadoff

Ph.D.; Historian, Editor, Research Association on Latin American
Jews, Jerusalem

SCANDINAVIA

Ilya Meyer

B.Ed.; Translator, Transtext Ab, Gothenburg, Sweden

SCIENCE

Bracha Rager

Ph.D.; Professor of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health
Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba; Ministry
of Health

A. Michael Denman

M.D., F.R.C.P; Emeritus Consultant, Northwick Park Hospital, Lon-
don, U.K.

Dan Gilon

M.D., F.A.C.C. Professor of Medicine (Cardiology), Director of Non-
Invasive Cardiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center,
Jerusalem

SPAIN, PORTUGAL, AND MARRANOS

Yom Tov Assis

Ph.D.; Department of Jewish History, World Center for Jewish Stud-
ies, Hebrew University of Jerusalem

SPORTS

Eli Wohlgelernter

B.A.; Journalist, Jerusalem

34

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF (SECOND EDITION)

SWITZERLAND

Uri Robert Kaufmann

Ph.D.; Historian, Wissenschaftliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Leo Baeck
Institut, Heidelberg, Germany

TALMUD

Shamma Friedman

Ph.D.; Benjamin and Minna Reeves Professor of Talmud and Rab-
binics, Jewish Theological Seminary; Professor, Department of Tal-
mud, Bar-Ilan University

Stephen G. Wald

Ph.D.; Talmud and Rabbinics, Jerusalem

UNITED STATES LITERATURE

Lewis Fried

Ph.D.; Professor of English, Kent State University

WOMEN AND GENDER

Judith R. Baskin

Ph.D.; Knight Professor of Humanities; Director, Harold Schnitzer
Family Program in Judaic Studies, University of Oregon

YIDDISH LITERATURE

Jerold C. Frakes

Ph.D.; Professor of German and Comparative Literature, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles

YUGOSLAVIA

Zvi Loker

M.A.; Ambassador Retired; Director, Even Tov Archives, Jerusalem

ZIONISM

Isaiah Friedman

Ph.D.; Professor Emeritus of History, Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Beersheba

CONSULTING EDITORS

ANTISEMITISM
Dina Porat

Ph.D.; Professor, Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Contempo-
rary Racism and Anti-Semitism, Chaim Rosenberg School of Jewish
Studies, Tel Aviv University

ART

Ziva Amishai-Maisels

Ph.D.; Professor of Art History, Hebrew University of Jerusalem; win-
ner of the Israel Prize

Shalom Sabar

Ph.D.; Chair, Dept. of Jewish and Comparative Folklore, Dept. of Art
History, Hebrew University of Jerusalem

DEMOGRAPHY

Sergio DellaPergola

Ph.D.; Shlomo Argov Chair in Israel-Diaspora Relations, A. Harman
Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem;
Senior Fellow, Jewish People Policy Planning Institute

ISRAEL

Gideon Biger

Ph.D.; Professor of Geography, Tel Aviv University

MUSLIM COUNTRIES IN ASIA

Jacob M. Landau

Ph.D.; Professor Emeritus of Political Science, Hebrew University of
Jerusalem; winner of the Israel Prize

RABBINICS

Menachem Friedman

Ph.D.; Professor, Dept. of Sociology, Bar-Ilan University

UNITED STATES

Jonathan Sarna

Ph.D.; Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Professor of American Jewish
History, Brandeis University

DEPARTMENTAL EDITORS

Samantha Baskind (U.S. Art)

Ruth Beloff (U.S. General Culture)

Hannah Brown (Israel Film)

Yoel Cohen (Israel Media)

Barry Davis (Israel Popular Music)

Susan Hattis Rolef (Israel Political Life)

Stewart Kampel (U.S. Business, Media, Theater)

Mort Sheinman (U.S. Fashion)

Tom Teicholz (U.S. Film)

Annette Weber (German Art)

ASSISTANT EDITORS

Robert DelBane (U.S. Literature)
Daryl Green (U.S. Literature)
Susan Nashman Fraiman (Ritual Art)
Jonathan S. Milgram (Talmud)
Jeffrey Schooley (U.S. Literature)

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

35

EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF (SECOND EDITION)

STAFF

Assistant Editor in Chief
Fern Seckbach

Macmillan Publishing Director
Helene Potter

Executive Data Control
Leonardo Szichman

Editorial Secretary
Shoshana Lewis

Translators

Raphael Blumberg; Jonathan Chipman;

Nathan Ginsbury; Penina Goldstein; Atar Hadari; Jill

Harris; Simon M. Jackson; Dov Lapin; Edward Levin;

David Louvish; Michelle Mazel; Michael Prawer;

Peretz Rodman; Avinoam Sharon; Penina Tadmor;

David Strauss; Shmuel Wozner; Amy Yourman

copyediting and proofreading control and cross

Referencing

Fern Seckbach

Macmillan Project Editors
Jason M. Everett, Scot Peacock

COPYEDITORS AND PROOFREADERS

Alan D. Abbey; Judith Appleton; Shai Ben Ari;
Sheira Cashman; Dahlia Friedman; Aviva Golbert;
Rabbi Dr. Shmuel Himelstein; Esther Herskovics;
Darlene Jospe; Ronna Katz; Naomi Lehrfeld;
Esther Rosenfeld; Mark Elliott Shapiro;
Nurit Tomkins; Shachar Yaari; Shirley Zauer

American Manuscript Liaisons
Mark Drouillard, Tosha Petronicolos

Text Reviewers

Randy Bassett; Patti Brecht; Thomas Carson;

Justine Ciovacco; Monica M. Hubbard;

Gina Misiroglu; Drew Silver;

Kathy Wilson

Illustrations Researchers
Rachel Gilon, Fern Seckbach

Color Inserts Permissions Manager
Robyn V. Young

Map Drawing
Manipal Press, India

Charts and Diagrams
Judith Sternberg, Miri Revivo

Manuscript Processing

Raphael Freeman, Chaya Mendelson and Ricky Fleischer

Layout Consultants
Raphael Freeman, Tal Zeidani

Electronic Preparation of the Original Manuscript
n- Cyclop technology developed by VERY Ltd in Israel.

Software and Entry Sorting
Avi Burstein

Typesetting
Raphael Freeman

Page Make-up

Judith Sternberg, Diana Steigler

Scanning
Ami Green

Index Coordinator
Lynne Maday

Indexing

Factiva, a Dow Jones & Reuters Company

Cover Design

Pamela A.E. Galbreath, Brenda S. Grannan

Color Inserts Coordinators
Pamela A.E. Galbreath, Rachel J. Kain

Color Inserts Design
Kathy Krechnyak

Color Inserts Imaging
Randy Bassett, Lezlie Light

Manufacturing Coordinator
Wendy Blurton

36

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF (FIRST EDITION)

RESEARCH FOUNDATION

Hon. CHAIRMAN, International Board

HON. PRESIDENT

HON. VICE PRESIDENTS

PRESIDENT

VICE PRESIDENTS

TREASURER

SECRETARY

EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY

Ambassador ARTHUR J. GOLDBERG

Dr. NAHUM GOLDMANN

SAMUEL BRONFMAN (deceased)
JIM NOVY (deceased)

Dr. JOSEPH J. SCHWARTZ

Rabbi ISADORE BRESLAU
ABRAHAM FEINBERG
SAMUEL ROTHBERG

WALTER ARTZT

JOACHIM N. SIMON

Dr. FREDERICK R. LACHMAN

MARILYN R. SWIST

EDITORIAL BOARD

EDITORS IN CHIEF

DEPUTY EDITORS IN CHIEF

ASSOCIATE EDITORS

CONSULTING EDITORS

ILLUSTRATIONS CONSULTANT

EXECUTIVE EDITORS

Prof. CECIL ROTH, 1966-1970
Dr. GEOFFREY WIGODER, 1971*

Prof. RAPHAEL POSNER**
Prof. LOUIS I. RABINOWITZ***

Dr. BINYAMIN ELIAV
Mr. SIMHA KATZ, M.A.

Prof. ISRAEL ABRAHAMS, Jerusalem
Prof. SALO W. BARON, New York
Prof. MOSHE DAVIS, Jerusalem
Prof. MENAHEM HARAN, Jerusalem
Prof. ARTHUR HERTZBERG, New York
Prof. ANDRE NEHER, Strasbourg
Prof. CHAIM M. RABIN, Jerusalem
Dr. JACOB ROBINSON, New York
Prof. GERSHOM SCHOLEM, Jerusalem
Prof. CHONE SHMERUK, Jerusalem
Prof. R.J. ZWI WERBLOWSKY, Jerusalem

Dr. BEZALEL NARKISS, Jerusalem

Dr. FREDERICK R. LACHMAN, New York

Mr. ISRAEL SHAMAH, Jerusalem, Dec. 1965-May 1967

Deputy Editor in Chief, 1966-June 1970:
Acting Editor in Chief, June 1970-May 1971
Associate Editor until 1970:
Deputy Editor in Chief until May 1971
*** Associate Editor until 1970

**

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

37

EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF (FIRST EDITION)

DIVISIONAL AND DEPARTMENTAL EDITORS

AMERICANA

Divisional Editor

Prof. Lloyd P. Gartner, New York

Assistant Divisional Editor
Hillel Halkin, Jerusalem

BIBLE

Divisional Editor

Prof. Harold Louis Ginsberg, New York

Associate Divisional Editor

Prof. Shalom M. Paul, New York

Departmental Editors
The Ancient Near East (except Egypt)
Prof. Pinhas Artzi, Ramat Gan

Period of the Pentateuch, Desert, Joshua, and Judges
Prof. Nahum M. Sarna, Waltham, Massachusetts

Period of the Kingdom

Prof. Hanoch Reviv, Jerusalem

Period of the Second Temple

Dr. Bezalel Porten, Jerusalem

Biblical Books and Literature; Bible Scholars and Research
Prof. Menahem Haran, Jerusalem

Ideas and Religion

Prof. Shalom M. Paul, New York

Society and Law

Prof. Moshe Greenberg, Jerusalem

Realia

Dr. Moshe Dothan, Jerusalem

Arab and Oriental Countries

Dr. Hayyim J. Cohen, Jerusalem

East Europe

Dr. Binyamin Eliav, Jerusalem

Latin America

Dr. Haim Avni, Jerusalem

EREZ ISRAEL

Departmental Editors

Historical Geography

Prof. Yohanan Aharoni, Tel Aviv
Prof. Michael Avi-Yonah, Jerusalem

Flora and Fauna

Prof. Jehuda Feliks, Ramat Gan

MODERN EREZ ISRAEL

Divisional Editor

Dr. Binyamin Eliav, Jerusalem

Deputy Divisional Editor
Misha Louvish, Jerusalem

Departmental Editors

Erez Israel from 1880 to 1948

Dr. Moshe Avidor, Jerusalem

The State of Israel

Edwin, Viscount Samuel, Jerusalem

Personalities in Modern Erez Israel
Benjamin Jaffe, Jerusalem

Places in Modern Erez Israel
Efraim Orni, Jerusalem

CANADA

Departmental Editor

Rabbi Dr. Stuart E. Rosenberg, Toronto

CONTEMPORARY JEWRY

Divisional Editor

Dr. Chaim Yahil, Jerusalem

Departmental Editors

Demography

Dr. Usiel O. Schmelz, Jerusalem

HEBREW AND SEMITIC LANGUAGES

Divisional Editor

Prof. Zeev Ben-Hayyim, Jerusalem

Assistant Divisional Editor
Dr. Uzzi Oman, Jerusalem

HISTORY

Divisional Editors

General topics: Central and Eastern Europe
Prof. Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson, Jerusalem

Places after the names of editors refer to their academic institutions, where appropriate. For further details see biographical notes in List of Contributors on pages
45-176.

38

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF (FIRST EDITION)

Muslim Countries

Prof. Ha'im Z'ew Hirschberg, Ramat Gan

Western Europe and Central and East Asia
Prof. Cecil Roth (deceased), Jerusalem

Departmental Editors

General articles on Jewish History

Prof. Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson, Jerusalem

Antisemitism

Dr. Leon Poliakov (deceased), Massy, France

Autonomy and Social Institutions
Prof. Isaac Levitats, New York

The Church and the Jews

Dr. Bernhard Blumenkranz, Paris

Economic History

Prof. Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson, Jerusalem

Hasidism

Dr. Avraham Rubinstein, Ramat Gan

Islam and Judaism

Prof. Haim Z'ew Hirschberg, Ramat Gan

The Karaites

Dr. Leon Nemoy, Philadelphia

The Jewish Labor Movement

Dr. Mo she Mishkinsky, Tel Aviv

Marranos

Prof. Martin A. Cohen, New York

Period 135-663 c.e.

Prof. Alan R. Schulman, New York

The Samaritans

Ayala Loewenstamm, Jerusalem

REGIONS

Arabia

Prof. Ha'im Z'ew Hirschberg, Ramat Gan

Austria

Meir Lamed (deceased), Kibbutz Nebt Mordekhai

The Balkan States

Dr. Simon Marcus, Jerusalem

The Baltic States

Dr. Yehuda Slutsky, Tel Aviv

Bukovina

Dr. Yehouda Marton, Jerusalem

The Byzantine Empire

Prof. Andrew Sharf, Ramat Gan

China

Dr. Rudolf Loewenthal, Los Angeles

Czechoslovakia

Meir Lamed (deceased), Kibbutz Nebt Mordekhai
Dr. Oskar K. Rabinowicz (deceased), New York

England

Peter Elman, Jerusalem

Erez Israel (640-1917)

Prof. Ha'im Z'ew Hirschberg, Ramat Gan

Western Europe (Modern France, Switzerland, Belgium, The
Netherlands, Scandinavia)

Dr. Baruch Mevorah, Jerusalem

Medieval France

Dr. Bernhard Blumenkranz, France

Germany

Prof. Ze'ev W. Falk, Jerusalem

Hungary

Prof. Alexander Scheiber, Budapest

Hungary: Assistant Departmental Editor
Dr. Baruch Yaron, Jerusalem

India and Southeast Asia

Prof. Walter J. Fischel, Santa Cruz, California

Italy

Dr. Attillio Milano (deceased), Hod Ha-Sharon, Israel

Japan

Prof. Hyman Kublin, New York

Latin America (Colonial Period)

Prof. Martin A. Cohen, New York

The Maghreb

David Corcos, Jerusalem

Asian Regions of the Ottoman Empire (Iraq, Syria, and
Turkey)

Aryeh Shmuelevitz, Tel Aviv

Persia and Afghanistan

Prof. Walter J. Fischel, Santa Cruz, California

Poland (until 1800) and Lithuania

Prof. Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson, Jerusalem

Poland (from 1800)

Moshe Landau, Tel Aviv

Portugal

Prof. Martin A. Cohen, New York

Romania

Dr. Theodor Lavi, Jerusalem

Russia

Dr. Yehuda Slutsky, Tel Aviv

South Africa

Gustav Saron, Johannesburg

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

39

EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF (FIRST EDITION)

Moslem Spain

Prof. Haim Z'ew Hirschberg, Ramat Gan

Christian Spain

Prof. Haim Beinart, Jerusalem

Transylvania

Dr. Yehouda Marton, Jerusalem

Yemen

Prof. Haim Z'ew Hirschberg, Ramat Gan

Consulting Editor

Economic History

Dr. Nachum Gross, Jerusalem

THE HOLOCAUST

Divisional Editors

Dr. Shaul Esh (deceased), Jerusalem
Dr. Jozeph Michman, Jerusalem

JEWISH LAW

Divisional Editor

Prof. Menachem Elon, Jerusalem

Departmental Editors

General Articles on Jewish Law; the Legal and Literary Sources
of the Law; the Laws of Obligation; Public and Administrative
Law; Conflict of Laws

Prof. Menachem Elon, Jerusalem

Criminal Law; the Laws of Procedure and Evidence
Justice Haim H. Cohn, Jerusalem

The Laws of Property; the Laws of Tort
Prof. Shalom Albeck, Ramat Gan

Family Law and Inheritance

Justice Dr. Ben-Zion (Benno) Schereschewsky, Jeru-
salem

Translator, Jewish Law

Julius Kopelowitz, Advocate, B.A., L.L.B. (Rand),
Rishon le-Zion

Folklore

Dr. Dov Noy, Jerusalem

Judaism, Liturgy

Rabbi Dr. Raphael Posner, Jerusalem

Consulting Editor

Liturgy

Meir Medan, Jerusalem

LITERATURE

MEDIEVAL LITERATURE

Departmental Editors

Medieval Hebrew Poetry

Prof. Abraham M. Haberman, Tel Aviv

Medieval Hebrew Prose

Prof. Joseph Dan, Jerusalem

Translations and Judeo-Arabic Literature
Prof. Abraham S. Halkin, Jerusalem

Christian Hebraists

Raphael Loewe, London

MODERN HEBREW LITERATURE

Divisional Editor

Prof. Ezra Spicehandler, Jerusalem

Departmental Editor

Prof. Avraham Holtz, New York

Assistant Departmental Editor

Modern Hebrew and Yiddish Literature

Prof. Curt Leviant, New Brunswick, New Jersey

RABBINICAL LITERATURE

Divisional Editor

Rabbbi Sir Israel Brodie, London

Deputy Divisional Editor

Dr. Yehoshua Horowitz, Ramat Gan

Assistant Divisional Editor
Dr. David Tamar, Jerusalem

JUDAISM

Divisional Editor

Prof. R.J. Zwi Werblowsky, Jerusalem

Departmental Editors

Christianity

Dr. Yona Malachy, Jerusalem

Education

Dr. Judah Pilch, New York

MODERN JEWISH SCHOLARSHIP

Divisional Editor

Prof. Seymour Siegel, New York

Associate Divisional Editor

Dr. Menahem H. Schmelzer, New York

PHILOSOPHY, JEWISH

Divisional Editor

Prof. Arthur Hyman, New York

40

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF (FIRST EDITION)

SECOND TEMPLE PERIOD

Divisional Editor

Prof. Abraham Schalit, Jerusalem

DEPARTMENTAL EDITORS

Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Dr. Michael E. Stone, Jerusalem

Dead Sea Scrolls

Prof. Frederick F. Bruce, Manchester

Hellenistic Literature

Prof. Louis H. Feldman, New York

TALMUD

Divisional Editor

Prof. Yitzhak Dov Gilat, Ramat Gan

Departmental Editor

Midrash and Aggadah

Dr. Joseph Heinemann, Jerusalem

ZIONISM

Divisional Editor

Getzel Kressel, Holon

THE PARTICIPATION OF JEWS IN WORLD
CULTURE

Divisional Editor

Israel Shamah, London

ART

Divisional Editor

Dr. Alfred Werner, New York

Departmental Editors

Illuminated Manuscripts

Dr. Bezalel Narkiss, Jerusalem

Israel Art

Yona Fischer, Jerusalem

Numismatics

Arie Kindler, Tel Aviv

LITERATURE

Departmental Editors

Balkan Literature

Prof. Zdenko Lowenthal, Belgrade

Canadian Literature

Prof. Miriam D. Waddington, Toronto

Czechoslovak Literature

Dr. Avigdor Dagan, Jeruslaem

Dutch Literature

Gerda Alster-Thau, Ramat Gan

English Literature

Prof. Harold Fisch, Ramat Gan

French Literature

Dr. Denise Goitein, Tel Aviv

German Literature

Prof. Sol Liptzin, Jerusalem

Greek Literature

Prof. Rachel Dalven, New York

Hungarian Literature

Dr. Baruch Yaron, Jerusalem

Italian Literature

Dr. Joseph B. Sermoneta, Jerusalem

Ladino Literature and Jewish Dialects
Prof. Mo she Lazar, Jerusalem

Middle Eastern Literature

Dr. Hayyim J. Cohen, Jerusalem

Polish Literature

Stanislaw Wygodzki, Givatayim, Israel

Romanian Literature

Abraham Feller, Tel Aviv

Russian Literature

Prof. Maurice Friedberg, Bloomington, Indiana

Scandinavian Literature

Dr. Leni Yahil, Jerusalem

Spanish and Portuguese Literature

Prof. Kenneth R. Scholberg, East Lansing, Michigan

United States Literature

Prof. Milton Hindus, Waltham, Massachusetts

Consulting Editors

Polish Literature

Prof. Mo she Altbauer, Jerusalem

Romanian Literature

Dora Litani-Littman, Jerusalem

MEDICINE

Departmental Editor

Prof. Suessmann Muntner, Jerusalem

Consulting Editor

Dr. Shabbetai Ginton, Jerusalem

MUSIC

Divisional Editors

Dr. Israel Adler, Jerusalem
Dr. Bathja Bayer, Jerusalem

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

41

EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF (FIRST EDITION)

Departmental Editor

Music Illustrations

Avigdor Herzog, Jerusalem

THE SCIENCES

Consulting Editor

Dr. Harry Zvi Tabor, Jerusalem

Departmental Editors

Aeronautics, Astronautics, Aviation, Engineering, Invention
Dr. Samuel A. Miller (deceased), London

Astronomy, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, the History and
Philosophy of Science

Maurice Goldsmith, London

Biology, Botany, Zoology

Prof. Mordecai L. Gabriel, New York

Geology

Prof. Leo Picard, Jerusalem

Meteorology

Prof. Dov Ashbel, Jerusalem

OTHER DISCIPLINES

Anthropology

Prof. Ephraim Fischoff, Eau Claire, Wisconsin

Archaeology

Dr. Penuel P. Kahane, Jerusalem

Bridge and Chess

Gerald Abrahams, Liverpool

Criminology

Dr. Zvi Hermon, Tel Aviv

Dance

Dr. Selma J. Cohen, New York

Economics

Dr. Joachim O. Ronall, New York

Education

Prof. William W. Brickman, Philadelphia

Geography

Prof. Mo she B rawer, Tel Aviv

Historiography

Prof. Oscar I. Janowsky, New York

Journalism

Kalman Seigel, New York

Law and Politics

Peter Elman, Jerusalem

Law and Socialism in the United States

Prof. Milton R. Konvitz, Ithaca, New York

Linguistics

Prof. Herbert H. Paper, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Military Service

Lt. Col. (Res.) Mordechai M. Kaplan, Tel Aviv

Jewish Newspapers and Periodicals
Joseph Fraenkel, London

Philosophy

Prof. Richard H. Popkin, San Diego, California

Photography

Peter Pollack, New York

Psychiatry

Dr. Louis Miller, Jerusalem

Psychology

Prof. Helmut Adler, New York

Public Relations

Bernard Postal, New York

Printing and Publishing

John M. Shaftesley, London

Social Welfare

Dr. Joseph Neipris, Jerusalem

Socialism and the Labor Movement
Dr. S. Levenberg, London

Sociology

Prof. Werner J. Cahnman, Newark, New Jersey

Sports

Jesse Silver, Surfside, Florida

Theatre and Film

Stewart Kampel, New York
Stephen Klaidman, Washington D.C.

42

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

STAFF

EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF (FIRST EDITION)

MANAGEMENT

Administrative Manager
Rachel Sabbath

Production Planning
Moshe Shalvi, B.A.

Assistant

Walter Zanger, M.A.

EDITORIAL STAFF

Assistant Editors

Rabbi Morton Mayer Berman, M.H.L.

Rabbi Alexander Carlebach, D.en.D.

Staff Editors

Emanuel Beeri, MA.

Joan Com ay

Arthur Cygielman

Rabbi Michael J. Graetz, M.H.L

Prof. Judith Rosenthal, Ph.D.

Moshe Rosetti

Rabbi Aaron Rothkoff, D.H.L.

Alexander Shapiro, Ph.D.

Godfrey Edmond Silverman, M.A.

Michael Simon, Ph.D.

Lewis Sowden, M.A

Research Editor (History and Illustrations)
B. Mordecai Ansbacher, M.A

Revising Editor
Dereck Orlans

Writers

Laurentino Jose Alfonso, B.D.; Essa Cindorf, B.A.; Stuart
Cohen M.A.; Jonathan Covan, LL.M.; Abraham David, M.A.
David Goldberg, B.A.; Edward L. Greenstein, B.A., B.H.L.
Yuval Kamrat; Joseph Kaplan, M.A.; Sinai Leichter M.A.

Avital Levy B.A.; Mervyn Lewis M.A.; Aaron Lichentstein,
Ph.D.; Ester (Zweig) Liebes, B.A.; David Maisel, M.A.; Rabbi
Sefton D. Temkin, Ph.D.; Nechama Unterman, M.A.; Henry
Wasserman, B.A.; Adela Wolfe, M.A.; Rabbi Meir Ydit, Ph.D;
Moshe Zeidner, B.A.

Stylists

Yehuda Ben-Dror (James Marshall), B.A.; Ruth Connell
Robertson, LL.B.; Ina Friedman, M.A.; Reva Garmise, B.A.;
Yvonne Glikson, B.A.; Avie Goldberg, B.A.; Manya Keller; Ju-
dith Krausz, B.A.; Sandra Litt Hai, B.A.; Penina Mellick; Moira
Paterson, B.A.; Dip. Ed.; Jack Rosenthal, M.A.; Judith Shalow-
itz, M.A.; Alice Shalvi, Ph.D.; Claire Sotnick, B.A.

Translators

Josephine Bacon; Rabbi Chaim Brovender, Ph.D.; Rivkah

Duker, M.A.; Priscilla Fishman; Rabbi David Goldstein,

Ph.D.; Rabbi Barnet David Klien, M.A.; Rabbi Israel Han-

naniah Levine, Ph.D.; Yael Lotan-Hairston; Anita Matza,

M.A.; Fern Seckbach, B.A.; Rabbi Kalman Szulewicz; Leontine

Williams

Bibliographers and Checkers
Shelomo Shunami, Chief Bibliographer (1967-69)
Dina Bachrach, B.A.; Martha Baraz, M.A.; Ruth Berger; Kath-
erine Bloom, B.A.; Rabbi Judah Brumer; Claire Dienstag,
M.A.; Daniel Efron, M.A.; Michael J. Frenkel, M.A., Dip. Lib.;
Gideon Fuks, B.A.; Daniel Furman; Henri Guttel, B.A.; Abra-
ham Herman; Eva Herman; Giza Kamrat; Eva Kondor; Sim-
cha Kruger, B.S.; Benjamin Lubelski, B.A., Dip. Lib.; Samuel S.
Matza, Mag. Jur, M.A.; Mirjam Mundsztuk; David M.L. Ol-
ivestone, B.A.; Miriam Prager; Benjamin Richler; Betty-Lou
Rosen, M.A.; Janet (Zander) Shvili; Rabbi Andrew Silberfeld,
Ph.D.; Rita Sirota, B.A.; Sophie Winston, M.L.S.; Michael
Yaakobi, Dr. jur, Dipl. sc.pol.

Transliterators

Hanna Avituv, B.A.; Amikam Cohen B.A.; Uri Davis, B.A.;

Leah (Rosen) Teichthal, B.A.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

43

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

The following List of Contributors includes contributors to the first and second editions of the Encyclopaedia and all entries
entirely or partially written by them. Contributors to the second edition are noted with an asterisk (*). Information about
writers applies to the time of submission of the entry. In cases where a writer contributed to both editions the later infor-
mation is given along with an asterisk. Writers with no entries opposite their names contributed to unsigned entries.

Mahmoud Abassi, B.A.; Writer,
Shefaram, Israel: Israel, state of:

ARAB POPULATION

Isaac Abraham Abbady, Journalist,

Jerusalem: auster, daniel

Alan D. Abbey*, M.S.; Journalist,
Businessman, Jerusalem: merchant,

LARRY; MICHAELS, ALAN RICHARD; ROSE,
MAURICE; ROSENBLOOM, CARROLL;
ROTHSTEIN, ARNOLD; SEDAKA, NEIL;
SIMON, CARLY ELISABETH; SIMON, PAUL
FREDERIC; SPECTOR, PHIL

Irving Abella*, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.;
Shiff Professor of Canadian Jewish
History, York University, Toronto,
Canada: Canadian Jewish congress;

GERSHMAN, JOE; HAYES, SAUL

Moses Aberbach, Ph.D.; Baltimore
Hebrew College, Maryland: eldad

AND MEDAD; ELIJAH; EZEKIEL; GOLDEN
CALF; HOVAH; JACOB; JOSEPH; JUDAH
IV; JUDITH; KETI'A BAR SHALOM; MAR
BAR RAVINA; NEBUCHADNEZZAR;
NICARAGUA; PAPI; PHARAOH; SHEM;
SIMEON; YESHEVAV THE SCRIBE; YOSE
BEN AKAVYAH

Abraham Abraham, Rabbi;
Jerusalem

Gerald Abrahams, M.A.; Barrister
at Law, Liverpool: boleslavski,

ISAAC; BRONSTEIN, DAVID; CARDS
AND CARDPLAYING; CHESS; CZERNIAK,
MOSHE; FINE, REUBEN; FLOHR, SALO;
GOREN, CHARLES HENRY; HOROWITZ,
ISRAEL ALBERT; LASKER, EMANUEL;
NAJDORF, MIGUEL; NIMZOVITCH, AARON;
RESHEVSKY, SAMUEL HERMAN; RETI,
RICHARD; RUBINSTEIN, AKIVA; STEINITZ,
WILHELM; TAL, MIKHAIL; TARRASCH,
SIEGBERT

Israel Abrahams, M.A., Rabbi,
Emeritus Professor of Hebrew, the
University of Cape Town; Former
Chief Rabbi of Cape Province,
South Africa; Jerusalem: belief;

CASSUTO, UMBERTO; GOD; MAN, THE
NATURE OF; MOSES; NUMBERS, TYPICAL
AND IMPORTANT; PRAYER; TABERNACLE;
WORD; WORSHIP

Shlomo Zalman Abramov,

Lawyer, former Member of Knesset,
chairman of the Editorial Board of

the New Zionist Encyclopaedia

Stanley Abramovitch, M.A.;
Director of the Education
Department, American Joint
Distribution Committee, Geneva:

EDUCATION, JEWISH

Daniel Abrams* , Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer, Philosophy, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: asher ben

DAVID; BAHIR, SEFER HA-; MOPSIK,
CHARLES

Jeanne E. Abrams*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor at Penrose
Library, University of Denver, and
Director of the Rocky Mountain
Jewish Historical Society and Beck
Archives, University of Denver,
Colorado: Colorado-, Jacobs,

FRANCES WISEBART; NATIONAL JEWISH
CENTER FOR IMMUNOLOGY AND
RESPIRATORY MEDICINE

Samuel Abramsky, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Jewish History and in
Bible, the University of the Negev,
Beersheba: amalekites; bar kokhba;

BREAD; ISSACHAR; JERUSALEM; LEVI;
MEDES AND MEDIA; MEPHIBOSHETH;
MICAIAH; MICHAL; MIDIAN, MIDIANITES;
NATHAN; RECHABITES; SOLOMON;
WILDERNESS

Claude Abravanel, Lecturer,
the Rubin Academy of Music,
Jerusalem: alkan, charles henri-

VALENTIN; BONAVENTURA, ENZO
JOSEPH; CASTELNUOVO-TEDESCO,
MARIO; GOODMAN, BENNY; HELLER,
STEPHEN; JUDAH BEN ISAAC;
KREIN, ALEXANDER ABRAMOVICH;
LANDOWSKA, WANDA; MONTEUX,

PIERRE; MOSCHELES, IGNAZ; PEERCE, JAN;
TANSMAN, ALEXANDER; TOCH, ERNST;
VOGEL.WLADIMIR

Butrus Abu-Manneh*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor, University of
Haifa: abdul mejid i; selim i; selim ii

Annalucia Accardo*, Laurea;
Associate Professor, University of
Rome "La Sapienza", Italy: paley,

GRACE

Joseph Adar, M.Sc; Israel Atomic
Energy Commission, Ramat Gan

Abraham Addleson, Attorney;
Former Mayor of East London,
South Africa: east London

Howard Tzvi Adelman*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor, Rothberg
School, Hebrew University,
Jerusalem; Hebrew College:

ABRABANEL, BENVENIDA; ASCARELLI,
DEVORA; MODENA, FIORETTA; MODENA,
LEON; MORPURGO, RACHEL LUZZATTO;
SHEHITAH

•

Howard L. Adelson, Ph.D.;
Professor of Medieval History, City
College of the City University of
New York: bloch, gustave; cohen,

GUSTAVE; DAVIDSOHN, ROBERT; GROSS,
CHARLES; JANOWSKY, OSCAR ISAIAH;
LOPEZ, ROBERT SABATINO; SIMSON,
BERNHARD VON

Zvi Adiv, M.A.; Assistant in History,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
and Tel Aviv University: disraeli,

BENJAMIN, EARL OF BEACONSFIELD

Eliyana R. Adler*, Ph.D.; Fellow
and Lecturer, University of
Maryland: Berlin, rayna batya ;

PROSTITUTION

H.G. Adler, Ph.D.; Historian,
London

Helmut E. Adler, Ph.D.; Professor

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

45

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

of Psychology, Yeshiva University,
New York: buhler, charlotte;

GINOTT, HAIM G.; HEYMANS, GERARDUS
R; LEHRMAN, DANIEL S.; MUENSTERBERG,
HUGO; MYERS, CHARLES SAMUEL;
PSYCHOLOGY; RAZRAN, GREGORY; RUBIN,
EDGAR; SELZ, OTTO; STERN, WILLIAM

Israel Adler, Dr. du 3e cycle;
Director of the Center for Research
in Jewish Music, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: arpa,

ABRAMO DALL'; BOLAFFI, MICHELE;
CACERES, ABRAHAM; CANTATAS AND
CHORAL WORKS, HEBREW; CIVITA, DAVIT;
OBADIAH, THE NORMAN PROSELYTE;
ORGAN; PADDAN-ARAM

Saul Aaron Adler, D.T.M., ER.C.R,
F.R.S.; Professor of Parasitology, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

GRUBY, DAVID

Selig Adler, Ph.D.; Professor
of American History, the State
University of New York, Buffalo:

ROOSEVELT, THEODORE; WILSON,
WOODROW

Shalom Adler-Rudel, Director of
the Leo Baeck Institute, Jerusalem:

BERMUDA CONFERENCE; COUNCIL
OF JEWS FROM GERMANY; REFUGEES;
SALOMON, ALICE; WUNDERLICH, FRIEDA

Evelyn Adunka*, Dr. Phil.;
Historian, Vienna, Austria: Austria;

EHRLICH, JACOB; KREISKY, BRUNO;
NATIONALRAT; SCHOENERER, GEORG
VON; SCHUTZBUND, REPUBLIKANISCHER;
VIENNA; VOLKSPARTEI, JUEDISCHE

Laurentino Jose Afonso,

B.D.; Jerusalem: nabonidus;

NETHERWORLD; PROSTITUTION

Irving A. Agus, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Jewish History, Yeshiva
University, New York: avigdor ben

ELIJAH HA-KOHEN; MEIR BEN BARUCH OF
ROTHENBURG

Jacob Bernard Agus, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Adjunct Professor of Modern Jewish
Philosophy, Dropsie University;
Professor of Rabbinic Judaism,
the Reconstructionist Rabbinical
College, Philadelphia: good and evil

Abraham Aharoni, Journalist, Tel

Aviv: BARATZ, JOSEPH; BAR-YEHUDAH,
ISRAEL; BEJERANO; BEN-YEHUDAH,
BARUKH; BOGER, HAYYIM; BOGHEN,
FELICE; CHIZHIK; DAYYAN; HARARI,

HAYYIM; ISRAELI, BENZION; KRINITZI,
AVRAHAM; LEVI, SHABBETAI; METMAN-
COHEN, YEHUDAH LEIB; MEYUHAS,
YOSEF BARAN; MOHILEWER, SAMUEL;
MOSSINSON, BENZION; NISSAN,
AVRAHAM; SHAREF, ZE'EV; SHENKAR,
ARIE; SUKENIK, ELIEZER LIPA; SUPRASKY,
YEHOSHUA; TABIB, AVRAHAM; ZISLING,
AHARON

Yohanan Aharoni, Ph.D.; Professor
of Archaeology and of the Historical
Geography of Palestine, Tel
Aviv University: ahlab-, almon-

DIBLATHAIM; ANAHARATH; ARAD; BAAL-
GAD; BESOR, BROOK OF; BET-CHEREM;
BET-SHEMESH; CALEB, CALEBITES;
CHINNERETH, CHINNEROTH; DIBON;
GEBA; GILEAD; JABIN; JOSHUA; JOSHUA,
BOOK OF; KADESH; KENITE; MADON;
NABAL

Abba Ahimeir, Ph.D.; Journalist
and Writer, Tel Aviv: antokolski,

MARK; BATUMI; BRUTZKUS, JULIUS;
DERZHAVIN, GABRIEL ROMANOVICH;
DIMANSTEIN, SIMON; GUENZBURG,
MORDECAI AARON

Ora Ahimeir*, Director General,
The Jerusalem Institute for Israel
Studies, Jerusalem: Jerusalem

INSTITUTE FOR ISRAEL STUDIES

Shmuel Ahituv, M.A.; Staff, Biblical
Encyclopedia, Jerusalem: azazel-,

DIVINATION

Reuben Ainsztein, Writer and
journalist, London

Edna Aizenberg, Ph.D.; Instructor
in Spanish Literature, Maritime
College, New York: Spanish and

PORTUGUESE LITERATURE

Golda Akhiezer*, M.A.; Doctoral
Student of Jewish History;
Researcher at the Ben-Zvi Institute
and Teacher in the Rothberg School
for Overseas Students, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Abraham

BEN JOSIAH TROKI; ABRAHAM BEN
JOSIAH YERUSHALMI; AGA; AZARIAH
BEN ELIYAH; BABOVICH, SIMHAH
BEN SOLOMON BEN NAHAMU; BEIM,
SOLOMON BEN ABRAHAM; BENJAMIN
BEN ELIJAH DUWAN; EZRA BEN NISAN;
ISAAC BEN SOLOMON; KALT, SAMUEL
BEN JOSEPH; KALFA ISAAK BEN JOSEPH;
LABANOVICH; LEONOWICZ; LUZKI,
SIMHAH ISAAC BEN MOSES; MOSES BEN
ELIJAH HA-LEVI; MOSES BEN ELIJAH
PASHA; PIGIT, SAMUEL BEN SHEMARIA;

SALMON BEN JEROHAM; SHAPSHAL
SERAYA BEN MORDECHAI; SOLOMON
BEN AARON; SULTANSKY, MORDECAI
BEN JOSEPH; ZEFANIA BEN MORDECHAI;
ZERAH BEN NATHAN OF TROKI

Shalom Albeck, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Talmud and Law,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

ACQUISITION; ASSIGNMENT; AVOT
NEZIKIN; DAMAGES; GERAMA AND
GARME; GIFT; HEFKER; LIABILITY; LOST
PROPERTY; MARITIME LAW; MAZRANUT;
MISTAKE; NUISANCE; OWNERSHIP;
PROPERTY; SALE; SERVITUDES; THEFT
AND ROBBERY; TORTS; YE'USH

William Foxwell Albright, Ph.D.;
Emeritus Professor of Near Eastern
Studies, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Maryland

David Alcalay, Jerusalem: vajs,

ALBERT

Ora Alcalay, B.A., Dip.Lib.; Director
of the Library of Yad Vashem,
Jerusalem: belev, Alexander

Harry J. Alderman, B.A., B.S.;
the American Jewish Committee,
New York: Goldstein, fanny;

SCHNEIDERMAN, HARRY

Gabriel Eitan Alexander*, Ph.D.;
Head of Keren Kayemeth Lelsrael
(JNF), History Research Institute for
Zionism and Settlement, Jerusalem:

WEISER-VARON, BENNO

Itzhak Alfassi, General Secretary,
B nai B 'rith, Tel Aviv: arollia,

ISAAC BEN MOSES; ARYEH LEIB OF
OZAROW; BAMBERG, SAMUEL BEN
BARUCH; BARBY, MEIR BEN SAUL;
BARDAKI, ISAIAH BEN ISSACHAR BER;
BASCHKO, ZEVI HIRSCH BEN BENJAMIN;
BEJERANO, BEKHOR HAYYIM BEN
MOSES; BELZ; BENGIS, SELIG REUBEN;
BERLIN, ISAIAH BEN JUDAH LOEB;
BERNSTEIN, ARYEH LEIB; BERNSTEIN,
ISSACHAR BERUSH BEN ARYEH LOEB;
BEZALEL BEN MOSES HA-KOHEN; BLOCH,
JOSEPH LEIB; BOSKOWITZ, HAYYIM BEN
JACOB; BROIDA, SIMHAH ZISSEL BEN
ISRAEL; CARO, JOSEPH HAYYIM BEN
ISAAC; CHELM, SOLOMON BEN MOSES;
CIECHANOW, ABRAHAM BEN RAPHAEL
LANDAU OF; CORONEL, NAHMAN
NATHAN; DEUTSCH, ELIEZER HAYYIM
BEN ABRAHAM; EGER, SIMHAH BUNIM
BEN MOSES; EISENSTADTER, MEIR BEN
JUDAH LEIB; ENGEL, JOSEPH BEN JUDAH;
EPHRATI, DAVID TEVELE BEN ABRAHAM;

4 6

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

ETTINGER, MORDECAI ZE'EV BEN ISAAC
AARON SEGAL; EULENBURG, ISAAC
BEN ABRAHAM MOSES ISRAEL; FINKEL,
NATHAN ZEVI BEN MOSES; GEDALIAH,
JUDAH BEN MOSES; GESUNDHEIT,
JACOB BEN ISAAC; GRUNWALD, AMRAM;
HASIDISM; HAYYOT, MENAHEM MANISH
BEN ISAAC; HOROWITZ, ISAAC HA-LEVI
BEN JACOB JOKEL; ISRAEL, STATE OF:
ALIYAH; JACOB BEN AARON OF KARLIN;
JACOB BEN EPHRAIM NAPHTALI HIRSCH
OF LUBLIN; JENER, ABRAHAM NAPHTALI
HIRSCH BEN MORDECAI; JERUSALIMSKI,
MOSES NAHUM BEN BENJAMIN; JUDAH
BEN MOSES OF LUBLIN; KAHANA, JACOB
BEN ABRAHAM; KAHANOV, MOSES
NEHEMIAH; KALLIR, ELEAZAR BEN
ELEAZAR; KARFUNKEL, AARON BEN
JUDAH LEIB HA-KOHEN; KATZ, REUVEN;
KLAUSNER, ZEVI HIRSCH; KLEIN, SAMUEL
SHMELKA; KRENGEL, MENAHEM MENDEL;
KRISTIANPOLLER; LANDAU, ELEAZAR
BEN ISRAEL; LANDAU, ISRAEL JONAH BEN
JOSEPH HA-LEVI; LERNER, MAYER BEN
MORDECAI OF ALTONA; LEWIN, AARON
BEN NATHAN OF RZESZOW; LIBSCHITZ,
BARUCH MORDECAI BEN JACOB; LIPKIN,
ISRAEL BEN ZE'EV WOLF; LIPSCHUETZ,
HILLEL ARYEH LEIB BEN ZE'EV DOV;
LIPSCHUTZ, SOLOMON BEN MORDECAI;
MARGOLIOTH, EPHRAIM ZALMAN BEN
MENAHEM MANNES; MARLI, SAMUEL
BEN MAZLI'AH; MEISELS, DOV BERUSH;
MICHAELSON, EZEKIEL ZEVI BEN
ABRAHAM HAYYIM; MUSSAFIA,
BENJAMIN BEN IMMANUEL;
NIEMIROWER, JACOB ISAAC; ORNSTEIN,
MORDECAI ZE'EV BEN MOSES; PLOTZKI,
MEIR DAN OF OSTROVA; POSNER,
SOLOMON ZALMAN BEN JOSEPH;
RABINOWITZ-TEOMIM, ELIJAH DAVID
BEN BENJAMIN; REICH, KOPPEL; RIVKES,
MOSES BEN NAPHTALI HIRSCH; ROSANES,
ZEVI HIRSCH BEN ISSACHAR BERISH;
ROSEN, JOSEPH BEN ISAAC; SAFRAN,
BEZALEL ZE'EV; SALANT, JOSEPH SUNDEL
BEN BENJAMIN BENISH; SCHICK,
ABRAHAM BEN ARYEH LOEB; SCHIFF,
MEIR BEN JACOB HA-KOHEN; SCHMELKES,
GEDALIAH BEN MORDECAI; SCHOR,
ALEXANDER SENDER BEN EPHRAIM
ZALMAN; SCHOR, EPHRAIM SOLOMON
BEN NAPHTALI HIRSCH; SHAPIRA, ELIJAH
BEN BENJAMIN WOLF; SOFER, HAYYIM
BEN MORDECAI EPHRAIM FISCHEL;
TAUBES, AARON MOSES BEN JACOB;
TEOMIM, ARYEH LEIB; TEOMIM, JOSEPH
BEN MEIR; WEINGARTEN, JOAB JOSHUA;
WESEL, BARUCH BENDET BEN REUBEN;
YOSEF, OVADIAH; ZIRELSON, JUDAH LEIB;
ZUENZ, ARYEH LEIB BEN MOSES

David Algaze, M.H.L., Rabbi; New

York: Guatemala

Uri Algom, Military Historian,
former Chief Historian of the Israel
Army

Moshe Allon, Jerusalem: Israel,

STATE OF: LABOR; SOLEL BONEH

Yigal Allon, Major General (Res.),
Israel Defense Forces; Deputy Prime
Minister and Minister of Education
and Culture, Kibbutz Ginnosar:

PALMAH; SADEH, YIZHAK

Nehemya Allony, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Hebrew Language and
Literature, the University of the
Negev, Beersheba: hayyuj, judah ben

DAVID

Dan Almagor, Ph.D.; Writer, Haifa:

BERDYCZEWSKI, MICHA JOSEF; SOMMO,
JUDAH LEONE BEN ISAAC

Shlomo Alon*, M.A.; Senior
Lecturer, School of Education, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

DHIMMA, DHIMMI

Yehoshua Alouf, Supervisor of
Physical Education, Ministry of
Education and Culture, Ramat Gan:

A.S.A.; HAPOEL; MACCABI; MACCABI
WORLD UNION; SPORTS

Sara Alpern*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor, Texas A. & M. University,
Texas: albert, mildred Elizabeth

LEVINE; CARNEGIE, HATTIE; HANDLER,
RUTH MOSKO; LAUDER, ESTEE MENTZER;
LEIBER, JUDITH MARIA; MALSIN, LANE
BRYANT; MARGARETEN, REGINA; PARNIS,
MOLLIE; POLYKOFF, SHIRLEY; ROSENBERG,
ANNA MARIE LEDERER; ROSENTHAL, IDA

Carl Alpert, Executive Vice
Chairman of the Board of
Governors, the Technion, Haifa:

REINER, MARKUS

Rebecca Alpert*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Religion and Women's
Studies, Temple University,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:

LESBIANISM; NEWMAN, PAULINE

Paul Awraham Alsberg, Ph.D.;
Israel State Archivist; Lecturer in

Archival Management, Graduate
Library School, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: archives

Gerda Alster-Thau, M.A.; Lecturer
in Hebrew and World Literature,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

DUTCH LITERATURE; LOGGEM, MANUEL
VAN; MULISCH, HARRY; VROMAN, LEO

Moshe Altbauer, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Slavic Linguistics and
of Russian Studies, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: biegeleisen,

HENRYK; BRANDSTAETTER, ROMAN;
FELDMAN, WILHELM; KLACZKO, JULIAN;
PUBLISHING; SLONIMSKI, ANTONI

Harry Alter, Editor, Youngstown,

Ohio: YOUNGSTOWN

Avraham Altman, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Japanese Studies, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem

Alexander Altmann, Ph.D.,
D.H.L., Rabbi; Professor of Jewish
Philosophy, Brandeis University,
Waltham, Massachusetts:

ANGELS AND ANGELOLOGY;
ARISTOTLE; ASTROLOGY; BEATITUDE;
COMMANDMENTS, REASONS FOR; GOD;
ISRAELI, ISAAC BEN SOLOMON; MOSES
BEN JOSEPH HA-LEVI; PROVIDENCE;
ZADDIK, JOSEPH BEN JACOB IBN

Mordechai Altschuler, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor, Institute for
Contemporary Jewry, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Russia

Hadas Altwarg, Researcher,
Institute of Jewish Affairs, London:

ANTISEMITISM

Helen Aminoff*, B.A.; Historian,
Beth Israel Congregation; Past-
President of Hadassah, Ann Arbor,

Michigan: ANN arbor

Aharon Amir, Writer and Editor,
Tel Aviv

Amihood Amir*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Computer Science, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: computer

SCIENCE

Shimeon Amir, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in the Department of
Developing Countries, Tel Aviv
University; Deputy Director
General, Ministry for Foreign
Affairs, Jerusalem: Portugal

Yehoshua Amir (Neumark),

Dr.Phil., Rabbi; Senior Lecturer
in Jewish Philosophy, Tel Aviv
University: maccabees, fourth

BOOK OF; MACCABEES, THIRD BOOK
OF; OSIANDER, ANDREAS; SIBYL AND

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

47

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

SIBYLLINE ORACLES; SIMON, AKIBA
ERNST

Yehoyada Amir*, Professor,
Director, Israel Rabbinic Program,
Hebrew Union College, Jerusalem:

ASCHER, SAUL; BAECK, LEO; BERGMAN,
SAMUEL HUGO; BREUER, ISAAC; COHEN,
HERMANN; CREATION AND COSMOGONY;
GANS, EDUARD; GUTTMANN, JACOB;
GUTTMANN, JULIUS; HIRSCH, SAMSON
RAPHAEL; PHILO JUDAEUS; SCHWEID,
ELIEZER

Ziva Amishai-Maisels*, B.A., M.A.,
Ph.D.; Professor of Art History, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ART: INFLUENCED BY THE HOLOCAUST;
ART: MODERN JEWISH ART; BARASCH,
MOSHE

Jacob Amit, Editor, Tel Aviv: yaari,

MEIR

Reuven Amitai*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor, Institute of African
Studies, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: ayalon, david; mamluks;

MONGOLS; SELJUKS

Shimshon Avraham Amitsur,

Ph.D.; Professor of Mathematics,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

LEVITSKY, JACOB

Moses Bensabat Amzalak, Ph.D.;
Honorary Rector and Professor of
the Technical University of Lisbon;
Former President of the Academy of
Sciences of Lisbon: benarus, adolfo;

BENOLIEL, JOSEPH

Jean Ancel*, Ph.D.; Independent
Historian, Yad Vashem,
Jerusalem: ataki; belgorod-

DNESTROVSKI; BELTSY; BENDERY;
BRICEVA; BRICHANY; DOMBROVENI;
FALESHTY; KALARASH; KAUSHANY;
KHOTIN; KISHINEV; KOTOVSKOYE;
LEOVO; LIPKANY; NOVOSELITSA;
ORGEYEV; SEKIRYANY; YEDINTSY;
ZGURITSA

Pierre Anctil*, Ph.D.; Director,
Institute of Canadian Studies,
University of Ottawa, Canada:

BELKIN, SIMON; BOSCO, MONIQUE;
CANADIAN LITERATURE; WISEMAN,
SHLOIME

Marc D. Angel*, B.A., B.S., Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Congregation Shearith Israel,
New York: union of sephardic

CONGREGATIONS, THE

Charles Angoff, B.A.; Professor
of English, Fairleigh Dickinson
University, Rutherford, New Jersey:

NATHAN, GEORGE JEAN

B. Mordechai Ansbacher, M.A.;
Historian, Jerusalem: arndt,

ADOLF; ARNHEIM, FISCHEL; BADGE,
JEWISH; BEHREND, JACOB FRIEDRICH;
BOOKS; BUCER, MARTIN; COINS AND
CURRENCY; ELLSTAETTER, MORITZ;
FRANKENBURGER, WOLF; JUEDISCHER
KULTURBUND; KANTOROWICZ,
HERMANN; KEMPNER, ROBERT MAX
WASILII; LABAND, PAUL; LUBETKIN,
ZIVIA; LUTHER, MARTIN; MALINES;
REUTLINGEN; SHUM; SPEYER;
TRIER; WALLICH; WIENER GESERA;
WITTENBERG, YIZHAK; ZUCKERMAN,
ITZHAK

Heinz L. Ansbacher, Ph.D.;
Professor of Psychology, the
University of Vermont, Burlington,
Vermont: adler, Alfred

Joyce Antler*, Ph.D.; Samuel Lane
Professor of American Jewish
History and Culture, Brandeis
University, Waltham, Massachusetts:

ABZUG, BELLA SAVITZKY; LERNER, GERDA
KRONSTEIN

J. Aouizerate-Levin*, M.A.;
Student, Musicology, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: shlonsky,

VERDINA

John J. Appel, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of American Studies, the
James Madison College of Michigan
State University, East Lansing:

CHRISTIAN SCIENCE CHURCH

James L. Apple, Th.D., Rabbi; Great
Lakes, Illinois

Raymond Apple, B.A., LL.B., Rabbi;

London: marriage

Shimon Applebaum, D.Phil.;
Associate Professor of Classical
Archaeology and of Jewish History,
Tel Aviv University: decapolis;

HEROD I; LIBYA

Miriam Arad, Literary Critic,

Jerusalem: ben-amotz, dahn

Shimshon Arad, Israel Diplomat,
Jerusalem: white, Theodore h.

Yitzchak Arad, Librarian and

Teacher, Jerusalem: chajes, isaac

BEN ABRAHAM; KIRSCHBRAUN, ELIJAH;
MAZUR, ELIYAHU; PERLMUTTER,
ABRAHAM ZEVI

•

Mordechai Arbell*, M.A.;
Former Israel Ambassador to
the Caribbean; Ben Zvi Institute,
Jerusalem: Barbados; caribbeans,

SPANISH-PORTUGUESE NATION OF THE:
LA NACION; COLOMBIA; CURAgAO;
DELVALLE LEVI MADURO, ERIC ARTURO;
DELVALLE, MAX SHALOM; DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC; GUIANA; HAITI; MADURO,
RICARDO; PANAMA; SURINAME;
TUCACAS; VALONA

Archiv Bibliographia Judaica
Staff, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-
Universitat, Frankfurt, Germany:

ISAACSOHN, SIEGFRIED; KELLNER,
LEON; KOMPERT, LEOPOLD; KOREFF,
DAVID FERDINAND; KRACAUER, ISIDOR;
REICHER, EMANUEL; RIESSER, GABRIEL;
ROSIN, DAVID; SCHWAB, HERMANN;
SPANIER, ARTHUR; STERN-TAEUBLER,
SELMA; SUEDFELD, GABRIEL; SULZBACH,
ABRAHAM; TAEUBLER, EUGEN; ULLSTEIN;
VEIT, MORITZ; YORK-STEINER, HEINRICH
ELCHANAN

Morris Ardoin*, M.A.; Director,
Communications, Hebrew
Immigrant Aid Society, New York:

HEBREW IMMIGRANT AID SOCIETY

Moshe-Max Arend, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

KARA, JOSEPH

Ramie Arian* : young judaea

Eliyahu Arieh, M.Sc; Director
of the Seismological Laboratory,
Geological Survey of Israel,
Jerusalem: earthquake; samuel ben

HANANIAH

Nachum Arieli, B.A.; Jerusalem:

ABRAHAM BEN DOV OF MEZHIRECH;
BARUCH BEN JEHIEL OF MEDZIBEZH

Allan Arkush*, Ph.D.; Judaic
Studies, Binghamton University,
Binghamton, New York:

MENDELSSOHN, MOSES

Abraham Arnold*, L.L.D.; Author,
Historian, Journalist; Member
Order of Canada, Association for
Canadian Jewish Studies, Jewish
Heritage Centre of Western
Canada, Winnipeg, Canada:

CHERNIACK, SAUL MARK; FREEDMAN,
SAMUEL; GRAY, MORRIS ABRAHAM;

4 8

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

MANITOBA; ORLIKOW, DAVID; WINNIPEG;
ZOLF

Yaakov Arnold*: lieber, david

Walter L. Arnstein, Ph.D.; Professor
of History, the University of Illinois,
Urbana- Champaign: stern, Alfred

Wellesley Aron, B.A.; Major
(Ret.), British Army; Tel Aviv: ihud

HABONIM

C.C. Aronsfeld, Researcher,

London: grueber, heinrich

Shlomo Aronson, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Political Science, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: adenauer,

KONRAD; GESTAPO; JAFFA; SS AND SD

Elia Samuele Artom, Dott.in
lett., Rabbi; Teacher of Hebrew
Language and Literature, Universita
degli Studi, Florence; Director and
Professor of the Collegio Rabbinico
Italiano, Florence and Rome:

ABISHAG THE SHUNAMMITE; SEGRE

Menachem E. Artom, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Civil Service Commission,

Jerusalem: capistrano, john;

MITHRIDATES, FLAVIUS; MORTARA,
MARCO; PESARO, ABRAMO; PISA, DA;
SARDINIA; SEGRE, JOSHUA BENZION;
SEGRE, SALVATORE; SIXTUS OF SIENA;
TUSCANY; VOLTERRA; VOLTERRA,
MESHULLAM BEN MENAHEM,
DA

Pinhas Artzi, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Associate Professor of Hebrew
and Semitic Languages, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan; Associate
Professor of Akkadian and Ancient
Near Eastern History, Tel Aviv
University: cuth, cuthah; dagon;

EUPHRATES; GELB, IGNACE JAY; GOSHEN;
GOZAN; KARKAR; MARDUK; PEKOD;
PERIZZITES; PICK, HAYYIM HERMANN;
RESEN; RESHEPH; RODANIM; SIHON;
TADMOR

Abraham Arzi, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Senior Teacher in Talmud, Bar-
Ilan University, Ramat Gan: al

TIKREI; DELITZSCH, FRIEDRICH;
DREAMS; ETIQUETTE; KODASHIM; LEKET,
SHIKHHAH, AND PEAH; MO'ED; RABBAH
BAR BAR HANA; RESHUT; TEREFAH;
TIKKUN SOFERIM; TOHOROT; ZAKEN
MAMRE

Solomon Asch, Ph.D.; Psychologist,

Rutgers University, New Jersey:

WERTHEIMER, MAX

Dov Ashbel, Dr. Phil.; Emeritus
Associate Professor of Meteorology,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ATLAS, DAVID; BERSON, ARTHUR JOSEPH
STANISLAV; CONRAD, VICTOR; ISRAEL,
LAND OF: GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY; LESS,
EMIL; MACHTA, LESTER; MARGULES, MAX;
NAMIAS, JEROME; PEPPER, JOSEPH; RUBIN,
MORTON JOSEPH; WEXLER, HARRY

Robert Asher, M.A.; Lecturer in
History, City College of the City
University of New York: fels; filene

Shmuel Ashkenazi, the Rabbi
Kook Institute, Jerusalem: aaron

BERECHIAH BEN MOSES OF MODENA;
DAVID BEN SAMUEL HA-LEVI; EDELS,
SAMUEL ELIEZER BEN JUDAH HA-LEVI;
EISENSTADT, ABRAHAM ZEVI HIRSCH BEN
JACOB; GOMBINER, ABRAHAM ABELE BEN
HAYYIM HA-LEVI; IBN HAYYIM, AARON;
SABA, ABRAHAM BEN JACOB; TYRNAU,
ISAAC

Dianne Ashton* , Ph.D.; Professor,
Rowan University, Glassboro, New
Jersey: gratz, rebecca

Eliyahu Ashtor, Ph.D., Dr. Phil.;
Professor of Moslem History and
Civilization, the Hebrew University

of Jerusalem: Abraham ben david

MAIMUNI; ABRAHAM BEN MAZHIR; ABU
AL-MUNAJJA SOLOMON BEN SHAYA; ABU
TMRAN AL-TIFLISI; ABU SAD AL-TUSTARl;
ALEPPO; ALEXANDRIA; ALMERIA;
AMRAM; BAQUBA; BAR HEBRAEUS,
JOHANAN; BASRA; BEN SIMEON, RAPHAEL
AARON; BILBEIS; CAIRO; DAMANHUR;
DAMIRA; DAVID BEN ABRAHAM
MAIMUNI; DAVID BEN DANIEL; DAVID
BEN JOSHUA MAIMUNI; DUMUH; EDESSA;
EGYPT; EPHRAIM BEN SHEMARIAH; EZRA
BEN ABRAHAM BEN MAZHIR; FAIYUM;
FATIMIDS; HANOKH BEN MOSES; HASSAN
IBN HASSAN; HIBAT ALLAH, IBN JUMAY'
IBN ZAYN; HILLA; HISDAI IBN HISDAI,
ABU AL-FADL; HISDAI IBN SHAPRUT; IBN
AL-BARQULI; IBN KILLIS, ABU AL-FARAJ
YA'QUB IBN YUSUF; IBN YASHUSH, ISAAC
ABU IBRAHIM; IBRAHIM IBN YA'QUB OF
TORTOSA; IRBIL; JAZIRAT IBN 'UMAR;
JEHOSEPH HA-NAGID; JERUSALEM; JESSE
BEN HEZEKIAH; JOSHUA BEN ABRAHAM
MAIMUNI; JUBAYL; KHARAj AND JIZYA;
LEBANON; LEVI-PROVENCAL, EVARISTE;
MAHALLA AL-KUBRA; MAMLUKS;
MANN, JACOB; MANSURA; MEVORAKH
BEN SAADIAH; MINYAT ZIFTA; MOSES
BEN HANOKH; NAHRAI BEN NISSIM;

NAHRAWAN; NETHANEL BEN MOSES
HA-LEVI; NISIBIS; QASR IBN HUBAYRAH;
RAHBAH, AL-; RAQQA; RASHID; SAHLAN
BEN ABRAHAM; SAID IBN HASAN; SARUJ;
SELJUKS; SHEMARIAH BEN ELHANAN;
SHIM'ON, JOSEPH BEN JUDAH IBN;
SHOLAL, NATHAN HA-KOHEN; SIDON;
SOLOMON BEN ELIJAH HA-KOHEN;
SPAIN; SUNBAT; SYRIA; TADEF; TANTA;
TRAVELERS AND EXPLORERS; TRIPOLI;
TYRE; UKBARA; WASIT

Cyril Aslanov*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: Jewish languages; judeo-

FRENCH; JUDEO-GREEK; JUDEO-ITALIAN;
JUDEO-PROVENCAL

Simha Assaf, Rabbi; Rector and
Professor of Rabbinical and Geonic
Literature, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem; Justice of the Supreme
Court of Israel: aaron ben Joseph

HA-LEVI; ABBAHU; ABIATHAR BEN ELIJAH
HA-KOHEN; ABRAHAM BEN ELIJAH
OF VILNA; ABRAHAM BEN ISAAC OF
NARBONNE; ABRAHAM BEN NATHAN;
ADRET, SOLOMON BEN ABRAHAM; AHA
OF SHABHA; ALFASI, ISAAC BEN JACOB;
BUSTANAI BEN HANINAI; ELHANAN BEN
HUSHIEL; ELHANAN BEN SHEMARIAH;
ELIJAH BEN SOLOMON HA-KOHEN; GAON;
ISAAC; YESHIVOT

Yom Tov Assis*, Ph.D.; Department
of Jewish History, World Center
for Jewish Studies, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: aboab,

IMMANUEL; ALCONSTANTINI; ALEMAN,
MATEO; ANUSIM; AUTO DA FE; AVILA;
BADAJOZ; BARBASTRO; BARCELONA;
BARCELONA, DISPUTATION OF; BARRIOS,
DANIEL LEVI DE; BARROS BASTO, ARTURO
CARLOS DE; BEJA; BELMONTE; BESALU;
BRAGANZA; BUITRAGO; BURGOS;
BURRIANA; CALAHORRA; CALATAYUD;
CANARY ISLANDS; CANTERA BURGOS,
FRANCISCO; CARDOZO, ISAAC; CARRION
DE LOS CONDES; CASTRO QUESADA,
AMERICO; CASTRO SARMENTO, JACOB
DE; CASTRO TARTAS, ISAAC DE; CASTRO,
PEDRO DE; CERVERA; CHILLON; CHUETAS;
CIUDAD REAL; CIUDAD RODRIGO;
COIMBRA; CUENCA; CUR1EL; DAROCA;
DUENAS; ELCHE; ENRIQUEZ GOMEZ,
ANTONIO; ESCALONA; ESCUDERO,
LORENZO; ESTELLA; FERNANDES
VILLAREAL, MANOEL; HUESCA; IBN
ZADOK, SOLOMON; INQUISITION; JACA;
JAEN; LEON, LUIS DE; LERIDA; LIMPIEZA
DE SANGRE; MADRID; MAJORCA;
MURVIEDRO; OROBIO DE CASTRO, ISAAC;
PALENCIA; PAMPLONA; PLASENCIA;
SALAMANCA; SANTA COLOMA DE

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

49

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

QUERALT; SARAGOSSA; SEGOVIA; SEVILLE;
SORIA; TOLEDO; TUDELA

Alexander Astor, B.A. O.B.E.,
Rabbi; Auckland, New Zealand:

DAMASCUS; DAVIS, SIR ERNEST HYAM;
FISHER, SIR WOOLF

Alan Astro*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Trinity University, San Antonio,
Texas: ayalti, hanan j. ; Berliner,

ISAAC; BOTOSHANSKY, JACOB; GLANTZ,
JACOB; KHALYASTRE; WARSZAWSKI, OSER

Maurice (D.) Atkin, M.A.;
Economist, Washington, D.C.:

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Tsevi Atsmon, M.A.; Rishon le-
Zion, Israel: rishon le-zion

Robert Attal, Librarian, the Ben-
Zvi Institute and Yad Vashem,
Jerusalem: Algeria-, aydan, david;

BAHUZIM; BEKACHE, SHALOM;
CONSTANTINE; GOZLAN, ELIE; HAJjAj,
DANIEL; LIBYA; SAMAMA, NESSIM;
SCIALOM, DAVID DARIO

David Atzmon, M.Jur.; Ministry for
Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem

Pierre Aubery, Ph.D.; Professor
of French Literature, the State
University of New York, Buffalo:

LECACHE, BERNARD; MANDEL,
ARNOLD

Bernard Auerbach*, L.L.M.;
Professor of Law (Retired),
University of Maryland: contract;

THEFT AND ROBBERY

Jacob Auerbach, Jerusalem: temple

MOUNT; WESTERN WALL

Rachel Auerbach, Dipl.HistPsych.;
Historian, Jerusalem: treblinka

Hanoch Avenary, Dr.Phil.; Senior
Lecturer in Musicology, Tel Aviv
University: addir hu ; akdamut

MILLIN; ALEINU LE-SHABBEAH; ALGAZI,
ISAAC BEN SOLOMON; ALGAZI, LEON; AL-
HARIZI, JUDAH BEN SOLOMON; ALMAN,
SAMUEL; ALTSCHUL, JOSEPH; AMEN;
AMIDAH; AVI AVI; AVODAH; BACHMANN,
JACOB; BAUER, JACOB; EDIRNE;
HAGGADAH, PASSOVER; IBN ABl AL-SALT;
KADDISH; MI-SINAI NIGGUNIM; MOSES
BEN JOSEPH HA-LEVI; MUSIC; NUSAH;
SHTAYGER

Mo she Avidan, Ambassador,

Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
Jerusalem: Finland; Poland

Mo she Avidor, Ph.D.; Former
Ambassador and Director General
of the Israel Academy of Sciences
and Humanities, Jerusalem:

ISRAEL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND
HUMANITIES; ISRAEL, STATE OF:
EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

Nachman Avigad, Ph.D.; Professor
of Archaeology, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: bet

SHEARIM; JERICHO

Avraham Avi-Hai, Ph.D.; Vice-
Provost, School for Overseas
Students, Hebrew University of
Jerusalem

Gitta (Aszkenazy) Avinor, M.A.;
Critic, Haifa: amir, aharon;

BARTOV, HANOCH; MEGGED, AHARON;
MOSSINSOHN, YIGAL; TAMMUZ,
BENJAMIN

Joseph Aviram, M.A.; Director of
the Institute of Archaeology, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Isaac Avishur, M.A.; Instructor
in Bible and Biblical History, the
University of the Negev, Beersheba:

BIBLE; DAN; EDOM; GEHAZI; ISAIAH;
NAOMI; NAPHTALI; SEPHARVAIM

Benad Avital, Ministry for Foreign
Affairs, Jerusalem: Israel, state of:

HISTORICAL SURVEY

Efrat E. Aviv*, M.A.; Jewish
History, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan: izmir

Michael Avi-Yonah, Ph.D.;
Professor of Archaeology and of
the History of Art, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: abel

SHITTIM or SHITTIM; ABEL, AVEL; ABEL,
LOUIS FELIX; ABEL-BETH-MAACAH;
ABEL-MEHOLAH; ABILENE; ACHOR,
VALLEY OF; ACHSHAPH; ACHZIB; ACRE;
ADAM; ADORAIM; ADULLAM; AGRIPPINA;
AI or HA-AI; AKHBAREI/ACCHABARON;
ALAMAH; ALBRIGHT, WILLIAM FOXWELL;
ALMON or ALEMETH; ALT, ALBRECHT;
AMANA; AMMATHA; ANAB; ANATHOTH;
ANTHEDON; ANTIPATRIS; ANTONIA;
APHEK; APOLLONIA; ARABAH, THE;
ARBEL; ARCHELAIS; ARETHUSA;
ARGOB; AROER; ASHDOD; ASHKELON;
ASHTAROTH, ASHTEROTH-KARNAIM,
KARNAIM; ATAROTH; ATHLIT; AVELIM

or OVELIM; AZEKAH; AZMON; AZNOTH-
TABOR; BAALAH; BAAL-HAZOR;
BAAL-MEON; BAAL-PERAZIM; BAAL-
ZEPHON; BADE, WILLIAM FREDERIC;
BAHURIM; BANIAS; BASILICA; BEER;
BEEROTH; BEERSHEBA; BEN-DOR,
IMMANUEL; BENE-BERAK; BENJAMIN
OF TIBERIAS; BENZINGER, IMMANUEL;
BET AGLAYIM; BET ALFA; BET GUVRIN;
BET HARODON; BET NETOFAH; BET
YERAH; BET ZEKHARYAH; BET-ANATH;
BET-DAGON; BET-EL; BETHANY; BET-
HARAM; BETHBASI; BETHLEHEM;
BETHLEPTEPHA; BET-HORON;
BETHPHAGE; BETHSAIDA; BETHULIA;
BET-MAON; BET-NIMRAH; BET-REHOB;
BET-ZUR; BEZEK; BLISS, FREDERICK
JONES; BOZRAH; BURCHARDUS
DE MONTE SION; BURCKHARDT,
JOHANN LUDWIG; BUTNAH; CABUL;
CAESAREA; CAPERNAUM; CAPITOLIAS;
CARMEL; CARMEL, MOUNT; CHERITH;
CHORAZIN; CLERMONT-GANNEAU,
CHARLES; CONDER, CLAUDE REGNIER;
COZEBA; CROWFOOT, JOHN WINTER;
DAN; DEAD SEA; DEBIR; DEUTSCHER
PALAESTINA-VEREIN; DIUM; DOBRATH;
DOK; DOTHAN; DURA-EUROPUS; EBEN-
EZER; EDREI; EGLON; ELASA; ELATH;
ELEALEH; ELTEKEH; ELUSA; EMMAUS;
EN-DOR; EN-GANNIM; EN-HAROD;
EN-RIMMON; EN-ROGEL; EPHRON;
ESHTAOL; ESHTEMOA; ETAM; EUSEBIUS
PAMPHILI; FABRI, FELIX; GADARA;
GALILEE; GAMLA; GARSTANG, JOHN;
GATH; GATH-HEPHER; GATH-RIMMON;
GAZA; GEBA; GEDERAH, GEDEROTH;
GEDOR; GERASA; GEZER; GIBBETHON;
GILGAL; GISCALA; GITTAIM; GOFNAH;
GOLAN; GUERIN, VICTOR; GUY, PHILIP
LANGSTAFFE ORD; HABOR; HADAD;
HADID; HADRACH; HALHUL; HAM;
HAMMATH; HANNATHON; HAPHARAIM;
HAR HA-MELEKH; HAROSHETH-GOIIM;
HAURAN; HAVVOTH-JAIR; HAZER,
HAZERIM; HAZEROTH; HEBRON;
HEPHER; HERMON, MOUNT; HERODIUM;
HESHBON; HISTORY: THE AFTERMATH OF
THE FIRST ROMAN WAR; HOR; HORMAH;
HORONAIM; HUKOK; HULEH; HYRCANIA;
IBLEAM; IJON; IR-NAHASH; IRON; ISRAEL
EXPLORATION SOCIETY; ISRAEL, LAND
OF: GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY; JABBOK;
JABESH-GILEAD; JABNEEL; JABNEH;
JAHAZ, JAHAZA; JANOAH, JANAH; JAPHIA;
JARMUTH; JATTIR, JETHIRA; JAZER;
JEHOSHAPHAT, VALLEY OF; JERUSALEM;
JEZREEL; JEZREEL, VALLEY OF; JOKNEAM;
JORDAN; JOTABAH; JOTAPATA; JOTBATH,
JOTHBATAH; JUDEAN DESERT CAVES;
KABRITHA; KANAH; KARKAR; KARNAIM;
KEDEMOTH; KEFAR AKKO; KEFAR
BARAM; KEFAR DAROM; KEFAR GAMALA;
KEFAR HANANYAH; KEFAR HATTIN;

50

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

KEFAR KANNA; KEFAR MANDI; KEFAR
NEBURAYA; KEFAR OTNAY; KEILAH;
KENATH; KENYON, DAME KATHLEEN
MARY; KERAK or CHARAX; KIDRON;
KINNERET, LAKE; KIR-HARESETH;
KIRIATH-JEARIM; KISHON; KLEIN,
SAMUEL; LEBANON; LEGIO; LIBNAH;
LO-DEBAR; LUZ; LYDDA; MA'ON; MA'ALEH
AKRABBIM; MACALISTER, ROBERT
ALEXANDER STEWART; MACHAERUS;
MADABA, MEDEBA; MAHANAIM;
MAIUMAS; MAKKEDAH; MAMPSIS;
MAMRE; MARESHAH; MAYER, LEO ARY;
MAZAR, BENJAMIN; MEGIDDO; MEROZ;
MICHMASH or MICHMAS; MIGDOL;
MINNITH; MISREPHOTH-MAIM; MIZPEH
or MIZPAH; MOAB; MODITN; MOLADAH;
MORESHETH-GATH; MORIAH; MOUNT OF
OLIVES; MOZA; MUSIL, ALOIS; NAARAH;
NABLUS; NAHALAL or NAHALOL; NAIN;
NARBATA; NAVEH; NAZARETH; NEBO;
NEGEV; NETOPHAH; NIZZANAH; NOB;
ONO; OPHEL; OPHRAH; OSSUARIES and
SARCOPHAGI; PALESTINE EXPLORATION
FUND; PALMER, EDWARD HENRY; PARAH,
PERATH; PARAN; PEKITN; PELLA or PAHAL;
PENUEL; PERROT, JEAN MICHAEL; PETRA;
PHASAELIS; PHOTIS; PISGAH; POCOCKE,
RICHARD; PRESS, YESHAYAHU; PUNON;
QUARESMIUS, FRANCISCUS; RABBAH;
RABBATH-AMMON; RAFA; RAMAH or
HA-RAMAH or HA-RAMATHAIM-ZOPHIM;
RAMLEH; RAMOTH; RAMOTH-GILEAD;
RED SEA; REHOBOTH; RIMMON-PEREZ;
ROBINSON, EDWARD; ROEHRICHT,
REINHOLD; RUMA or ARUMAH; SAFED;
SALCHAH; SARID; SARTABA; SAULCY,
LOUIS FELICIEN DE JOSEPH CAIGNART;
SCHICK, CONRAD; SCHUMACHER,
GOTTLIEB; SEETZEN, ULRICH JASPER;
SEIR, MOUNT; SENAAH or MIGDAL
SENAAH; SENNABRIS; SHAALBIM; SHALEM;
SHECHEM; SHEFARAM; SHEPHELAH;
SHIHIN or ASOCHIS; SHIHOR, SHIHOR-
LIBNATH; SHILOAH, SILOAM; SHILOH;
SHIMRON; SHIVTAH or SOBATA; SHUNEM;
SHUSHAN; SICHAR; SIKHNIN or SOGANE;
SIN, WILDERNESS OF; SINAI; SMITH, SIR
GEORGE ADAM; SOCOH OR SOCO; SODOM
AND GOMORRAH; SOREK, VALLEY OF;
STARKEY, JOHN LLEWELYN; STEKELIS,
MOSHE; SUCCOTH; SUKENIK, ELIEZER
LIPA; SUSITA OR HIPPOS; SYNAGOGUE;
TAANACH; TABGHA; TABOR, MOUNT;
TAMAR; TEKOA; TEMPLE; THEBEZ;
THOMSEN, PETER; TIBERIAS; TIMNATH-
HERES, TIMNATH-SERAH; TIRZAH; TIVON;
TRANSJORDAN; TYRE OF THE TOBIADS;
USHA; VINCENT, LOUIS HUGUES; VOGUE,
CHARLES EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE
DE; WADI DALIYA; WAR AND WARFARE;
WARREN, SIR CHARLES; WATZINGER,
CARL; WEIGAND, THEODOR; WILSON, SIR
CHARLES WILLIAM; WINCKLER, HUGO;

WOOLLEY, SIR CHARLES LEONARD;
YARKON; YARMUK; YEIVIN, SHEMUEL;
ZANOAH; ZAPHON; ZAREPHATH;
ZARETHAN; ZEMARAIM; ZERED;
ZEREDAH; ZIKLAG; ZIPH; ZORAH

Jane (Adashko) Avner*, Ph.D.;
Archivist and Consultant,
Milwaukee Jewish Historical Society,
Milwaukee; Former Associate
Curator of Jewish History at the
Western Reserve Historical Society,
Cleveland: akron; Cleveland;

LAURA AND ALVIN SIEGAL COLLEGE OF
JUDAIC STUDIES; LEWIS, PETER B.; OHIO;
SAPIRSTEIN-STONE-WEISS
FAMILY

Zvi Avneri (Hans Lichtenstein),

Dr.Phil.; Senior Lecturer in Jewish
History, Haifa University: aaron ben

JOSEPH HA-ROFE; ABNER OF BURGOS;
ABOAB, ISAAC II; ABRABANEL, ISAAC
BEN JUDAH; ABU 'ISA, ISAAC BEN JACOB
AL-ISFAHINI; ABUDARHAM; ABUDARHAM,
DAVID BEN JOSEPH; ABULAFIA, SAMUEL
BEN MEIR HA-LEVI; ABULAFIA, SAMUEL
HA-LEVI; ADLER, NATHAN BEN SIMEON
HA-KOHEN; ALBALIA, BARUCH BEN ISAAC;
ALBALIA, ISAAC BEN BARUCH; ALDUBI,
ABRAHAM BEN MOSES BEN ISMAIL;
ALFONSO DE OROPESA; ANDERNACH;
ANHALT; ANSBACH; ARONIUS, JULIUS;
AUGSBURG; AVELEI ZION; BACHARACH;
BARCELONA; BASLE; BAVARIA; BAYONNE;
BEAUCAIRE; BEDERSI, ABRAHAM
BEN ISAAC; BENVENISTE DE PORTA;
BENVENISTE, ABRAHAM; BENVENISTE,
SHESHET BEN ISAAC BEN JOSEPH;
BERG; BERGHEIM; BERNE; BESANCON;
BEZIERS; BIELEFELD; BINGEN; BLOIS;
BRESSLAU, HARRY; BRUNSWICK; BURGOS;
BUXTORF, JOHANNES; DUESSELDORF;
DUISBURG; EISENMENGER, JOHANN
ANDREAS; EMDEN; EPSTEIN, ABRAHAM;
ERFURT; FERRER, VICENTE; GENEVA;
HALBERSTADT; HALLE; HAMBURG;
HAMELN; HANOVER; HEIDELBERG;
HEINEMANN, JEREMIAH; HESSE;
HILDESHEIM; IBN ALFAKHAR; IBN
SHOSHAN; IBN WAQAR; MEHLSACK,
ELIAKIM BEN JUDAH HA-MILZAHGI;
OBERMEYER, JACOB; OFFENBACH;
OFFENBURG; OLDENBURG; OPPENHEIM;
OPPENHEIMER, JOSEPH BEN ISSACHAR
SUESSKIND; SHEMARIAH BEN ELIJAH
BEN JACOB; VERBAND DER VEREINE
FUER JUEDISCHE GESCHICHTE UND
LITERATUR; WANDSBECK; WASSERMANN,
JAKOB; WESTPHALIA; WOLF, GERSON;
WORMS; WUERTTEMBERG

Arie Avnerre, M.A.; Israel
Broadcasting Authority, Jerusalem

Haim Avni, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Contemporary Jewry, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

AGRICULTURE; AMIA; ARGENTINA; CHILE;
ENTRE RIOS; LATIN AMERICA; PORTUGAL;
SPAIN

Yitzhak Avni, Director of the Israel
Government Coins and Medals
Corporation, Jerusalem:

MEDALS

Moshe A. Avnimelech, Ph.D.;
Emeritus Professor of Geology and
Paleontology, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem:

BLANCKENHORN, MAX; OPPENHEIM,
PAUL LEO

Mindy (Beth) Avrich-Skapinker*,

Ph.D.; Member, Immigration and
Refugee Board, Toronto, Canada:

LASTMAN, MELVIN DOUGLAS; NEWMAN,
PETER CHARLES; REISMAN, HEATHER;
SCHWARTZ, GERALD

Leila Avrin, Ph.D.; Teaching Fellow,
School of Library and Archive
Studies, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: calligraphy, modern

HEBREW; SPITZER, MOSHE

Dov Avron, Ph.D.; Historian,

Tel Aviv: gniezno; great Poland ;

POZNAN

Benjamin Maria Baader*, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor, University of

Manitoba, Canada: die deborah

Menachem Babitz, M.A.,
Ing.; Senior Research Fellow,
the Technion Research and
Development Foundation, Haifa

Gabriel Bach, LL.B.; State Attorney
of the State of Israel, Jerusalem

Gideon Bach*, Professor,
Chairman, Department of Human
Genetics, Hadassah University
Hospital, Jerusalem: genetic

DISEASES IN JEWS

Roberto Bachi, Ph.D., Dr.Jur.;
Professor of Statistics and
Demography, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem

Bernard Bachrach, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Medieval History,
the University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis: clotaire ii ;

RECCARED

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

51

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Gershon Bacon*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Jewish History, Bar-Ilan
University, Ram at G an: idolatry;

JUDGES, THE BOOK OF; SCHENIRER,
SARAH; SHIMEI; TABEEL, THE SON OF;
ZAMZUMMIM; ZEBAH AND ZALMUNNA;
ZIMRI; ZIMRI

Yohanan Bader, Dr.Jur.; Member
of the Knesset, Ramat Gan: begin,

MENAHEM

Avner Bahat, B.A.; Kefar Masaryk:

ZEFIRA, BRACHAH

Dan Bahat*, Ph.D.; Professor,
University of St. Michael College,
University of Toronto, Canada:

WESTERN WALL

Jacob Bahat, Senior Lecturer in
Hebrew Language and Literature,
Haifa University: hazaz, hayyim

Henry Eli Baker, B.C.L., LL.B.;
President of the District Court,
Jerusalem; Research Fellow in the
Law Faculty, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: Israel, state of: legal

AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM

Zachary M. Baker*, B.A., M.A.,
M.L.S.; Reinhard Family Curator
of Judaica &Hebraica Collections,
Stanford University Libraries,
Stanford, California: abramowicz,

DINA

Carol Bakhos*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Late Antique Judaism,
University of California, Los
Angeles: aggadah

Avraham Balaban*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Modern Hebrew
Literature, University of Florida:

AVID AN, DAVID; HOURVITZ, YATR;
KAHANA-CARMON, AMALIA; OZ, AMOS;
ZELDA

Meir Balaban, Dr.Phil.;

Encyclopaedia Judaica (Germany);
Professor of Jewish History, Warsaw:

CALAHORA; SAMBOR

Rifat Bali*, Graduate of Sorbonne
University, Ecole Pratique Des
Hautes Etudes, Istanbul, Turkey:

ALATON, ISHAK; ASSEO, DAVID;
BENAROYA, AVRAM; CHALOM, MARCEL;
FARHI, MORIS; FRANCO, GAD; FRESCO,
DAVID; GARIH, UZEYIR; GEREZ, JOSEF
HABIB; HALEVA, ISAK; HUBES,, ROZET;
KAMHI, JAK V; KANETI, SELIM; KARASU,

ALBERT; KOHEN, ALBERT; KOHEN, SAMI;
LEVI, MARIO; LEYON, AVRAM; MENDA,
ELIEZER; VENTURA, MICHON

Carole B. Balin*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of History, Hebrew Union
College- Jewish Institute of Religion,
New York: dubnow-erlich, sophia;

MARKEL-MOSESSOHN, MIRIAM

Ivan Jay Ball, Jr., B.A., B.D.; Foothill
Community College, Los Altos
Hills, California: zephaniah

Kurt Jakob Ball-Kaduri, Dr.Jur.;
Historian, Tel Aviv: Berlin; stahl,

HEINRICH

Shlomo Baiter, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Lecturer in Bible, the City
University of New York: en-dor,

WITCH OF; GERSHON, GERSHONITES;
JONATHAN; PUT; ROD OF AARON; ROD OF
MOSES; SHAMMAH

Bernard J. Bamberger, D.D., Rabbi;
President of the World Union for
Progressive Judaism, New York:

ANGELS AND ANGELOLOGY; BLANK,
SHELDON HAAS; BUTTENWIESER,
MOSES; LAUTERBACH, JACOB ZALLEL;
MORGENSTERN, JULIAN; NEPHILIM;
PARADISE

Arnold J. Band*, Ph.D.; Professor
Emeritus of Hebrew, the University
of California, Los Angeles: agnon,

SHMUEL YOSEF; ASSOCIATION FOR
JEWISH STUDIES; BERDYCZEWSKI, MICHA
JOSEF

Menahem Banitt, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of French, Tel Aviv
University: blondheim, david simon;

JUDEO-FRENCH; LAAZ

Rivka Irene Banitt, M.A.; Research
Assistant in Sociology, the Institute
of Criminology, Tel Aviv University:

BELGIUM

Judith Barack, M.S.; Writer, New
York

Pessah Bar-Adon, Director,
Archaeological Expedition in the
Judean Desert, Jerusalem: judean

DESERT CAVES

Dan P. Barag, Ph.D.; Professor of
Archaeology, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: glass

Oren Barak*, Ph.D.; Lecturer of

Political Science and International
Relations, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: Beirut; Lebanon;

SIDON

Zevi Baras, Jerusalem: loisy, Alfred

FIRMIN

Jerry Barasch, Department of
External Relations, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Hebrew

UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM

Mo she Barasch, Professor of
Architecture and Fine Arts, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Shalom Bar-Asher*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Jewish History, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

BACRI; CASABLANCA

Jack Barbash, M.A.; Professor
of Economics, the University of
Wisconsin, Madison: advertising

Molly Lyons Bar-David, Journalist,
Tel Aviv: food; haroset

Haim Bar-Dayan, Dr. Phil.;
Instructor in the History of Music
and Art, the Rubin Academy of
Music, Jerusalem: baer, Abraham;

BIRNBAUM, EDUARD; ELI ZIYYON VE-
AREHA; GNESIN, MIKHAIL FABIANOVICH;
KIPNIS, MENAHEM; MILNER, MOSES
MICHAEL; VINAVER, CHEMJO

Elinoar Bareket*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer (History of the Jewish
People in the Middle Ages), Achva
Academic College, Shikmim, Israel:

NAGID

Adina Bar-El*, Ph.D.; Researcher,
Author, Lecturer, Achva College of
Education, Achva, Shikmim, Israel:

CHILDREN'S LITERATURE

Naftali Bar-Giora, Jewish Agency,

Jerusalem: bene Israel

Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, Ph.D.;
Professor of Logic and the
Philosophy of Science, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: chomsky,

NOAM AVRAM

Avraham Barkai*, Ph.D.;
Independent Scholar, Leo Baeck
Institute, Jerusalem: c. v.-zeitung;

CENTRAL-VEREIN DEUTSCHER
STAATSBUERGER JUEDISCHEN
GLAUBENS

52

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Haim Barkai*, Ph.D.; Economics,
Professor Emeritus, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Israel, state

OF: ECONOMIC AFFAIRS

Zeev Barkai, M.A.; Jerusalem:

SUGAR INDUSTRY AND TRADE; TEXTILES;
TOBACCO TRADE AND INDUSTRIES

Menahem Zvi Barkay, M.A.; Senior
Librarian, the Jewish National and
University Library, Jerusalem

Isadore Barmash, Journalist, New

York: bernbach, william; rubinstein,

HELENA

Jacob Barnai, M.A.; Assistant
in Jewish History, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: david

BEN SHIMEON; RABINOWICH, ELIYAHU
AKIVA; ROKEAH or ROKAH, ELAZAR BEN
SHMELKE; VA'AD HA-PEKIDIM VE-HA-
AMARKALIM; VA'AD PEKIDEI EREZ ISRAEL
BE-KUSHTA

Victoria J. Barnett*, M.Div, Union
Theological Seminary, New York,
Staff Director, Church Relations,
U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum,
Washington, D.C.: holocaust

Hanan Bar-On, Ministry for
Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem: Ethiopia

Lawrence Baron*, Ph.D.; Nasatir
Professor of Modern Jewish History,
San Diego State University, San
Diego, California: holocaust

Lori Baron*: Friedman, Herbert a.

Salo W. Baron, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Emeritus Professor of Jewish
History, Literature and Institutions,
Columbia University, New York:

CALVIN, JOHN; CHAJES, HIRSCH
PEREZ; CONFERENCE ON JEWISH
SOCIAL STUDIES; ECONOMIC HISTORY;
ISRAELITISCH-THEOLOGISCHE
LEHRANSTALT; POPULATION

Zvi Avraham Bar-On, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Philosophy, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem

James Barr, D.D., F.B.A.; Professor
of Semitic Languages and Literature,
the University of Manchester,
England: linguistic literature,

HEBREW

Sylvia J. Barras, Wilkes- Barre and
Kingston.

David Bar-Rav-Hay, Advocate;
Former Member of the Knesset,
Haifa: blumenfeld, Hermann

FADEEVICH; GOLDENWEISER,
ALEXANDER SOLOMONOVICH; PASSOVER,
ALEXANDER

Joel Barromi, Dr.Jur.; Ministry for
Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem

Israel Bar Tal, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Jewish History, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: baum,

MENAHEM MENDEL BEN AARON OF

■

KAMENETZ

Yossi (Yosef ) Bartov*, Ph.D.; Chief
Scientist, Ministry of National
Infrastructure, Jerusalem: bentor,

JACOB

Lois Bar-Yaacov, B.A.; Tel Aviv:

HISTADRUT

Elinor Barzacchi-Kommisar,

D.E.A.; District Architect of the
Jerusalem District, Ministry of
Housing, Jerusalem: Israel, state of:

CULTURAL LIFE

Hillel Barzel, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Hebrew and World
Literature, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: kurzweil, baruch

Joshua Barzilay (Folman), M.A.;
Ramat Gan: wessely, naphtali herz

Eliezer Bashan (Sternberg),

M.A.; Instructor in Jewish History,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

EXILARCH; HASAN, ABU AL1 JEPHETH
IBN BUNDAR; JOSEPH BEN JACOB BAR
SATIA; JOSIAH BEN AARON HE-HAVER;
JUDAH BEN JOSEPH OF KAIROUAN;
KOHEN ZEDEK OF PUMBEDITA; MADMUN
BEN JAPHETH BEN BUNDAR; NAGID;
NEHARDEA; OMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB;
OMAR, COVENANT OF; PUMBEDITA;
SOLOMON BEN JUDAH; SURA; UMAYYADS

Judith R. Baskin*, Ph.D.; Knight
Professor of Humanities; Director,
Harold Schnitzer Family Program
in Judaic Studies, University of
Oregon: ablution; abrass, osias;

ADLER, POLLY; ALEXANDER, BEATRICE;
AMULET; ARENDT, HANNAH; ASCETICISM;
BARRENNESS AND FERTILITY; BARRON,
JENNIE LOITMAN; BLOOD; BRINIG,
MYRON; CHAGALL, BELLA ROSENFELD;
CIRCUMCISION; DULCEA OF WORMS;
FESTIVALS; FLORETA CA NOGA; FREHA
BAT AVRAHAM; GINSBURG, RUTH JOAN

BADER; GREENBLATT, ALIZA WAITZMAN;
HALLAH; HASIDISM; HASKALAH; HEAD,
COVERING OF THE; HISTORIOGRAPHY;
JEWISH STUDIES; JOB, BOOK OF;
JOCHSBERGER, TZIPORA; KARFF, MONA
MAY; KRESSYN, MIRIAM; LIEBMANN,
ESTHER SCHULHOFF AARON and JOST;
MIKVEH; NIDDAH; PETERS, ROBERTA;
PIONEER WOMEN; POWDERMAKER,
HORTENSE; PRIESAND, SALLY JANE;
PULCELINA OF BLOIS; RABBI, RABBINATE;
RASHI; REBBETZIN; RESNIK, JUDITH
ARLENE; SIMON, KATE; TUSSMAN,
MALKA HEIFETZ; WASSERSTEIN, WENDY;
WOMAN: EARLY MODERN PERIOD TO 1800
IN EUROPE; WOMAN: ISRAEL; WOMAN:
MEDIEVAL, CHRISTIAN WORLD; WOMAN:
MODERN PERIOD IN CENTRAL AND
WESTERN EUROPE

Samantha Baskind*, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor, Art History,
Cleveland State University,
Cleveland, Ohio: adler, samuel

M.; ART: UNITED STATES; BAIZERMAN,
SAUL; BARNET, WILL; BASKIN, LEONARD;
BENN, BEN; BEN-ZION; BERNSTEIN,
THERESA; BLOOM, HYMAN; BLUME,
PETER; BOLOTOWSKY, ILYA; BOROFSKY,
JONATHAN; CARVALHO, SOLOMON
NUNES; CHICAGO, JUDY; DAVIDSON,
JO; DINE, JIM; EILSHEMIUS, LOUIS
M.; EZEKIEL, MOSES JACOB; FERBER,
HERBERT; FRANKENTHALER, HELEN;
GOLUB, LEON; GOTTLIEB, ADOLPH;
GREENBERG, CLEMENT; GROPPER,
WILLIAM; GUSTON, PHILIP; GUTMANN,
JOSEPH; HIRSCH, JOSEPH; KATZ, ALEX;
KITAJ, R. B.; KRASNER, LEE; KRUGER,
BARBARA; LASSAW, IBRAM; LEVINE,
JACK; LEWITT, SOL; LICHTENSTEIN,
ROY; LIPTON, SEYMOUR; LOUIS,
MORRIS; LOZOWICK, LOUIS; MOSLER,
HENRY; NEVELSON, LOUISE; OLITSKI,
JULES; PEARLSTEIN, PHILIP; RATTNER,
ABRAHAM; RIVERS, LARRY; ROTHKO,
MARK; SEGAL, GEORGE; SERRA, RICHARD;
SOYER, MOSES; SOYER, RAPHAEL;
ZORACH, WILLIAM

Jack Bass, B.A.; New York

Yomtov Ludwig Bato, Dr. Phil.;
Historian, Ramat Hen, Israel:

VIENNA; WERTHEIMER, SAMSON

Geulah Bat Yehuda (Raphael),

M.A.; Writer, Jerusalem: elyashar,

JACOB SAUL BEN ELIEZER JEROHAM;
HAUSDORF, AZRIEL ZELIG; LAPIDOT,
ALEXANDER MOSES; LAPIN, ISRAEL
MOSES FISCHEL; MEIR, JACOB; PANIGEL,
ELIYAHU MOSHE; SALANT, SAMUEL;
SPEKTOR, ISAAC ELHANAN

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

53

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Fritz Bauer, Dr.Jur.; Prosecutor
of War Criminals, Frankfurt on
the Main: zentrale stelle der

LANDESJUSTIZVERWALTUNGEN

Yehuda Bauer, Ph.D.; Historian,
Professor and Head of the Institute
of Contemporary Jewry, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: b aerwald,

PAUL; BECKELMAN, MOSES W; BERGEN-
BELSEN; BERIHAH; HOLOCAUST;
HOLOCAUST, RESCUE FROM; HYMAN,
JOSEPH C; JORDAN, CHARLES
HAROLD; LEAVITT, MOSES A.; ROSEN,
JOSEPH A.

Dorothy Bauhoff*, M.A.;

Independent Author and
Researcher, East Taghkanic, New
York: abrams, meyer h.; akerlof,

GEORGE A.; DINER, HASIA R.; EISEN,
ARNOLD; ELIAS, NORBERT; ENDELMAN,
TODD M.; FEINBERG, KENNETH;
FELDMAN, LOUIS H.; FISH, STANLEY;
FREEDMAN, JAMES O.; FRYMER-KENSKY,
TIKVA; GLOCK, CHARLES Y; GOLB,
NORMAN; GOLDBERG, HARVEY E.;
GREENBERG, JOSEPH; GUTMANN, AMY;
KAUFMAN, IRVING R.; KORMAN, EDWARD
R.; KOZINKSI, ALEX; KRAVITCH, PHYLLIS;
KUHN, THOMAS S.; LEVIN, RICHARD
C; LEWIS, I. M.; LINGLE, LINDA; MIKVA,
ABNER J.; MILGRAM, STANLEY; NOVAK,
DAVID; PUTNAM, HILARY; REINHARDT,
STEPHEN R.; RODIN, JUDITH; ROSENBERG,
HAROLD; ROSKIES, DAVID G.; RUBIN,
ROBERT E.; SAHLINS, MARSHALL;
SHAPIRO, HAROLD; SMITH, JONATHAN
Z.; SOFAER, ABRAHAM; SONNENFELDT,
HELMUT; SPERBER, DAN; SPITZER, LEO;
SPORKIN, STANLEY; WEINER, ANTHONY;
WEINFELD, EDWARD; WEINSTEIN, JACK
B.; WISSE, RUTH R.; WOLFE, ALAN S.;
WOLFSON, ELLIOT; WOLPE, HOWARD
ELIOT

Mark K. Bauman*, Ph.D.; Editor,
Southern Jewish History; Professor of
History (retired), Southern Jewish
Historical Society, Ellenwood,
Georgia: epstein, harry h.

David Baumgardt, Dr. Phil.;
Professor of Philosophy, the
University of Berlin; Consultant
on Philosophy to the Library
of Congress, Washington, D.C.:

CASSIRER, ERNST; HERDER, JOHANN
GOTTFRIED; LAZARUS, NAHIDA RUTH;
LEVI-STRAUSS, CLAUDE

Albert I. Baumgarten, M.A.;
Adjunct Lecturer in History, the
Herbert H. Lehman College of the

City University of New York: scroll

OF ESTHER

Elisheva Baumgarten*, Ph.D.;
Lecturer, Department of Jewish
History and Gender Studies
Program, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan: birth, gender

Jean Baumgarten*, Ph.D.;
Professor, Directeur de recherche,
Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France:

BOBE-MAYSE; HARKAVY, ALEXANDER;
LIEBERMAN, CHAIM; SHMERUK, CHONE;
WEINREICH, MAX; ZINBERG, ISRAEL

Walter Baumgartner, Dr. Phil.;
Emeritus Professor of Bible and
Oriental Languages, the University
of Basle: prijs, Joseph

Diane Baxter*, Ph.D.; Instructor,
Anthropology, The University of
Oregon: anthropology

Steve (Harold Steven) Bayar*,

B.A. M.A., Rabbi; Congregation

Bnai Israel, Millburn, New Jersey:

GRUENEWALD, MAX

Bathja Bayer, Ph.D.; Librarian of
the Music Department, the Jewish
National and University Library,
Jerusalem: Abraham; aguilar,

EMANUEL ABRAHAM; AUER, LEOPOLD;
BEKKER, PAUL; BELSHAZZAR; BEN SIRA,
WISDOM OF; BENTWICH; BIBLE; BINDER,
ABRAHAM WOLF; CANTILLATION; COSTA,
URIEL DA; DA PONTE, LORENZO; DAVID;
EL MALE RAHAMIM; ELIJAH; GERNSHEIM,
FRIEDRICH; GERSHWIN, GEORGE;
GOLDFADEN, ABRAHAM; GUSIKOW,
JOSEPH MICHAEL; HALLELUJAH;
HASMONEANS; HA-TIKVAH; HEROD I;
HOLLAENDER; ISAIAH; JACOB; JACOB;
JEPHTHAH; JEREMIAH; JERUSALEM;
JOACHIM, JOSEPH; JOB, BOOK OF; JONAH,
BOOK OF; JOSEPH; JOSEPHSON; JOSHUA;
JUDITH, BOOK OF; KALMAN, EMMERICH;
KARACZEWSKI, HANINA; KEDUSHAH;
KOL NIDREI; LAMENTATIONS, BOOK
OF; LAVRY, MARC; LEKHAH DODI;
LEWANDOWSKI, LOUIS; LOVY, ISRAEL;
MA'OZ ZUR; MAQAM; MOSES; MUSIC;
NADEL, ARNO; NARDI, NAHUM; NATHAN,
ISAAC; NAUMBOURG, SAMUEL; NAVON,
ISAAC ELIYAHU; OFFENBACH, ISAAC;
ORGAN; PARTOS, OEDOEN; PSALMS,
BOOK OF; RACHEL; ROMANOS MELODOS;
ROZSAVOLGYI, MARK; SALMON, KAREL;
SALOME; SAMBURSKY, DANIEL; SAMSON;
SAUL; SCHMIDT, JOSEPH; SECUNDA,
SHOLOM; SEIBER, MATYAS GYORGY;

SETER, MORDECHAI; SHARETT, YEHUDAH;
SHELEM, MATTITYAHU; SHESTAPOL,
WOLF; SINGER, JOSEF; SOCIETY FOR
JEWISH FOLK MUSIC,; SODOM AND
GOMORRAH; SOLOMON; SONG OF SONGS;
STERNBERG, ERICH-WALTER; STRAUS,
OSCAR; STUTSCHEWSKY, JOACHIM;
SUSANNA AND THE ELDERS; TALMUD,
MUSICAL RENDITION; THALBERG,
SIGISMUND; TOBIT, BOOK OF; WERNER,
ERIC; YIGDAL; ZEIRA, MORDECHAI

Steven Bayme*, Ph.D.; National
Director, Contemporary Jewish
Life Department; American Jewish
Committee, Jewish Theological
Seminary of America, New York:

EDAH

Michael J. Bazyler*, Professor
of Law and The "1939" Club Law
Scholar in Holocaust and Human
Rights Studies, Whittier Law School,
Costa Mesa, California: calabresi,

GUIDO; REPARATIONS, GERMAN; WAR
CRIMES TRIALS

Walton Bean, Ph.D.; Professor of
History, the University of California,
Berkeley: ruef, Abraham

Elieser Beck, Kibbutz Kefar ha-

Maccabi: zilina

Arthur Beer, Ph.D., F.R.A.S.;
Lately Senior Observer at the
Observatories, the University
of Cambridge: abelmann, ilya

SOLOMOVITCH; ASTRONOMY;
BEMPORAD, AZEGLIO; COHN,
BERTHOLD; COHN, FRITZ; EPSTEIN,
PAUL SOPHUS; FINLAY-FREUNDLICH,
ERWIN; GOLDSCHMIDT, HERMANN;
IBN SAID, ISAAC; ISRAELI, ISAAC
BEN JOSEPH; LOEW, MORITZ; LOEWY,
MAURICE; MASHAALLAH B. ATHAN;
PRAGER, RICHARD; RUBENSON, ROBERT;
SCHLESINGER, FRANK; SCHUSTER, SIR
ARTHUR; SCHWARZSCHILD, KARL

Helen Beer*, Dr.Phil.; Lecturer
in Yiddish, Hebrew, and Jewish
Studies, University College of
London, England: manger, itzik

Moshe Beer, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Jewish History, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: abba bar

MARTA; ABBA OF AKKO; ABBA OSHAYA
OF TIRIAH; ACADEMIES IN BABYLONIA
AND EREZ ISRAEL; ARDAVAN; BE-HOZAI;
DIMI OF NEHARDEA; HABBAR, HABBAREI;
HAGRONIA; HUZAL; ISSACHAR; MAHOZA;
MATA MEHASYA; NARESH; NEHUTEI;

54

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

NISIBIS; PUMBEDITA; RABBAH BEN
SHILAH; RAV; RAVA; RAVINA; SAMUEL;
SHAPUR; SHEKANZIB; SIMEON BEN
LAKISH; TANHUMA BAR ABBA

Emmanuel Beeri, M.A.; Jerusalem:

AMENITIES, COMMUNAL; BERTHOLD
OF FREIBURG; CALMER, MOSES
ELIEZER LIEFMANN; CHATEAUBRIAND,
FRANCOIS RENE, VICOMTE DE; CIVILTA
CATTOLICA, LA; CLERMONT-TONNERRE,
COUNT STANISLAS DE; KAHN, LOUIS;
LANGALLERIE, PHILIPPE GENTIL DE;
LEVEN, NARCISSE; MIRABEAU, HONORE
GABRIEL RIQUETI, COMTE DE; MONTI DI
PIETA; MORPURGO; MUSSOLINI, BENITO;
PREZIOSI, GIOVANNI; ROEDERER, COUNT
PIERRE LOUIS; STUDENTS' FRATERNITIES,
GERMAN

Doron M. Behar*, M.D., Ph.D.;
Physician, Research Scientist,
Rambam Medical Center, Haifa:

GENETIC ANCESTRY, JEWISH

Arnold Beichman, M.A.; Lecturer
in Politics, the University of
Massachusetts, Boston: Goldberg,

ARTHUR JOSEPH

Alexander Bein, Dr. Phil.; Former
State Archivist, Former Director
of the Central Zionist Archives,
Jerusalem: archives; blumenfeld,

KURT YEHUDAH; BODENHEIMER,
MAX ISIDOR; ETTINGER, AKIVA JACOB;
OLIPHANT, LAURENCE; RUPPIN, ARTHUR

Haim Beinart, Ph.D.; Professor
of Medieval Jewish History, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ALBARRACIN; ALCONSTANTINI; ALFONSO
DE ESPINA; ALMAGRO; ALMERIA;
BADAJOZ; BALAGUER; BARBASTRO;
BARCELONA; BARCELONA, DISPUTATION
OF; BESALU; BIEL; BRIVIESCA; BUITRAGO;
BURRIANA; CADIZ; CALAHORRA;
CALATAYUD; CALATRAVA; CANARY
ISLANDS; CARMONA; CARRION DE LOS
CONDES; CARTAJENA; CASTELLON DE
LA PLANA; CASTROJERIZ; CAVALLERIA,
DE LA; CEA; CERVERA; CHILLON;
CIUDAD REAL; CIUDAD RODRIGO;
COCA; CORDOBA; CORUNNA; CUENCA;
DAROCA; DENIA; DUENAS; ECIJA; ECIJA,
JOSEPH; ELCHE; ELVIRA; ESCALONA;
ESTELLA; FERRER, VICENTE; FERRIZUEL,
JOSEPH HA-NASI; GERONA; GRANADA;
GUADALAJARA; GUADALUPE; HARO;
HERRERA DE PISUEGRA; HUESCA; HUETE;
ILLESCAS; JACA; JAEN; jATIVA; JEREZ DE
LA FRONTERA; LA GUARDIA, HOLY CHILD
OF; LEA, HENRY CHARLES; LEON; LERIDA;
LLERENA; LORKI, JOSHUA; LUCENA;

MADRID; MAJORCA; MALAGA; MAQUEDA;
MEDINA DE POMAR; MEDINA DEL
CAMPO; MEDINACELI; MERIDA; MILLAS
VALLICROSA, JOSE MARIA; MINORCA;
MIRANDA DE EBRO; MONTCLUS;
MONTIEL; MONZON; MURCIA;
MURVIEDRO; NAjERA; OCANA; OLMEDO;
ORABUENA; ORENSE; ORIHUELA;
PALENCIA; PALMA, LA; PAMPLONA;
PERPIGNAN; PLASENCIA; SALAMANCA;
SANTA COLOMA DE QUERALT;
SARAGOSSA; SEGOVIA; SEPULVEDA;
SEVILLE; SORIA; TARRAGONA; TOLEDO;
TORTOSA; TORTOSA, DISPUTATION OF;
TUDELA; VALENCIA

Malachi Beit-Arie, Ph.D.; Research
Worker, the Jewish National and
University Library, Jerusalem:

COLOPHON; PEREK SHIRAH

Michael Beizer, Ph.D.;
Director, Centre for the Study
and Documentation of East
European Jewry, Jerusalem:

AZERBAIJAN; BELARUS; GEORGIA;
KAZAKHSTAN; KYRGYZSTAN; LATVIA;
LITHUANIA; MOLDOVA; PRESS; RUSSIA;
TADZHIKISTAN; UKRAINE; UZBEKISTAN

Margalit Bejarano*, Ph.D.;
Researcher and Teacher, Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: avni, haim;

BACHI, ROBERTO; BLIS, DAVID; COSTA
RICA; CUBA; EL SALVADOR; FESELA;
GROBART, FABIO; HAVANA; KAPLAN,
SENDER MEYER; LATIN AMERICA; LEVY,
SION; LIWERANT SZCLAR, DANIEL;
SITTEON DABBAH, SHAUL DAVID

Avi Beker: united nations
Judith Belinfante: an-ski

COLLECTIONS

Randall C. Belinfante*, M.A., M.S.,
M.A., M.S.L.; Librarian/Archivist,
American Sephardic Federation,
New York: levy, albert j.

David Bellos, Ph.D.; Professor
of Literature, University of
Manchester: perec, georges

Ruth Beloff*, B.A.; Writer, Editor,

Jerusalem: abel, elie; abelson,

HAROLD HERBERT; ABRAHAMSEN, DAVID;
ABRAM, MORRIS BERTHOLD;
ABRAMOVITZ, MOSES; ABRAMOWITZ,
BINA; ACKERMAN, NATHAN WARD;
ADAMS, FRANKLIN PIERCE; ADELSON,
HOWARD LAURENCE; ADLER, MORTIMER
JEROME; ADLER, SELIG; ALEXANDER,
MOSES; ALLEN, WOODY; ALMOND,

GABRIEL ABRAHAM; ANTHONY, JOSEPH;
APTER, DAVID ERNEST; ARKIN, ALAN W;
ARNSTEIN, WALTER LEONARD; ARONSON,
BORIS; ARROW, KENNETH JOSEPH;
ASIMOV, ISAAC; ASNER, EDWARD;
AUERBACH, CARL A.; AUSUBEL, DAVID
PAUL; AXELROD, GEORGE; BACALL,
LAUREN; BAILYN, BERNARD; BAKAN,
DAVID; BALABAN, BARNEY; BALIN,
MARTY; BALINT, MICHAEL; BARA, THEDA;
BARR, ROSEANNE; BAZELON, DAVID L.;
BEAME, ABRAHAM DAVID; BECKER, GARY
STANLEY; BEDACHT, MAX; BELASCO,
DAVID; BENARDETE, MAIR JOSE; BENDIX,
REINHARD; BENNY, JACK; BERG,
GERTRUDE; BERGSON, ABRAM; BERLE,
MILTON; BERLIN, IRVING; BERMAN,
PANDRO S.; BERNARDI, HERSCHEL;
BERNBACH, WILLIAM; BETTELHEIM,
BRUNO; BIKEL, THEODORE MEIR; BLACK,
MAX; BLANK, LEON; BLAU, HERBERT;
BLAU, PETER MICHAEL; BLAUSTEIN;
BLOCH, HERBERT; BLOOM, BENJAMIN
SAMUEL; BLOOM, SOLOMON FRANK;
BLOOMINGDALE; BLUM, JEROME;
BLUMENTHAL, JOSEPH; BLUMENTHAL,
WERNER MICHAEL; BOAS, GEORGE;
BONDY, MAX; BOONE, RICHARD; BORAH,
WOODROW WILSON; BORGE, VICTOR;
BOSKOFF, ALVIN; BOYAR, LOUIS H.;
BOZYK, MAX; BRANDEIS-BARDIN
INSTITUTE; BRENTANO; BRICE, FANNY;
BRODSKY, STANLEY L.;

BRONFENBRENNER, MARTIN; BRONFMAN,
EDGAR MILES; BROOKS, MEL; BROOKS,
RICHARD; BROTHERS, JOYCE; BROUDY,
HARRY SAMUEL; BRUSTEIN, ROBERT
SANFORD; BUCHWALD, ART; BUHLER,
CHARLOTTE; BULOFF, JOSEPH; BUNZEL,
RUTH LEAH; BURNS, ARTHUR FRANK;
BURNS, GEORGE; BURROWS, ABE;
BUTTONS, RED; CAESAR, SID; CANTOR,
NORMAN FRANK; CAPLAN, HARRY;
CARNOVSKY, MORRIS; CARTER, VICTOR
M.; CHEIN, ISIDOR; CHODOROV, EDWARD;
CHODOROV, JEROME; CHOMSKY, NOAM
AVRAM; CLURMAN, HAROLD; COBB, LEE J.;
COHEN, ALEXANDER H.; COHEN, GERSON
D.; COHEN, NATHAN EDWARD; COHEN,
SAUL BERNARD; COHEN, WILBUR JOSEPH;
COMDEN, BETTY; COSER, LEWIS A.;
CREMIN, LAWRENCE ARTHUR; CROWN,
HENRY; CRYSTAL, BILLY; CURTIS, TONY;
DASH, SAMUEL; DASSIN, JULES; DAVIS,
MOSHE; DERSHOWITZ, ALAN M.;
DIAMOND, I. A. L.; DIAMOND, NEIL;
DIAMOND, SIGMUND; DINITZ, SIMON
DONEN, STANLEY; DORFMAN, JOSEPH
DOUGLAS, KIRK; DOUGLAS, MICHAEL
DREYFUSS, RICHARD; DUBERMAN,
MARTIN B.; DUBINSKY, DAVID; DUKER,
ABRAHAM GORDON; DWORKIN, RONALD;
EATON, JOSEPH W; ECKARDT, ROY A.;
EDWARDS, PAUL; EISENSTADT, ABRAHAM

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

55

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

SELDIN; ELAZAR, DANIEL J.; ELLSBERG,
EDWARD; EPSTEIN, ALVIN; EPSTEIN,
JUDITH; EPSTEIN, JULIUS J. and PHILIP G.;
EPSTEIN, MORRIS; ERIKSON, ERIK
HOMBERGER; ETHICAL CULTURE; EULAU,
HEINZ; EVANS, ELI; EZEKIEL, MORDECAI
JOSEPH BRILL; FABRICANT, SOLOMON;
FACTOR, MAX; FALK; FALK, PETER;
FARBER, MARVIN; FEIFFER, JULES;
FEINBERG, ABRAHAM; FEIS, HERBERT;
FELDMAN, HERMAN; FELLNER, WILLIAM
JOHN; FERKAUF, EUGENE; FERNBERGER,
SAMUEL; FEUER, LEWIS SAMUEL;
FEUERSTEIN, REUVEN; FILLER, LOUIS;
FINE, REUBEN; FINE, SIDNEY; FISHER,
EDDIE; FISHER, MAX M.; FISHMAN,
JOSHUA AARON; FLEISCHER, MAX; FORD,
HARRISON; FOREMAN, CARL; FOX,
MARVIN; FOX, WILLIAM; FRANKEL,
SAMUEL BENJAMIN; FRANKENHEIMER,
JOHN MICHAEL; FRANZBLAU, ABRAHAM
NORMAN; FREUND-ROSENTHAL, MIRIAM
KOTTLER; FRIED, MORTON HERBERT;
FRIEDAN, BETTY; FRIEDLANDER, WALTER;
FRIEDMAN, MILTON; FRIENDLY, FRED W;
FULD, STANLEY HOWELLS; GABEL, MAX;
GABRIEL, GILBERT W.; GARFIELD, JOHN;
GARFUNKEL, ART; GARMENT, LEONARD;
GAY, PETER JACK; GEFFEN, DAVID;
GERSHOY, LEO; GERSTEN, BERTA; GERTZ,
ELMER; GILBERT, FELIX; GILBERT, MILTON;
GIMBEL; GINSBERG, EDWARD; GINSBERG,
MITCHELL L; GINSBURG, NORTON
SIDNEY; GINZBERG, ELI; GLAZER,
NATHAN; GODDARD, PAULETTE;
GOLDBERG, BERTRAND; GOLDEN, JOHN;
GOLDIN, JUDAH; GOLDSCHMIDT, NEIL
EDWARD; GOLDSMITH, RAYMOND
WILLIAM; GOLDSMITH, SAMUEL
ABRAHAM; GOLDSTEIN, ABRAHAM
SAMUEL; GOLDWYN, SAMUEL;
GOODMAN, NELSON; GORDON, MAX;
GORDON, MICHAEL; GORDON, MILTON
M.; GOREN, CHARLES HENRY; GORNICK,
VIVIAN; GOULD, MILTON S.; GOULD,
SAMUEL BROOKNER; GRANT, LEE; GREEN,
ADOLPH; GREENACRE, PHYLLIS; GREENE,
LORNE; GREENSPAN, ALAN; GREY, JOEL;
GRINKER, ROY RICHARD Sr.; GROSSINGER,
JENNIE; GRUNWALD, HENRY ANATOLE;
GUTTMAN, LOUIS; HABER, SAMUEL L.;
HACKETT, BUDDY; HALLE, MORRIS;
HAMEROW, THEODORE STEPHEN;
HAMLISCH, MARVIN; HANDLER, MILTON;
HANDLIN, OSCAR; HANFMANN, GEORGE
MAXIM ANOSSOV; HARBURG, E.Y; HARRIS,
BARBARA; HARRIS, SAM HENRY; HARRIS,
ZELLIG SABBETAI; HAUSER, PHILIP
MORRIS; HAWN, GOLDIE; HELLINGER,
MARK; HENRY, BUCK; HERSHEY, BARBARA;
HEXTER, JACK H.; HIMMELSTEIN, LENA;
HIRSCH, JUDD; HIRSCHMAN, ALBERT
OTTO; HOFFMAN, DUSTIN; HOFFMAN,
JEFFREY; HOLLIDAY, JUDY; HOOK, SIDNEY;

HOSELITZ, BERTHOLD FRANK; HUROK,
SOLOMON; HURWITZ, SAMUEL JUSTIN;
HYMAN, HAROLD MELVIN; IAN, JANIS;
INKELES, ALEX; IRVING, JULES; ISAACS,
EDITH JULIET; JACOBY, OSWALD; JAFFE,
SAM; JANOWITZ, MORRIS; JAVITS, JACOB
KOPPEL; JESSEL, GEORGE ALBERT;
JESSELSON, LUDWIG; JEWISH
PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA;
JOEL, BILLY; JOLSON, AL; JUSTMAN,
JOSEPH; KABAKOFF, JACOB; KAHN,
ALFRED JOSEPH; KAMPELMAN, MAX M.;
KANE, IRVING; KANIN, GARSON; KANTOR,
JACOB ROBERT; KAPLAN, LOUIS LIONEL;
KARDINER, ABRAM; KASHDAN, ISAAC;
KATZ, DANIEL; KATZ, SOLOMON;
KATZENBERG, JEFFREY; KATZMAN, SAM;
KAUFMAN, BORIS; KAUFMANN, WALTER;
KELLER, MORTON; KING, CAROLE; KING,
LARRY; KLEIN, JULIUS; KLEIN, LAWRENCE
ROBERT; KLUTZNICK, PHILIP MORRIS;
KNOPF, ALFRED A.; KNOPFLER, MARK;
KOBRIN, SOLOMON; KOCH, EDWARD
IRVING; KOLTANOWSKI, GEORGE;
KOMAROVSKY, MIRRA; KONVITZ, MILTON
RIDVAS; KRAFT, LOUIS; KRAMER, STANLEY
E.; KRASNA, NORMAN; KRAUS, MICHAEL;
KRIEGER, LEONARD; KRISTELLER, PAUL
OSKAR; KROCK, ARTHUR; KROSS, ANNA;
KRULEWITCH, MELVIN LEVIN; KUBLIN,
HYMAN; KUBRICK, STANLEY; LAHR, BERT;
LANDES, DAVID SAUL; LANDES, RUTH;
LANG, FRITZ; LASKY, JESSE L.; LASSER,
LOUISE; LAURENCE, WILLIAM L.;
LAZARSFELD, PAUL F.; LAZEROWITZ,
MORRIS; LE ROY, MERVYN; LEAF, HAYIM;
LEAR, NORMAN; LEHMAN, ERNEST;
LENGYEL, EMIL; LEONTOVICH, EUGENIE;
LERNER, ABBA PETACHJA; LERNER, MAX;
LESLAU, WOLF; LESLIE, ROBERT L.;
LEVENE, SAM; LEVENSON, SAM; LEVI,
EDWARD H.; LEVIN, A. LEO; LEVINE,
JOSEPH E.; LEVINSON, BARRY; LEVY,
LEONARD WILLIAMS; LEVY, MARION
JOSEPH, JR.; LEWIS, JERRY; LICHT, FRANK;
LIEBERMAN, MYRON; LILIENTHAL, DAVID
ELI; LINOWITZ, SOL MYRON; LIPSET,
SEYMOUR MARTIN; LITVAK, ANATOLE;
LOEW, MARCUS; LOEWENSTEIN,
RUDOLPH MAURICE; LOPEZ, ROBERT
SABATINO; LORRE, PETER; LOVESTONE,
JAY; LOWE, ADOLPH; LUBIN, ISADOR;
LUKAS, PAUL; LUMET, SIDNEY; LYONS,
LEONARD; MACHLUP, FRITZ; MAHLER,
MARGARET; MAIER, JOSEPH; MALACHI,
ELIEZER RAPHAEL; MANDEL, MARVIN;
MANDELBAUM, DAVID GOODMAN;
MANILOW, BARRY; MANKIEWICZ, JOSEPH
LEO; MANN, DELBERT; MANN, THEODORE
R.; MANUEL, FRANK EDWARD;
MARKOWITZ, HARRY M.; MARSCHAK,
JACOB; MARTIN, TONY; MARWICK,
LAWRENCE; MASSERMAN, JULES HYMEN;
MATTHAU, WALTER; MAYER, ARNO

JOSEPH; MAZURSKY, PAUL; MELTON,
SAMUEL MENDEL; MERTON, ROBERT
KING; MIDLER, BETTE; MIDSTREAM;
MINOW, NEWTON NORMAN; MINSKY,
LOUIS; MIRISCH BROTHERS; MODIGLIANI,
FRANCO; MONTOR, HENRY; MOREEL, BEN;
MORGENSTERN, OSKAR; MORGENTHAU,
HANS JOACHIM; MORRIS, RICHARD
BRANDON; MORSE, DAVID ABNER;
MORTON, LOUIS C; MOSES, ROBERT;
MOSSE, GEORGE L.; MOSTEL, ZERO;
NAGEL, ERNEST; NASATIR, ABRAHAM
PHINEAS; NATHAN, ROBERT ROY;
NAUMBURG, MARGARET; NEISSER, HANS
PHILIPP; NELSON, BENJAMIN; NEMOY,
LEON; NEWHOUSE, SAMUEL IRVING;
NEWMAN, ARNOLD; NEWMAN, PAUL;
NICHOLS, MIKE; NIZER, LOUIS; NOVY, JIM;
OCHS; OHRBACH; OPLER, MARVIN
KAUFMANN; OPLER, MORRIS EDWARD;
PASSOW, AARON HARRY; PASTERNAK,
JOSEPH; PATINKIN, MANDY; PERLMAN,
ALFRED EDWARD; PERLMAN, HELEN
HARRIS; PIPES, RICHARD EDGAR;
POLANSKI, ROMAN; POLLACK, SYDNEY;
PREMINGER, OTTO LUDWIG; PRINCE,
HAROLD; RABB, MAXWELL MILTON;
RABINOWICZ, OSKAR K.; RADO, SANDOR;
RAINER, LUISE; RAPPAPORT, ARMIN H;
RATNER, SIDNEY; REDLICH, FREDERICK
C; REDLICH, NORMAN; REINER, CARL;
REINER, ROB; REVSON, CHARLES
HASKELL; RIBICOFF, ABRAHAM A.;
RIESMAN, DAVID; RIKLIS, MESHULAM;
RISCHIN, MOSES; RITZ BROTHERS;
ROBINSON, EDWARD G.; RODELL, FRED M.;
ROSENTHAL, ERICH; ROSENTHAL, FRANZ;
ROSSEN, ROBERT; ROSTOW, WALT
WHITMAN; RUBINSTEIN, HELENA; RUBY,
JACK; RUKEYSER, MERRYLE STANLEY;
RYDER, WINONA; SACHAR, ABRAM LEON;
SAFIRE, WILLIAM; SAHL, MORT;
SAMUELSON, PAUL ANTHONY; SCHAFER,
STEPHEN; SCHAPPES, MORRIS U; SCHARY,
DORE; SCHEFFLER, ISRAEL; SCHISGAL,
MURRAY; SCHOTTLAND, CHARLES IRWIN;
SCHUSTER, MAX LINCOLN; SCHWAB,
JOSEPH J.; SEGAL, GEORGE; SEINFELD,
JERRY; SELTZER, LOUIS BENSON; SEMMEL,
BERNARD; SEYMOUR, JANE; SHAPIRO,
HARRY LIONEL; SHEINKMAN, JACOB;
SHORE, DINAH; SHULIM, JOSEPH ISIDORE;
SIDNEY, SYLVIA; SILVERMAN, SIME;
SILVERS, PHIL; SIMON, HERBERT
ALEXANDER; SIMON, NORTON; SINGER,
MILTON B; SKLARE, MARSHALL; SMELSER,
NEIL JOSEPH; SMITH, MORTON; SOLOW,
ROBERT MERTON; SOROS, GEORGE;
SOVERN, MICHAEL IRA; SPIEGEL, SAMUEL
P.; SPIEGEL, SHALOM; SPIEGELBERG,
HERBERT; SPIELBERG, STEVEN; SPIRO,
MELFORD ELLIOT; SPOEHR, ALEXANDER;
STEIN, HERBERT; STEIN, HERMAN D.;
STONE, LE; STONE, OLIVER; STRASBERG,

56

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

LEE; STRAUS; STRAUSS, LEVI; STREISAND,
BARBRA; STRICK, JOSEPH; STROHEIM,
ERICH VON; SULZBERGER, ARTHUR HAYS;
SUSSKIND, DAVID; SWIG, BENJAMIN
HARRISON; SZASZ, THOMAS STEPHEN;
SZOLD, ROBERT; TAUBENSCHLAG,
RAPHAEL; TAX, SOL; TERKEL, STUDS;
THALBERG, IRVING GRANT; TITIEV,
MISCHA; TODD, MIKE; TUCKER, SOPHIE;
TWERSKY, IS AD ORE; UNGER, IRWIN;
WACHTLER, SOL; WALINSKY; WALLACE,
MIKE; WALLACH, ELI; WALTERS, BARBARA;
WARNER; WASSERMAN, DALE; WECHSLER,
HERBERT; WECHSLER, JAMES ARTHUR;
WEINBERG, HARRY; WEINBERG, SAUL S.;
WEISBERGER, BERNARD ALLEN; WEISS,
PAUL; WELLER, MICHAEL; WESTHEIMER,
RUTH; WHITE, MORTON GABRIEL;
WIENER, PHILIP PAUL; WILDER, BILLY;
WILDER, GENE; WILENTZ, ROBERT N.;
WINCHELL, WALTER; WINGER, DEBRA;
WINTERS, SHELLEY; WISE, ROBERT EARL;
WOLFE, BERTRAM DAVID; WOLPER,
DAVID LLOYD; WYLER, WILLIAM; WYNN,
ED; WYNN, KEENAN; WYZANSKI,
CHARLES EDWARD, JR.; ZEICHNER,
OSCAR; ZINNEMANN, FRED; ZUKOR,
ADOLPH

Miriam Ben-Aaron, M.A.; Ministry
of Health, Haifa: mahler,

MARGARET

Yehuda Benari, D.en D.; Director
of the Jabotinsky Institute, Tel Aviv:

JEWISH STATE PARTY

Yehoshoua Ben-Arieh, Ph.D.;
Senior Lecturer in Geography, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

GESHER BENOT YAAKOV; KINNAROT,
VALLEY OF

Schalom Ben-Chorin, Writer and

Journalist, Jerusalem: Israel, state

OF: RELIGIOUS LIFE AND COMMUNITIES

Shmuel Bendor, B.A.; Secretary of
the Council for Higher Education,
Ministry of Education and Culture,
Jerusalem: eden, sir anthony, earl

OF AVON; KOHN, LEO

Yehuda Ben-Dor*, B.A., L.L.B.;
Faculty Member, Mandel Leadership
Institute, Jerusalem: izbica radzyn;

KOTSK, MENAHEM MENDEL OF; LEINER,
GERSHON HANOKH BEN JACOB;
PRZYSUCHA, JACOB ISAAC BEN ASHER;
SIMHAH BUNEM OF PRZYSUCHA

Yehuda Ben-Dror (James
Marshall), B.A.; Jerusalem: new

JERSEY; NEW YORK CITY

Binyamin Zeev Benedikt, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Senior Lecturer in Rabbinical
Literature and Halakhah, Tel Aviv
University: ephraim ibn avi alragan;

FRIEDMANN, MEIR; MOSES BEN JOSEPH
BEN MERWAN LEVI; SAMUEL BEN DAVID

David Ben-Gurion, Former Prime
Minister and Minister of Defense
of the State of Israel, Sedeh Boker:

AHDUT HA-AVODAH; DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE, ISRAEL

Zeev Ben-Hayyim, Ph.D.; Professor
of Hebrew Philology, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem; Vice
President of the Academy of the
Hebrew Language, Jerusalem: ben-

ASHER, AARON BEN MOSES; HEBREW
GRAMMAR

Eliashiv Ben-Horin, LL.B.;
Ambassador, Ministry for Foreign
Affairs, Jerusalem

Meir Ben-Horin, Ph.D.; Professor
of Education, Dropsie University,
Philadelphia: dropsie college;

HALPER, BENZION; NORDAU, MAX

Ernest Frank Benjamin, Brigadier;
Commander of the Jewish Brigade,
England

Robert M. Benjamin, M.A.,
Rabbi; Adjunct Assistant Professor
of Humanities, Indiana State
University, Terre Haute

Jacov Benmayor, B.A.; Salonika:

SALONIKA

Moti Benmelech*, M.A.; Jewish
History, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: benevento, immanuel

BEN JEKUTHIEL; DEL BANCO, ANSELMO;
ELIJAH OF LA MASSA; FANO; REUVENI,
DAVID

Naphtali Ben-Menahem, Executive
Director of the Institute for Hebrew
Bibliography, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: adler, shalom

BEN MENAHEM; BLUM, AMRAM BEN
ISAAC JACOB; BRACH, SAUL; BRISZK;
DEUTSCH, JUDAH JOEL; EHRENFELD;
EHRENREICH, HAYYIM JUDAH BEN
KALONYMUS; EISENSTADT, MENAHEM
ZEVI; ENGELMANN, GABRIEL; FRENK,
BEER; FRIEDBERG, BERNARD; FUCHS,
MOSES ZEVI; FUNK, SOLOMON; GLUECK,
ABRAHAM ISAAC; GRUENFELD, JUDAH;
GRUNWALD, AMRAM; GRUNWALD,
JUDAH; GUENZLER, ABRAHAM; HELLER,

JUDAH; JOSEPH SOLOMON ZALMAN
BEN MEIR; JUNGREIS, ASHER ANSHEL;
KAHANA, NAHMAN; KATTINA, JACOB;
LANDSOFER, JONAH BEN ELIJAH;
MICHAEL, HEIMANN JOSEPH HAYYIM;
MODERN, JUDAH; PERLES, ISAAC
MOSES; POLLAK, MOSES HA-LEVI;
ROSENBAUM, MOSES HAYYIM LITS;
SCHWARTZ, ABRAHAM JUDAH HA-
KOHEN; SCHWARTZ, JOSEPH HA-KOHEN;
SCHWARTZ, PHINEHAS SELIG HA-KOHEN;
SHAG, ABRAHAM; SILBERSTEIN, DAVID
JUDAH LEIB; STERN, GERSHON; STERN,
JOSEPH; STERN, MENAHEM; TABAK,
SOLOMON LEIB; TENNENBAUM, JACOB;
ULMAN, ABRAHAM; WALDEN, AARON
BEN ISAIAH NATHAN

Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson, Ph.D.;
Professor of Jewish History, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

AGE AND THE AGED; ANUSIM;
APOSTASY; ASHKENAZI, ELIEZER BEN
ELIJAH THE PHYSICIAN; ASSIMILATION;
AUTONOMISM; BLACK DEATH; BLOOD
LIBEL; BUDNY, SZYMON; CHARITY;
COMMUNITY; COUNCILS OF THE
LANDS; CRAFTS; DAVID BEN ZAKKAI;
DISPUTATIONS AND POLEMICS; DOHM,
CHRISTIAN WILHELM VON; DUBNOW,
SIMON; ELDER; EXPULSIONS; GALUT;
GERMANY; GERONDI, ZERAHIAH BEN
ISAAC HA-LEVI; GLADIATOR; GOLOMB,
ELIYAHU; GRODZINSKI, HAYYIM
OZER; GRUENBAUM, YIZHAK; GUILDS;
HADASSI, JUDAH BEN ELIJAH; HAI BEN
SHERIRA; HISTORY: FOURTH TO SEVENTH
CENTURIES; HISTORY: MODERN TIMES

- FROM THE 1880S TO THE EARLY 21ST
CENTURY; HISTORY: MODERN TIMES

- TO 1880; HISTORY: THE MIDDLE AGES;
HOROWITZ, ABRAHAM BEN SHABBETAI
SHEFTEL; HOROWITZ, ISAIAH BEN
ABRAHAM HA-LEVI; ISRAEL BEN ELIEZER
BAAL SHEM TOV; JACOB OF BELZYCE;
JOSEPH BEN ELIJAH OF ZASLLAW;
KIDDUSH HA-SHEM AND HILLUL
HA-SHEM; MAGGID; MAIMONIDEAN
CONTROVERSY; MESSIANIC MOVEMENTS;
MUSAR MOVEMENT; POLAND; SELF-
DEFENSE; WIENER NEUSTADT; WINE AND
LIQUOR TRADE; ZERAHIAH BEN ISAAC
HA-LEVI

Menahem Ben-Sasson*, Ph.D.;
Professor, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Knesset Member: ben-zvi

INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF JEWISH
COMMUNITIES OF THE EAST; GENIZAH,
CAIRO

Haggai Ben-Shammai*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Arabic, Department
of Arabic Language and Literature,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

57

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ABU AL-FARAJ HARUN IBN AL-FARAJ;
FIRKOVICH, ABRAHAM; JAPHETH BEN ELI
HA-LEVI; KALAM; KARAITES; SAADIAH
GAON

Meir Hillel Ben-Shammai, Dr.Phil.;
Editor and writer, Jerusalem: aldabi,

MEIR BEN ISAAC; ELIJAH PHINEHAS BEN
MEIR; PORTALEONE, ABRAHAM BEN
DAVID II

Joseph Ben-Shlomo, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Philosophy, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: cordovero,

MOSES BEN JACOB; SOSKIN, SELIG EUGEN

Daniel Ben-Simhon, Jerusalem: yad

IZHAK BEN-ZVI

Doris Bensimon-Donath, D.esL.;
Professor emerite, Institut National
Langues et Civilisations, Paris:

FRANCE; PARIS

Asher Benson*, Journalist, Dublin:

IRELAND; WEINGREEN, JACOB

Yaakov Bentolila*, Ph.D.; Professor
Emeritus, Ben-Gurion University of
the Negev, Beersheba: haketia

Yakov K. Bentor, Ph.D.; D.es Sc;
Professor of Geology, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: ancona,

CESARE D'; BERENDT, GOTTLIEB
MICHAEL; GOLDSCHMIDT, VICTOR
MORITZ

Haim Bentov, M.A., Rabbi; Lecturer
in Talmud, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: meknes; raccah,

MAS'UD BEN AARON; SARFATY; SERERO;
TOLEDANO; UZIEL

Joseph Bentwich, M.A.; Former
Lecturer in Education, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: biram,

ARTHUR

Norman Bentwich, Ph.D.; Emeritus
Professor of International Relations,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM;
JEWISH SUCCESSOR ORGANIZATIONS;
UNITED RESTITUTION ORGANIZATION

Aviva Ben-Ur*, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor, University of
Massachusetts at Amherst: Phillips,

REBECCA MACHADO

Meron Benvenisti, B.A.; Jerusalem:

JERUSALEM

Abraham Ben-Yaacob, B.A.;
Researcher in Jewish History,
Jerusalem: Baghdad; diyala; ezekiel-,

EZEKIEL BEN REUBEN MANASSEH;
EZRA; EZRA; GABBAI; GAGIN, HAYYIM
ABRAHAM BEN MOSES; HALEVI, EZEKIEL
EZRA BEN JOSHUA; HA-LEVI, SASSON BEN
ELIJAH BEN MOSES; HOZIN, ZEDAKAH
BEN SAADIAH; ISAAC BAR ISRAEL IBN AL-
SHUWAYK; KAZIN, RAPHAEL BEN ELIJAH;
KURDISTAN; MANI; MARDIN; MASLIAH
SALIH; MA'TUK, SULAYMAN BEN DAVID;
MAYMERAN; MEDINI, HAYYIM HEZEKIAH
BEN RAPHAEL ELIJAH; MOSUL; NAHUM,
AARON SASSON BEN ELIJAH; RUWANDIZ;
SHINDOOKH, MOSES BEN MORDECAI;
SOMEKH, ABDALLAH BEN ABRAHAM;
SULEIMANIYA; ZAKHO

Mordecai Ben-Yehezkiel, Writer,

Jerusalem: Abraham hayyim ben

GEDALIAH; ADEL

Aharon Zeev Ben-Yishai, Writer
and Critic, Tel Aviv: frischmann,

DAVID; GORDON, JUDAH LEIB; PARODY,
HEBREW; SHNEOUR, ZALMAN

Isac Bercovici, Journalist, Bat Yam:

CILIBI MOISE; GHELERTER, LUDWIG
LITMAN; ISER, JOSIF; PAUKER, ANA; PRESS;
PSANTIR, JACOB

Michael Berenbaum*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Theology (Adjunct),
Director, Sigi Ziering Institute,
University of Judaism, Los Angeles,
California: Abraham ezra millgram;

ABRAMSON, JERRY EDWIN; ADLER,
SAMUEL; AMERICAN COUNCIL FOR
JUDAISM; ANIELEW1CZ, MORDECAI;
ATLAS, JECHEZKIEL; BAAR, HERMAN;
BABI YAR; BARSHEFSKY, CHARLENE;
BAUM, SHEPARD; BELZEC; BERKOWITZ,
HENRY; BERLIN; BERMAN, MORTON
MAYER; BERNSTEIN, PHILIP SIDNEY;
BESSO, HENRY; BETTAN, ISRAEL; BITBURG
CONTROVERSY; BOKSER, BEN ZION;
BOLTEN, JOSHUA B.; BORMANN, MARTIN;
BRAND, JOEL JENO; BRICKNER, BARNETT
ROBERT; BUCHENWALD; BULGARIA;
CAMPS; CHELMNO; CHURCH COUNCILS;
CHURCH, CATHOLIC; COHEN, BOAZ;
COHEN, MORTIMER JOSEPH; COLOGNE;
COUNCIL OF JEWISH FEDERATIONS AND
WELFARE FUNDS; CRESSON, WARDER;
CZERNIAKOW, ADAM; DACHAU; DAVIS,
SUSAN A.; DENAZIFICATION; DENMARK;
DEUTCH, JOHN M.; DORTMUND;
DRACHMAN, BERNARD; DRANCY;
DROB, MAX; DUISBURG; EISENDRATH,
MAURICE NATHAN; ELKES, ELHANAN;
ELLSBERG, DANIEL; ENGEL, ELIOT L.;
EPSTEIN, CHAIM FISCHEL; EPSTEIN,

GILBERT; EUROPA PLAN; EVANS, JANE;
EVIAN CONFERENCE; FEINGOLD,
RUSSELL; FELDHEIM, PHILIPP; FINEBERG,
SOLOMON ANDHIL; FINKELSTEIN,
ARTHUR; FINKELSTEIN, LOUIS;
FINKELSTEIN, SHIMON; FLEISCHMANN,
GISI; FRANK, BARNEY; FRANK, HANS
MICHAEL; FRANK, KARL HERMANN;
FREIBURG IM BREISGAU; FRIEDMAN,
THEODORE; FUERTH; GADOL, MOISE S.;
GEFFEN, JOEL; GELB, MAX; GERMANY;
GHETTO; GLASER, JOSEPH; GOLDMAN,
ISRAEL; GOLDMAN, SOLOMON;
GOODBLAT, MORRIS; GORDON, ALBERT
I.; GREENBERG, IRVING; GREENBERG,
IRVING; GREENBERG, LOUIS; GREENBERG,
SIMON; GREENWALD, JEKUTHIEL JUDAH;
HAGEN; HALLE; HARLOW, JULIUS; HARRIS,
LOUIS; HARRISON, LEON; HEBREW
THEOLOGICAL COLLEGE; HELLER;
HELLER, BERNARD; HENKIN, JOSEPH
ELIJAH; HEYDRICH, REINHARD TRISTAN;
HIRSHENSON, HAYIM; HISTADRUT
IVRIT OF AMERICA; HOESS, RUDOLF
FRANZ FERDINAND; HOLBROKE,
RICHARD; HOLOCAUST; HOLOCAUST
REMEMBRANCE DAY; HOLOCAUST
RESCUERS, JEWISH; HOLOCAUST,
THE; HOLOCAUST: AFTERMATH;
HOLOCAUST: BEHAVIOR OF THE VICTIMS;
HOLOCAUST: SPIRITUAL RESISTANCE IN
THE GHETTOS AND CONCENTRATION
CAMPS; HOLOCAUST: THE WORLD;
HURWITZ, SHMARYA LEIB; INDYK,
MARTIN; INTERNATIONAL TRACING
SERVICE; ISRAEL, RICHARD J.; ISRAEL,
STEVE; JACOBS, GEORGE; JANOWSKI, MAX;
JEWISH COUNCIL ON PUBLIC AFFAIRS;
JOHN XXIII; JUDENRAT; JUEDISCHER
KULTURBUND; JUNG, LEO; K. ZETNIK;
KADUSHIN, MAX; KAHN, ROBERT I.;
KARP, ABRAHAM J.; KASZTNER, REZSO
RUDOLF; KELMAN, WOLFE; KIDDUSH
HA-HAYYIM; KLARSFELD, SERGE; KOHN,
EUGENE; KOHN, JACOB; KOLDYCHEVO
CAMP; KRISTALLNACHT; KURTZER,
DANIEL CHARLES; LANDESMAN, ALTER;
LANDMAN, ISAAC; LANGER, LAWRENCE
L.; LANTOS, TOM; LAUTENBERG, FRANK
R.; LAZARON, MORRIS SAMUEL; LEESER,
ISAAC; LEFKOWITZ, LOUIS; LEHRMAN,
IRVING; LEVI, PRIMO; LEVIN, CARL;
LEVITSKY, LOUIS MOSES; LEW, JACOB;
LIEBMAN, JOSHUA LOTH; LUBETKIN,
ZIVIA; MAJDANEK; MALINES; MARGOLIS,
GARVIEL ZEV; MASSACHUSETTS; MATLIN,
MOSHE MEIR; MATT, C. DAVID; MATTUCK,
ISRAEL I.; MAYER, SALY; MEED, BENJAMIN;
MEMPHIS; MENGELE, JOSEF; MONTANA;
MORAIS, SABATO; MUSELMANN;
NADICH, JUDAH; NATIONAL SOCIALISM;
NAZI MEDICAL EXPERIMENTS; NAZI-
DEUTSCH; NEW HAVEN; NEWSPAPERS,
HEBREW; NINTH FORT; NORWALK and

58

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

WESTPORT; NOVECK, SIMON; OFFNER,
STACY; OKLAHOMA; OMAHA; ORANGE
COUNTY; OVADIA, NISSIM J.; PARDES,
SHMUEL AARON; PARZEN, HERBERT;
PITTSBURGH; PITTSBURGH PLATFORM;
POHL, OSWALD; POLLARD AFFAIR;
PONARY; PREIL, ELAZAR MEIR; PRINZ,
JOACHIM; RADEMACHER, FRANZ;
REFUGEES; REICHSVEREINIGUNG;
REICHSZENTRALE FUER JUEDISCHE
AUSWANDERUNG; REINES, ALVIN JAY;
RINGELBLUM, EMANUEL; ROSENAU,
WILLIAM; ROSENBERG CASE; RSHA;
RUBENSTEIN, RICHARD LOWELL;
RUDIN, A. JAMES; RUDMAN, WARREN;
SACHSENHAUSEN-ORANIENBURG; SAN
GABRIEL-POMONA VALLEYS; SANDERS,
BERNARD; SAUCKEL, FRITZ; SCHAALMAN,
HERMAN E.; SCHACHT PLAN;
SCHACHTER, JACOB J.; SCHELLENBERG,
WALTER; SCHERMAN, NOSSON; SCHEUER,
JAMES H.; SCHIFF, ADAM; SEYSS-
INQUART, ARTHUR; SHANKMAN, JACOB
K.; SHARLIN, WILLIAM; SIEGEL, MARK;
SIEGEL, MORTON K.; SILVERMAN, IRA;
SILVERMAN, JOSEPH; SIMON, ABRAM;
SINGER, ISRAEL; SIVITZ, MOSHE; SOBIBOR;
SOLOVEICHIK MOSHE; SONDERLING,
JACOB; SPECTER, ARLEN; SS AND SD;
STEINBERG, MILTON; STERNSTEIN,
JOSEPH PHILIP; STOLZ, JOSEPH;
STREICHER, JULIUS; STROOP, JUERGEN;
STUERMER, DER; STUTTHOF; SURVIVORS
OF THE SHOAH VISUAL HISTORY
FOUNDATION, THE; TENENBAUM,
MORDECAI; TISO, JOSEF; TREBLINKA;
UNRRA; VOORSANGER, JACOB; VUGHT;
WALDHEIM AFFAIR; WALLENBERG,
RAOUL; WAR CRIMES TRIALS; WASKOW,
ARTHUR; WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, DEBBIE;
WEINBERGER, MOSHE; WEINSTEIN,
JACOB; WEISSMANDEL, MICHAEL DOV;
WESTERBORK; WILLIAM LEHMAN;
WIRTH, CHRISTIAN; WISLICENY, DIETER;
WITTENBERG, YIZHAK; WYDEN, RON;
YOUNGSTOWN; YUDELOVITZ, ABRAHAM
AARON; ZENTRALE STELLE DER LANDE
SJUSTIZVERWALTUNGEN; ZLOTOWITZ,
MEIR; ZUCKERMAN, ITZHAK; ZUROFF,
EFRAIM

Esme E. Berg*: American sephardi

FEDERATION

Roger Berg, D.Econ.; Editor,

Paris: BELFORT; BENFELD; BIARRITZ;
BISCHHEIM; UNIVERS ISRAELITE

Abraham Berger, M.A.; Former
Director, Jewish Division, the New
York Public Library; Lecturer in
Jewish History, the Academy for
Jewish Religion, New York: bloch,

JOSHUA

Jack S. (Jacob Solomon) Berger*,

Ph.D.; Mahwah, New Jersey:

ETTINGER, SOLOMON; KOL MEVASSER

Joseph Berger*, M.A.; B.A.; English
Literature, Journalism, Senior
Reporter for the New York Times,
New York: displaced persons

Shlomo Z. Berger*: fuks, lajb

Joseph Berger-Barzilai, Professor
of Political Science, particularly
of the Soviet Union, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: trepper,

LEOPOLD

Samuel Hugo Bergman, Dr.Phil.;
Emeritus Professor of Philosophy,
the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: baumgardt, david;

BENDAVID, LAZARUS; BENRUBI, ISAAC;
BUBER, MARTIN; COHEN, HERMANN;
COHEN, MORRIS RAPHAEL; EISLER,
RUDOLF; FEIWEL, BERTHOLD; FICHTE,
JOHANN GOTTLIEB; FRANK, PHILIPP;
GORDON, AHARON DAVID; HEINEMANN,
FRITZ; HERZ, MARCUS; HOENIGSWALD,
RICHARD; ILNA'E, ELIEZER ISAAC;
ITELSON, GREGOR; KRONER, RICHARD;
LANDAUER, GUSTAV; LASK, EMIL;
NELSON, LEONHARD; SIMMEL, GEORG;
SOUL, IMMORTALITY OF; UTITZ,
EMIL; WELTSCH, FELIX; WOLF,
ABRAHAM

Burton Berinsky, B.A.; Freelance

Photographer, New York: abram,

MORRIS BERTHOLD

Harvey Berk*, B.A.; Principal and
Associates Harvey Berk, Silver
Spring, Maryland: b'nai b'rith

Eliezer Berkovits, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Jewish Philosophy, the
Hebrew Theological College, Skokie,
Illinois: talmud

Joel Berkowitz*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor and Chair, Judaic Studies,
University at Albany, New York:

GOLDFADEN, ABRAHAM; GORDIN, JACOB;
HIRSCHBEIN, PERETZ; THEATER

Simcha Berkowitz, M.A., M.H.L.,
Rabbi; the College of Jewish Studies,
Detroit: agus, irving Abraham;

GRAYZEL, SOLOMON; SZOLD, ROBERT

Chip Berlet*, Senior Analyst at
Political Research Associates,
Somerville, Massachusetts: neo-
nazism

George L. Berlin*: Baltimore

HEBREW UNIVERSITY

Jacques Berlinerblau*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor Religious
Studies, Hofstra University, New
York: bible

Yaffah Berlovitz*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Department of Literatures of the
Jewish People, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: Hebrew literature,

MODERN; MICHAEL, SAMI

Harold Berman*, Dr.; Executive
Director, Jewish Federation of
Greater Springfield, Massachusetts:

SPRINGFIELD

Lawrence V. Berman, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of Religious
Studies, Stanford University,
California: al-batalyawsi, abu

MUHAMMAD ABDALLAH IBN
MUHAMMAD IBN AL-SlD; AVEMPACE;
BRETHREN OF SINCERITY, EPISTLES
OF; CAUSE AND EFFECT; EMPEDOCLES;
HERMETIC WRITINGS; KALAM; PLATO
AND PLATONISM; STOICISM

Morton Mayer Berman, M.H.L.,
Rabbi; Honorary Director,
Department of English-Speaking
Countries, Keren Hayesod United
Israel Appeal, Jerusalem: adler, max;

BAMBERGER, LOUIS; BAMBERGER, SIMON;
BUCHALTER, LOUIS; DAVIS, EDWARD;
EISENBERG, SHOUL; GERTZ, ELMER;
LANDAU, EUGEN; MERTON; ROSENBLUM,
SIGMUND GEORGIEVICH; SIEGEL,
BENJAMIN; WEINSTOCK, SIR ARNOLD,
BARON; WERTHEIMER, JOSEPH RITTER
VON; WISE, STEPHEN SAMUEL

Moshe Eli aim Berman, M.Eng.,
F.I.E.E.; Director of Engineering,
Ministry of Communications, Tel

Aviv: BAGRIT, SIR LEON; PHILANTHROPY

Saul Berman, M.A., M.H.L., Rabbi;
Brookline, Massachusetts: law and

MORALITY; NOACHIDE LAWS

Isaak Dov Ber Markon, Dr.Phil.;
Historian, Ramsgate, England:

AARON SELIG BEN MOSES OF ZOLKIEW;
BAER, SELIGMAN ISAAC; BALI, ABRAHAM
BEN JACOB; BALI, MOSES BEN ABRAHAM;
BASIR, JOSEPH BEN ABRAHAM HA-KOHEN
HARO'EH AL-; BEGHI; BEIN, ALEXANDER;
BIBLE; CARMOLY, ISSACHAR BAER BEN
JUDAH LIMA; FlRUZ; GIBBOR, JUDAH
BEN ELIJAH; IBN ABBAS, JUDAH BEN
SAMUEL II; JACOB BEN REUBEN; JAPHETH

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

59

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

BEN DAVID IBN SAGHlR; JOSEPH BEN
NOAH; JOSEPH BEN SAMUEL BEN ISAAC
HA-MASHBIR; JOSIAH BEN SAUL BEN
ANAN; JUDAH HA-PARSI; KALT, SAMUEL
BEN JOSEPH; KAZAZ, ELIJAH BEN
ELIJAH; KIRIMI, ABRAHAM; KUKIZOW;
LICHTENSTEIN, HILLEL BEN BARUCH;
LUZKI, JOSEPH SOLOMON BEN MOSES;
POKI, JUDAH BEN ELIEZER CHELEBI;
POTTERY

Leo Bernard, Antiquarian
bookseller, Member of the Czech
Memorial Scrolls Committee,
London: czech memorial scrolls,

THE

Suzan Berns, Jewish Community
Federation of San Francisco

Louis Bernstein, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Jewish History, Yeshiva
University, New York: klavan,

ISRAEL; LOOKSTEIN, JOSEPH HYMAN;
MIZRACHI; POUPKO, BERNARD

Selma Berrol, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of History, the Bernard
Baruch College of the City
University of New York: leipziger,

HENRY M.

Mel Berwin*, M.A.; Education
Consultant, Jewish Women's
Archive, Brookline, Massachusetts:

B'NAI B'RITH

Paul Bessemer*, M.A., M.E.,
C.Phil.; in Middle Eastern History;
High School Teacher, Freelance
Translator; Eugene, Oregon: javid

BEY, MEHMED

James D. Besser*, B.A.; Washington

Correspondent, New York Jewish
Week, Baltimore Jewish Times,
Fairfax, Virginia: klein, morton;

ZIONIST ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA

Sonja Beyer*, Student for Magister
Artium, Hochschule fur Judische
Studien Heidelberg, Heidelberg,
Germany: ehrlich, georg;

FREUNDLICH, OTTO; KOPF, MAXIM

Rachel Biale, M.A., M.S.W.; Author
of Women and Jewish Law

Yehuda Leib Bialer, Jerusalem:

STEIN, ISAAC

Frank (Franklin) Bialystok*, Ph.D.;
Historian, Association of Canadian
Jewish Studies, Toronto, Canada:

FEDERMAN, MAX; GIVENS, PHILIP;
HARRIS, SYDNEY; JEWISH IMMIGRANT
AID SERVICES OF CANADA; KAPLAN,
ROBERT P.; KAPLANSKY, KALMEN;
KAYFETZ, BEN; KUPER, JACK; LANTOS,
ROBERT; LENKINSKI, LOUIS; MARMUR,
DOV; MARRUS, MICHAEL R.; PHILLIPS,
NATHAN; SAMUEL, SIGMUND

Shlomo Bickel, Dr.Jur.; Writer and

Critic, New York: altman, moishe;

ASHENDORF, ISRAEL; AUERBACH,
EPHRAIM; AUSLAENDER, NAHUM;
AYALTI, HANAN J.; BAAL-MAKHSHOVES;
BOMZE, NAHUM; BOTOSHANSKY, JACOB;
CHARNEY, DANIEL; GROSS, NAPHTALI;
HALPERN, MOYSHE-LEYB; JUSTMAN,
MOSHE BUNEM; LICHT, MICHAEL;
LIEBERMAN, CHAIM; LUTZKY, A.;
MINKOFF, NAHUM BARUCH; MUKDONI,
A.; SHTERN, ISRAEL; YAKNEHAZ

Elias J. Bickerman, Ph.D.; Emeritus
Professor of Ancient History,
Columbia University, New York:

PERSIA

Israel M. Biderman, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Education, New York University;
the Jewish Teachers' Seminary, New
York: orland, hershl

David Bidney, Ph.D.; Professor
of Anthropology and Education,
Indiana University, Bloomington:

ANTHROPOLOGY

Konrad Bieber, Ph.D.; Professor of
French and Comparative Literature,
the State University of New York,
Stony Brook: vercors

Rose Bieber, B.A., Lie. en Sc.
Comm.; Brussels: errera, paul

JOSEPH; LIPSKI, ABRAHAM

Erwin Bienenstok, LL.M.;
Journalist, London: television and

RADIO

Anat Biger*, M.A.; Ph.D. student,
Faculty of Arts, Tel Aviv University:

ISRAEL, STATE OF: BROADCASTING, FILM,
TELEVISION

Gideon Biger*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Geography, Tel Aviv University:

BANIAS; CARMEL, MOUNT; HYENA;
ISRAEL, LAND OF: GEOGRAPHICAL
SURVEY; ISRAEL, STATE OF: HISTORICAL
SURVEY

Max Bilen, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in French Literature, Tel Aviv

University: jacob, max; vigee,

CLAUDE

Israel Ch. Biletzky, B.A.; Writer,

Tel Aviv: epstein, melech; feinberg,

LEON; GRADE, CHAIM; GROSS-
ZIMMERMANN, MOSHE; HERSHELE;
KARPINOVITSH, AVROM; LEHRER,
LEIBUSH; LEV, ABRAHAM; MENDELSOHN,
SHELOMO; MENDELSON, JOSE; MENES,
ABRAM; NEUMANN, YEHESKEL MOSHE;
OLEVSKI, BUZI; PAPIERNIKOV, JOSEPH;
YUD, NAHUM

Frederik Julius Billeskov-Jansen,

Ph.D.; Professor of Danish
Literature, Copenhagen University:

BRANDES, CARL EDVARD; BRANDES,
GEORG; GOLDSCHMIDT, MEIR ARON;
HERTZ, HENRIK

Frederick M. Binder, Ed.D.;
Professor of Educational History,
City College of the City University
of New York: sachs, julius

Emanuel Bin-Gorion, Writer and
Scholar, Holon, Israel: horodezky,

SAMUEL ABBA

Avraham Biran, Ph.D.; Director of
the Department of Antiquities and
Museums, Ministry of Education
and Culture, Jerusalem: Israel

MUSEUM; MUSEUMS; ROCKEFELLER
MUSEUM

Yoav Biran, B.A; Ministry for
Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem: kenya

Solomon Asher Birnbaum,

Dr.Phil.; Former Lecturer in Hebrew
Palaeography and Epigraphy, the
School of Oriental and African
Studies, the University of London:

ALPHABET, HEBREW

Maurice Bisgyer, M.A.; Honorary
Executive Vice President of B nai
B rith, Washington, D.C.: klutznick,

PHILIP MORRIS

Eugene C. (Charlton) Black*,

Ph.D.; Otillie Springer Professor of
Modern European History, Brandeis
University, Waltham, Massachusetts:

BIGART, JACQUES

Haim Blanc, Ph.D.; Professor of
Linguistics, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: bloomfield,

LEONARD

Simha Blass, Engineer; Former

60

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Director General of Tahal Water
Planning for Israel, Tel Aviv

Joseph L. Blau, Ph.D.; Professor
of Religion, Columbia University,

New York: adams, hannah; ethical

CULTURE; RECKENDORF, HERMANN
SOLOMON; ROTH, LEON

Joshua Blau*, Ph.D.; Professor
Emeritus of Arabic Language and
Literature, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: Arabic language;

BARTH, JACOB; HAPAX LEGOMENA;
HEBREW LANGUAGE; IBN BAL'AM, JUDAH
BEN SAMUEL; IBN BARUN, ABU IBRAHIM
ISAAC BEN JOSEPH IBN BENVENISTE; IBN
QURAYSH, JUDAH; MENAHEM BEN JACOB
IBN SARUQ

Paul Blau, Encyclopaedia Judaica
(Germany); Vienna: makai, emil

Rivkah (Teitz) Blau*, Ph.D.; Author
and Lecturer, New York: teitz,

PINCHAS; UNION COUNTY

Gerald Y. Blidstein*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Jewish Thought, the
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev,
Beersheba: commandments, reasons

FOR; EVEN SHETIYYAH; ISRAEL, KINGDOM
OF; NASI; PRIESTS AND PRIESTHOOD

Ruben (Victor) Bloemgarten*,

Translator and Unix Systems
Engineer, The Netherlands: polak,

HENRI

Salvador (Edmond) Bloemgarten*,

Ph.D.; Historian, Menasseh ben
Israel Institute, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands: polak, henri

Douglas M. Bloomfield*, B.A.
M.A.; Journalist, Syndicated
Columnist, Washington, D.C.:

NATIONAL JEWISH DEMOCRATIC
COUNCIL; ROSENTHAL, BENJAMIN
STANLEY

Richard N. Bluestein, LL.D.;
Executive Vice President, the
National Jewish Hospital, Denver,
Colorado

Harry Bluestone, B.A., A.C.S.W.;
Former Executive Director of the
Jewish Federation of Delaware,
Wilmington

Albert A. Blum, Ph.D.; Professor
of Labor History, Michigan State
University, East Lansing: gitlow,

BENJAMIN; GOLD, BENJAMIN; LEISERSON,
WILLIAM MORRIS

Haim Karl Blum, Dr. Phil.;
Historian, Jerusalem: galati

Samuel M. Blumenfield, D.H.L.,
Rabbi; Professor of Hebrew
Literature and Culture, Hofstra
University, Hempstead, New York:

SPERTUS INSTITUTE OF JEWISH STUDIES

Bernhard Blumenkranz, Ph.D.,
D.es-L.; Maitre de Recherches,
Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique, Paris: agde; agen;

AIX-EN-PROVENCE; ALBI; ALCUIN; ALES;
ALFONSUS BONIHOMINIS; ALPHONSE
OF POITIERS; ALSACE; AMBROSE;
AMMERSCHWIHR; AMULO; ANDREW OF
RINN; ANGERS; ANGOULEME; ANJOU;
ANSELM OF CANTERBURY; ANTOINE,
NICOLAS; APT; AQUINAS, THOMAS; ARLES;
AUVERGNE; AUXERRE; AVIGNON; AVITUS;
BADGE, JEWISH; BAIGNEUX-LES-JUIFS;
BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX; BERTHOLD OF
REGENSBURG; BIBLE SOCIETIES; BIDACHE;
BODIN, JEAN; BORDEAUX; BORROMEO,
CARLO; BOSSUET, JACQUES BENIGNE;
BOUDIN, JEAN-FRANCOIS; BOURG-EN-
BRESSE; BOURGEOIS, JEAN; BOURGES;
BRAY-SUR- SEINE; BRESSE; BRITTANY;
BURCHARD OF WORMS; BURGUNDY;
CADENET; CAEN; CAPESTANG;
CARCASSONNE; CARPENTRAS;
CASTELSARRASIN; CAVAILLON;
CHALONS-SUR-MARNE; CHALON-SUR-
SAONE; CHAMBERY; CHAMPAGNE;
CHARLEMAGNE; CHARLES IV; CHARLES
V; CHARLES VI; CHARLEVILLE;
CHARTRES; CHATEAU-LANDON;
CHATEAU-THIERRY; CHINON; CHURCH
FATHERS; CLERMONT-FERRAND; CLUNY;
COLBERT, JEAN BAPTISTE; COLMAR;
CORBEIL; CREMIEU; CRISPIN, GILBERT;
DAMIAN, PETER; DAMPIERRE-DE-LAUBE;
DAUPHINE; DIGNE; DIJON; DOMINICANS;
DRAGUIGNAN; DREUX; ENSISHEIM;
EPERNAY; ETAMPES; ETTENDORF;
EUGENIUS; EVREUX; FALAISE; FLORUS
OF LYONS; FOIX; FONTAINEBLEAU;
FORCALQUIERS; FRANCE; FRANCHE-
COMTE; FULBERT OF CHARTRES;
GASCONY; GELASIUS I; GEVAUDAN;
GRATIAN; GREGORY; GREGORY OF
TOURS; GUEBWILLER; HADRIAN I;
HAGUENAU; HAVRE, LE; HEGENHEIM;
HILDEBERT OF LAVARDIN; HILDUIN;
HONORIUS; HRABANUS MAURUS; HYERES;
INGWILLER; INNOCENT; ISLE-SUR-LA-
SORGUE, L'; IVO OF CHARTRES; JACOB OF
PONT-SAINTE-MAXENCE; JOHN II; JOHN
XXII; JOIGNY; JULIUS III; JUNGHOLZ;
LANGUEDOC; LEO; LIMOGES; LIMOUX;

LODEVE; LONS-LE-SAUNIER; LOUIS;
LUNEL; LYONS; MACHAUT, DENIS DE;
MACON; MACON; MANESSIER DE VESOUL;
MANOSQUE; MANS, LE; MARSEILLES;
MELUN; MONTELIMAR; MONTEREAU;
MONTPELLIER; MORHANGE; MULHOUSE;
NANTES; NARBONNE; NEVERS; NICE;
NIMES; NIMES; NYONS; OBERNAI;
ODO OF CAMBRAI; ODO OF SULLY;
ORANGE; ORLEANS; PAMIERS; PARIS;
PASTOUREAUX; PETER OF BLOIS; PETER
OF CLUNY; PEYREHORADE; PHILIP;
POITIERS; POITU; PONTOISE; POSQUIERES;
PROVINS; PUY, LE; RAMERUPT; RAOUL
GLABER; RHEIMS; RIBEAUVILLE;
ROCHELLE, LA; ROSENWILLER; ROSHEIM;
ROUEN; ROUFFACH; ROUSSILLON
RUDOLPH; SAINT-DENIS; SAINTES
SAINT-GILES; SAINT-JEAN-DE-LUZ; SAINT-
PAUL-TROIS-CHATEUX;SAINT-REMY-DE-
PROVENCE;SAINT-SYMPHORIEN-D'OZON;
SAVERNE; SAVOY; SELESTAT; SENLIS; SENS;
SERRES; SIMON, RICHARD; SISTERON;
SOISSONS; SOULTZ; STRASBOURG;
TARASCON; TITHES, CHURCH; TOULON;
TOULOUSE; TOURAINE; TOURS; TRETS;
TREVOUX; TROYES; VALENCE; VALREAS;
VERDUN-SUR-GARONNE; VESOUL; VIBERT
OF NOGENT; VIENNE; VILLEFRANCHE-DE-
CONFLENT; VITRY

Nachman Blumental, Historian,

Jerusalem: barash, ephraim;

BUEHLER, JOSEF; DACHAU

H. Elchanan Blumenthal, M.A.,

Rabbi; Jerusalem: ha lahma anya;

HASIDEI UMMOT HA-OLAM; KAVVANAH;
NEW MOON, ANNOUNCEMENT OF;
NIGHT PRAYER

Henriette Boas, Ph.D.; Journalist,

Amsterdam: elkerbout, ben ; fuks,

LAJB; GANS, MOZES HEIMAN; GODEFROI,
MICHAEL HENRI; GOUDSMIT, JOEL
EMANUEL; HAAN, JACOB ISRAEL DE;
HERZBERG, ABEL JACOB; HORODISCH,
ABRAHAM; MEIJER, JACOB; MEIJERS,
EDUARD MAURITS; MEYER, JONAS
DANIEL; MIRANDA, SALOMON
RODRIGUES DE; NETHERLANDS, THE;
NIEROP, VAN; OPPENHEIM, JACQUES;
ORNSTEIN, LEONARD SALOMON;
SARPHATI, SAMUEL; SCHUSTER, AARON;
VISSER, LODEWIJK ERNST; VORST,
LOUIS J.

Charles Boasson, LL.D.;
the Truman Center for the
Advancement of Peace, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: asser

Mendel Bobe, Engineer, Tel Aviv:

COURLAND; LATZKY-BERTHOLDI, JACOB

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

61

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

ZE'EV WOLF; NUROCK, MORDECHAI;
YOFFE, ALTER

Y. Michal Bodemann, Ph.D.; Assoc.
Professor of Sociology, University of
Toronto

Frederick Simon Bodenheimer,

Dr. Phil.; Emeritus Professor of
General Zoology and Entomology,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

HA-REUBENI, EPHRAIM

Yohanan Boehm, Music critic,

Jerusalem: zukerman, pinchas;

DANCE; DA-OZ, RAM; DAUS, AVRAHAM;
EDEN-TAMIR; FRIED, MIRIAM; GILBOA,
JACOB; GRAZIANI, YITZHAK; HORAH;
INBAL DANCE THEATER; INBAL, ELIAHU;
ISRAEL PHILHARMONIC ORCHESTRA;
JACOBI, HANOCH; JAFFE, ELI; KADMAN,
GURIT; KALICHSTEIN, JOSEPH; LAKNER,
YEHOSHUA; MAAYANI, AMI; NATRA,
SERGIU; ORGAD, BEN ZION; PRESSLER,
MENAHEM; RONLY-RIKLIS, SHALOM;
SADAI, YIZHAK; SCHIDLOWSKY, LEON;
SETER, MORDECHAI; SMOIRA-COHN,
MICHAL

Harm den Boer*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Chair of Spanish Literature,
University of Basel, Switzerland:

ABENDANA, JACOB BEN JOSEPH; CORREA,
ISABEL DE; COSTA, URIEL DA

Gunter Bohm, B.A.; Professor of
Jewish Art and Vice Director of the
Institute for the Study of Judaism,
the University of Chile, Santiago:

CHILE; KOSICE, GYULA

Anne Bohnenkamp-Renken*,

Ph.D.; Director, Freies Deutsches
HochstifV Frankfurter Goethe-
Museum, Frankfurt University,
Germany: goethe, johann

WOLFGANG VON

Leon Boim, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Political Science, Tel
Aviv University

Willy Bok, M.A.; Acting Director
of the Centre National des Hautes
Etudes Juives, Brussels: Antwerp;

BRUSSELS; WIENER, ERNEST EDOUARD

Ben Zion Bokser, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Adjunct Professor of English,
Queens College of the City
University of New York: justin

MARTYR; LIFE AND DEATH

Robert G. Boling, Ph.D.; Professor

of Old Testament, McCormick
Theological Seminary, Chicago:

BAAL-BERITH; BOOK OF JASHAR; JOTHAM;
SISERA

Sidney Bolkosky* : Detroit;

HOLOCAUST

Shimon Bollag*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer, Department of Science
Teaching, Jerusalem College of
Technology: mathematics

Ruth Bondi*, Writer and Historian,
Ramat Gan: theresienstadt

Robert Bonfil*, Ph.D.; Professor
Emeritus of Jewish History, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ITALY; PIPERNO BEER, SERGIO

Marlene Booth*, M.F.A.;
Documentary Filmmaker and
Lecturer, Academy for Creative
Media, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii: iowa

Paul Borchardt, Encyclopaedia
Judaica (Germany); Munich: mosul

Poul Borchsenius, M.A., Reverend;
Historian, Randers, Denmark:

SCANDINAVIAN LITERATURE

Howard Borer*: Worcester

Linda J. Borish*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of History and Women's
Studies Program History, Western
Michigan University, Kalamazoo,
Michigan: cohen, natalie; epstein,

CHARLOTTE; HELDMAN, GLADYS
MEDALIE

David Joseph Bornstein,

Encyclopaedia Judaica (Germany);
Berlin: maaserot; makkot; mar bar

RAV ASHI; MARI BEN ISSUR; MEREMAR;
NAHMAN BAR RAV HUNA; NAHMAN BEN
ISAAC; NAHMAN BEN JACOB; NAHUM OF
GiMZO; NAHUM THE MEDE; NAKDIMON
BEN GURYON; NASHIM; NATHAN
DE-ZUZITA RESH GALUTA; NATHAN
HA-BAVLI; NEGATM; NEHORAI; NEZIKIN;
NITTAI OF ARBELA; ORLAH

Leah Bornstein-Makovetsky*,

Ph.D.; Senior Lecturer in Jewish
Studies, College of Judea and
Samaria, Ariel, Israel: adjiman;

ALEPPO; AMASIYA; ASHKENAZI, BEHOR;
BENVENISTE, MOSES; BURSA; BUSTANAI
BEN HANINAI; CAPITULATIONS;
DAMANHUR; DAMASCUS; EDESSA;

EL-ARISH; FARHI; GALLIPOLI; HAMON;
ISTANBUL; IZMIT; JADlD AL-ISLAM;
KHARAJ AND JIZYA; KHAYBAR; KIERA;
MAHALLA AL-KUBRA; MANISSA;
MANSURA; MENASCE, DE; MOLCHO,
DAVID EFFENDI ISAAC PASHA; OTTOMAN
EMPIRE; PALTIEL; PORT SAID; RABBI,
RABBINATE; RASHID; SAMUEL IBN ADIYA;
SAPHIR, JACOB; SARUJ; SIJILMASSA;
SOLAL; SUAREZ; SULEIMAN I; TANTA;
TLEMCEN; TOKAT; TRIPOLI; VALENSI

Eugene B. Borowitz, D.H.L., Ed.D.,
Rabbi; Professor of Jewish Religious
Thought and of Education, the
Hebrew Union College-Jewish
Institute of Religion, New York:

FRIENDSHIP; LOVE

Elijah Bortniker, Ph.D.; the Jewish
Education Committee, New York:

EDUCATION, JEWISH

Jacob Borut*, Ph.D.; Historian,
Yad Vashem, Jerusalem: verband

DER DEUTSCHEN JUDEN; VERBAND DER
VEREINE FUER JUEDISCHE GESCHICHTE
UND LITERATUR

Shira Borut, Ph.D.; Research
Associate in Parasitology, the
Hebrew University- Hadassah
Medical School, Jerusalem: rayss,

TSCHARNA

Alvin Boskoff, Ph.D.; Professor
of Sociology, Emory University,
Atlanta, Georgia: aron, Raymond ;

CAHNMAN, WERNER J.; DIAMOND,
SIGMUND; GUMPLOWICZ, LUDWIG;
GURVITCH, GEORGES

Philippe Boukara*, Doctoral
Candidate, Lecturer in History,
Institute detudes politiques -
Training Department, Memorial
de la Shoah, Paris, France: kagan,

ELIE; KAHN, ALBERT; KRYGIER, RIVON;
LUSTIGER, JEAN-MARIE ARON; SCHWARZ-
BART, ANDRE; SIRAT, RENE SAMUEL

Alan Keir Bowman, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor of Classics,
Rutgers University, New Jersey:

PAPYRI

Daniel Boyarin, M.H.L.; New

York: mene, mene, tekel, u-farsin;

RESURRECTION; TUBAL-CAIN; URIAH; UZ;
WATCHERS

Rachel Bracha*, M.A.; Archive
Coordinator, World ORT, London,
England: ort

62

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Marshall (A.) Brachman*, M.B.A.;
Lobbyist, Washington, D.C.: frost,

MARTIN

Harry M. Bracken, Ph.D.; Professor
of Philosophy, McGill University,
Montreal

Randolph (L.) Braham*, Ph.D.;
Distinguished Professor Emeritus,
Graduate Center of the City
University of New York: abony;

ALBERTI-IRSA; ASZOD; BAIA-MARE;
BAJA; BALASSAGYARMAT; BEKESCSABA;
BELED; BERETTYOUJFALU; BISTRITA;
BODROGKERESZTUR; BONYHAD; BORSA;
BUDAPEST; CLUJ; DEJ

Andreas Bramer*, Dr.Phil.;
Associate Director, Institut fur die
Geschichte der deutschen Juden,
Hamburg, Germany: zuckerman,

BENEDICT

Emmanuel Brand, Dipl. Archiv.;

Jerusalem: Lvov mengele, josef; war

CRIMES TRIALS

Jehoshua Brand, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Talmudic Archaeology,
Tel Aviv University: baron de hirsch

FUND; CIRCUSES AND THEATERS;
GAON

Paul Anthony Brand*, Dr.Phil.;
Senior Research Fellow, All Souls
College, Oxford, England: henry of

WINCHESTER; ISAAC OF SOUTHWARK

Joseph Brandes, Ph.D.; Professor
of History, Paterson State College,
Wayne, New Jersey: agriculture;

BACHARACH; JEWISH AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY; SABSOVICH, H. L.; VINELAND

Rainer Brandle*, Dr.Phil.;
Assistant, Archiv Bibliographia
Judaica, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-
Universitat, Frankfurt, Germany

Samuel G.F. Brandon, D.D.;
Professor of Comparative Religion,
the University of Manchester: sicarii

Yehuda Zvi Brandwein, Rabbi;
Author, Jerusalem: ashlag, yehudah

Joseph Braslavi (Braslavski),

Historian, Tel Aviv: jaffa-, kefar

YASIF; KHAYBAR; MACHPELAH, CAVE OF;
MOUNT OF OLIVES; PEKITN; RACHEL

Chaya (R) Brasz*, M.A.; Freelance
Historian and Publicist; Former

Director of the Center for Research
on Dutch Jewry, Jerusalem:

AMSTERDAM; GOUDEKET, MAURITS;
NETHERLANDS, THE

Alisa Braun*, M.A.; Lecturer,
University of California, Davis,
California: mani leib

David S. Braun*, Preceptor in
Yiddish, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts: cahan,

JUDAH LOEB

Eliot Braun*, PH.D.; Archaeologist,
Associate Fellow, WF Albright
Institute of Archaeological Research,
Jerusalem; Associate Researcher,
Centre de Recherche Francais de
Jerusalem: epstein, claire

Sidney D. Braun, Ph.D.; Professor
of Romance Languages, the Herbert
H. Lehman College of the City
University of New York: hertz,

HENRI; MAUROIS, ANDRE; MENDES,
CATULLE; SUARES, ANDRE; THARAUD,
JEROME and JEAN

Susana Brauner*, M.A.; Senior
University Teacher and Investigator,
UADE-UBA, Argentina, South
America: teubal, ezra

Susan L. Braunstein*, Ph.D.;
Curator of Archaeology and Judaica,
The Jewish Museum, New York:

HANUKKAH LAMP

■

Zeev Braverman, Elitzur, Tel Aviv:

ELITZUR

Sandee Brawarsky*: new york city,

UPPER WEST SIDE

Abraham J. Brawer, Dr. Phil.;
Geographer and Historian, Tel Aviv:

ABU GHOSH; BASHAN; BATUMI; BIELSKO;
BIRKENTHAL, DOV BER; BUCHACH;
DAMASCUS AFFAIR; GEOGRAPHY;
GILBOA; GINNOSAR, PLAIN OF; HOLON;
HOROWITZ, ISRAEL ZE'EV; ISRAEL, LAND
OF: GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY; JORDAN;
LUNCZ, ABRAHAM MOSES; NAPOLEON
BONAPARTE; PALESTINE; SAPIR, ELIYAHU;
SCHWARZ, YEHOSEPH; TABOR, MOUNT;
TEMPLERS; TIBERIAS; WOLFENBUETTEL;
YARMUK

Moshe Brawer, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Geography, Tel
Aviv University: Israel, state of:

HISTORICAL SURVEY; PHILIPPSON; RED
SEA

Menachem M. Brayer, Ph.D.,
D.H.L., Rabbi; Clinical Psychologist,
Professor of Biblical Literature and
Education, Yeshiva University, New
York: fromm, erich; lewin, kurt

ZADEK; MALLER, JULIUS BERNARD;
PSYCHOLOGY; ROBACK, ABRAHAM
AARON

Jennifer (Stern) Breger*, B.A.,
M.A.; Silver Springs, Maryland:

PRINTING, HEBREW

Marshal Breger*: bush, george

HERBERT WALKER; BUSH, GEORGE
WALKER

Marc Bregman*: tanhuma

YELAMMEDENU

Sol Breibart*: Charleston

Shlomo Breiman, Ph.D.; Writer and

Scholar, Jerusalem: helpern, michael

Michael Brenner*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Jewish History and
Culture, Ludwig-Maximilians-
Universitat, Munich, Germany:

AUERBACH, PHILIPP; BECKER, JUREK;
BUBIS, IGNATZ; COHN-BENDIT,
DANIEL; GALINSKI, HEINZ; GERMANY;
HERMLIN, STEPHAN; HOCHHUTH, ROLF;
JUEDISCHE VOLKSPARTEI; NACHMANN,
WERNER; SPIEGEL, PAUL; STERN, FRITZ
RICHARD; ZENTRALRAT DER JUDEN IN
DEUTSCHLAND

Maria Brettschneider*, Ph.D.;
Professor, Political Philosophy,
University of New Hampshire:

COHEN, FANNIA; HAUSER, RITA ELEANOR;
MESSINGER, RUTH WYLER

Mordechai Breuer, Ph.D.; Educator,

Jerusalem: delitzsch, franz ;

FRANKFURT ON THE MAIN; PHILIPPSON;
PILPUL; ROSOWSKY, SOLOMON; YESHIVOT

Yochanan Breuer*, Ph.D.; the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

HEBREW LANGUAGE

Herbert Chanan Brichto, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Professor of Bible, the
Hebrew Union College- Jewish
Institute of Religion, Cincinnati:

BLASPHEMY; BLESSING AND CURSING;
PRIESTLY BLESSING

Ravelle Brickman, B.A.; New York:

RACHEL; RUBINSTEIN, IDA

William W. Brickman, Ph.D.;

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

63

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Professor of Educational History
and Comparative Education,
the University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia: education;

ENGELMANN, SUSANNE CHARLOTTE;
FLEXNER, ABRAHAM; GOULD, SAMUEL
BROOKNER; KANDEL, ISAAC LEON;
KARSEN, FRITZ; PEREIRE, JACOB
RODRIGUES; RICHMAN, JULIA;
STERN, ERICH; STERN, WILLIAM;
UNIVERSITIES

Bernhard Brilling, Dr. Phil., Rabbi;
Lecturer in Jewish History, the
University of Muenster, Germany:

BADEN; BRESLAU; GOERLITZ; HOMBURG;
MINDEN; PADERBORN; SILESIA; SOEST;
STETTIN; WARENDORF

David Brinn*, B.Sc; Editorial
Director, Israel 21c, Jerusalem:

RAMONE, JOEY; ROTH, DAVID LEE; WEISS,
MELVYN I.

Dvora Briskin-Nadiv, B.A., B.Ed.;
Assistant in Biblical Studies, the
University of the Negev, Beersheba:

HABAKKUK

Sir Israel Brodie, B.A., B.Litt.,
Rabbi; Former Chief Rabbi of the
British Commonwealth, London:

MILITARY SERVICE

Heinrich Haim Brody, Ph.D.;
Scholar of Medieval Hebrew Poetry
and former Chief Rabbi of Prague,
Jerusalem: aaron simeon ben

JACOB ABRAHAM OF COPENHAGEN;
AL-AVANI, ISAAC; ANKAWA, ABRAHAM
BEN MORDECAI; BANET; CASTELNUOVO,
MENAHEM AZARIAH MEIR BEN ELIJAH

Ephraim Broido, Writer and Editor,

Jerusalem: Shakespeare, william

Abraham Isaac Bromberg, Rabbi;
Writer, Jerusalem: sochaczew,

ABRAHAM BEN ZE'EV NAHUM
BORNSTEIN OF

Maury A. Bromsen, M.A.; Boston,

Massachusetts: harrisse, henry

Fred Bronner, M.A.; Lecturer in
Latin American History, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Argentina

Lawrence Brook*, B.A.; Publisher,
Deep South Jewish Voice,
Birmingham, Alabama: Alabama;

BIRMINGHAM

Simcha Shalom Brooks*, B.A.,

M.A., Ph.D.; Freelance Scholar,
London, England: gibeah, geba;

GIBEON

Chaim Brovender, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Instructor in Bible, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: Hebrew

LANGUAGE

Hannah Brown*, B.A.; Writer,
Jerusalem Post, Jerusalem: almagor,

GILA; BAKRI, MOHAMMED; CEDAR,
JOSEPH; DAYAN, ASSAF; FOX, EYTAN;
GITAI, AMOS; GLOBUS, YORAM; IVGY,
MOSHE

Michael Brown*, B.A., M.A.,
M.H.L., Ph.D., D.D.; Professor
Emeritus, York University, Toronto,
Canada: Joseph; Rosenberg, stuart

E.; SCHEUER, EDMUND

Theodore M. Brown, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor of History, City
College of the City University of
New York: singer, charles Joseph

Tracy L. Brown*, M.A., B.A.;
Researcher, United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum, Washington,

D.C.: HOLOCAUST

Rosalind Browne, Art critic, New
York

Christopher R. Browning*, Ph.D.;
Frank Porter Graham Professor
of History University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, North
Carolina: hilberg, raul

Josef Brozek, Ph.D.; Research
Professor, Lehigh University,
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: luria,

ALEXANDER ROMANOVICH; VYGOTSKI,
LEV SEMYONOVICH

Frederick Fyvie Bruce, D.D.;
Professor of Biblical Criticism
and Exegesis, the University of
Manchester, England: asceticism;

COPPER SCROLL; DAMASCUS, BOOK OF
COVENANT OF; DEAD SEA SCROLLS;
KITTIM; LIES, MAN OF; LIES, PROPHET
OF; LION OF WRATH; MURABBAAT
SCROLLS; PESHER; QUMRAN; SEEKERS
AFTER SMOOTH THINGS; SEREKH;
SHAPIRA FRAGMENTS; SONS OF LIGHT;
TEACHER OF RIGHTEOUSNESS; WAR
SCROLL; WICKED PRIEST; YAHAD;
ZADOKITES

Gerald Bubis*: united Jewish

COMMUNITIES

Arthur T. Buch, D.S.Sc, Rabbi;
Teacher, New York

Nancy (Nield) Buchwald*, Ph.D.;
Independent Scholar, Columbus,

Ohio: MANSO, LEO; MARGO, BORIS;
MARGOULIES, BERTA; MARIL, HERMAN;
MARYAN; MENKES, ZYGMUNT; MOHOLY-
NAGY, LASZLO; MOISE, THEODORE
SYDNEY; MOPP; NICHOLS, JACK;
PANOFSKY, ERWIN; RASKIN, SAUL;
REDER, BERNARD; REISS, LIONEL; ROSE,
HERMAN; ROSENTHAL, MAX; ROTHSTEIN,
IRMA; SCHAMES, SAMSON; SCHANKER,
LOUIS; SCHAPIRO, MEYER; SCHOR, ILYA;
SCHWARTZ, MANFRED; SIMON, SIDNEY;
SPIRO, EUGEN; STERNE, HEDDA; STERNE,
MAURICE; TEWI, THEA; TWORKOV, JACK;
WILSON, SOL; ZUCKER, JACQUES

Emmanuel Bulz, LL.D., Rabbi;
Chief Rabbi of Luxembourg:

LUXEMBOURG

Nicolas Burckhardt, Director of
the International Tracing Service,
Arolsen, Germany: international

TRACING SERVICE

Yosef Burg, Ph.D., Rabbi; Minister
of the Interior, Jerusalem: aviad,

YESHAYAHU

Israel Burgansky, M.A.; Instructor
in Talmud, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: hallah-, simeon bar

YOHAI; SIMEON BEN ABBA; SIMEON
BEN ELEAZAR; SIMEON BEN GAMALIEL
I; SIMEON BEN HALAFTA; SIMEON BEN
JUDAH HA-NASI; SIMEON BEN NANAS;
SIMEON BEN NETHANEL; SIMEON HA-
PAKULI; SIMEON HA-TIMNI; SIMEON OF
MIZPAH

Janet (Handler) Burstein*, Ph.D.;
Professor Emeritus of English
Literature, Drew University,
Madison, New Jersey: heilbrun,

CAROLYN G.

Giulio Busi*, Ph.D.; Professor of
Jewish Studies, Free University
Berlin, Germany: beck, Matthias

FRIEDRICH; BOESCHENSTEIN, JOHANN;
DI GARA, GIOVANNI; FAGIUS, PAULUS;
FORSTER, JOHANN

Mervin Butovsky*, M.A.; Professor
of English Literature, Concordia
University, Montreal, Canada:

LAYTON, IRVING; LEVINE, NORMAN

Gilbert Cahen, Archiviste-
Paleographe; Conservateur aux

64

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Archives Departementales de la
Moselle, Metz, France: boulay; levy,

RAPHAEL; LORRAINE; LUNEVILLE; METZ;
NANCY; PHALSBOURG; SARREGUEMINES;
THIONVILLE; TOUL; VERDUN

Werner J. Cahnman, Ph.D.;
Professor of Sociology, Rutgers
University, Newark, New Jersey;
Member of the Faculty, New
School for Social Research, New

York: ADLER, MAX; ARON, RAYMOND;
BENDLX, REINHARD; BOSKOFF, ALVIN;
DIAMOND, SIGMUND; DRACHSLER,
JULIUS; DURKHEIM, EMILE; EISENSTADT,
SAMUEL NOAH; FRIEDMANN, GEORGES;
GINSBERG, MORRIS; GLAZER, NATHAN;
GOLDSCHEID, RUDOLF; GORDON,
MILTON M.; GUMPLOWICZ, LUDWIG;
GUTTMAN, LOUIS; HALPERN, BENJAMIN;
HAUSER, PHILIP MORRIS; HORKHEIMER,
MAX; INKELES, ALEX; JANOWITZ,
MORRIS; JOSEPH, SAMUEL; KRACAUER,
SIEGFRIED; LANDSHUT, SIEGFRIED;
LAZARSFELD, PAUL R; LEVY, MARION
JOSEPH, JR.; LEVY-BRUHL, LUCIEN; LIPSET,
SEYMOUR MARTIN; MAIER, JOSEPH;
MANNHEIM, KARL; MERTON, ROBERT
KING; MORENO, JACOB L.; NELSON,
BENJAMIN; OPPENHEIMER, FRANZ;
RIESMAN, DAVID; ROBISON, SOPHIA;
ROSE, ARNOLD MARSHALL; ROSENTHAL,
ERICH; SALOMON, ALBERT; SALOMON,
GOTTFRIED; SIMMEL, GEORG; SKLARE,
MARSHALL; SMELSER, NEIL JOSEPH;
SOCIOLOGY; STERN, BERNHARD JOSEPH;
SULZBACH, WALTER; TUMIN, MELVIN
MARVIN; WIRTH, LOUIS; WORMS, RENE

Ivan Caine, M.H.L., Rabbi;
Associate Professor of Bible,
Reconstructionist Rabbinical
College, Philadelphia: numbers,
book of

Justin D. (Daniel) Cammy*,

Ph.D.; Assistant Professor of Jewish
Studies and Comparative Literature,
Smith College, Northampton,
Massachusetts: sutzkever, Abraham;

WOLF, LEYZER; YUNG-VILNE

Hyman Joseph Campeas, M.A.;
Educator, New York: sephardim

Judith L. (Levine) Cantor*, B.A.;
Archivist, Congregation Shaarey
Zedek; Jewish Historical Society
of Michigan; Past President,
former Editor; Historical Society
of Michigan, Board of Trustees;
Women's Studies Association, Board
of Directors, Emeritus, Michigan:

MICHIGAN

Kimmy Caplan*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: friederman, zalman

JACOB; GORDON, JACOB; SILVERSTONE,
GEDALYAH

Richelle Budd Caplan*, M.A.;
Director, International Relations,
International School for Holocaust
Studies, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem:

HOLOCAUST

Brenda Cappe*, B.A.; Researcher,
O I SE/ University of Toronto,
Canada: luftspring, sammy;

RUBENSTEIN, LOUIS; UNGERMAN, IRVING;
WEIDER, BEN

Jacob Carciente*, C.E.; Civil
Engineer, Professor Universidad
Central de Venezuela and
Universidad Metropolitana; Former
Dean of Engineering, Caracas,
Venezuela: brener, pynchas;

CARACAS; CORO; DE SOLA, JUAN
BARTOLOME; VENEZUELA

Michael Hart Cardozo, B.A., LL.B.;
Executive Director, Association
of American Law Schools,
Washington, D.C.: lehman, irving;

POLLAK, WALTER HEILPRIN

Alexander Carlebach, D.en
D., Rabbi; Jerusalem: aaron

OF NEUSTADT; AARON OF PESARO;
ADASS JESHURUN, ADASS JISROEL;
AKADEMIE FUER DIE WISSENSCHAFT
DES JUDENTUMS; ARVIT; AUERBACH;
BARRENNESS AND FERTILITY; BERLINER,
ABRAHAM; BRAUDE, JACOB; CHOTZNER,
JOSEPH; COLOGNE; DORTMUND;
FERRARA; GOLDSCHMIDT, ERNST
DANIEL; HAMBURGER, JACOB;
HILDESHEIMER, MEIR; HOLLAENDER,
LUDWIG; HOMILETIC LITERATURE;
JAFFE, SIR OTTO; KAFAH, YOSEF;
LEHMANN, EMIL; RABBI, RABBINATE;
WAHL, SAUL BEN JUDAH; WEISS, ISAAC
JACOB

Ezriel Carlebach, Dr.Jur.; Editor
and Writer, Tel Aviv: allgemeine

ZEITUNG DES JUDENTUMS

Alex Carmel, Ph.D.; Instructor in
International Relations and History,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

HAIFA

Ram Carmi, Architect, Tel Aviv

Mo she Carmilly- Weinberger,

Ph.D., Rabbi; Professor of Jewish

Studies, Yeshiva University, New
York: censorship; haskamah

Yaacov Caroz, Formerly second in
command of the Mossad; Journalist,
Tel Aviv

Daniel Carpi, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Jewish History, Tel
Aviv University: bolzano; c as ale

MONFERRATO; CHIERI; DONATI, ANGELO;
FARINACCI, ROBERTO; FOSSANO;
FRIULI-VENEZIA GIULIA; ISTRIA; ITALY;
LAMPRONTI, ISAAC HEZEKIAH BEN
SAMUEL; LATTES, BONET; LATTES, ISAAC
BEN JACOB; LATTES, ISAAC JOSHUA;
MONCALVO; ROME; SERVI, FLAMINIO

Judy Feld Carr, Mus. M., Mus. Bac;
Musicologist and Music Educator;
Chairman, National Task Force
for Syrian Jews, CJC; Chairman,
Dr. Ronald Feld Fund for Jews in
Arab Lands, housed in Beth Tzedec
Congregation, Toronto: syria

Hayden Carruth, M.A.; Poet and
critic, Johnson, Vermont: reznikoff,

CHARLES

Greer Fay Cashman, Journalist,

Sydney: martin, david; waten, judah

Umberto (Moses David) Cassuto,

Litt.Doct., Rabbi; Professor of
Bible, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: Abraham ben daniel;

AHITUB BEN ISAAC; AL-BAZAK, MAZLIAH
BEN ELIJAH IBN; ALEMANNO, JOHANAN
BEN ISAAC; ANATOLI, JACOB BEN ABBA
MARI BEN SAMSON; APULIA; BENEVENTO,
IMMANUEL BEN JEKUTHIEL; BERGAMO;
BIBLE; BRESCIA; BRUNETTI, ANGELO;
CAGLIARI; CANTARINI, ISAAC VITA HA-
KOHEN; CASTELLO, ABRAHAM ISAAC;
COMO; CONAT, ABRAHAM BEN SOLOMON;
DEL BENE, ELIEZER DAVID BEN ISAAC;
FLORENCE; FOLIGNO, HANANEL;
FORTI, BARUCH UZZIEL BEN BARUCH;
GENNAZANO, ELIJAH HAYYIM BEN
BENJAMIN OF; GENTILI; HALFAN, ELIJAH
MENAHEM; IMMANUEL OF ROME; ISAAC
BEN JACOB MIN HA-LEVIYYIM; JEDIDIAH
BEN MOSES OF RECANATI; JUDAH BEN
JEHIEL; KALONYMUS BEN KALONYMUS;
LATTES, ABRAHAM BEN ISAAC; LEONE,
LEON DI; LEVI, BENEDETTO; LUZZATTO;
LUZZATTO, JACOB BEN ISAAC; MANETTI,
GIANNOZZO; MARGULIES, SAMUEL
HIRSCH; MOROSINI, GIULIO; MOSES OF
PAVIA

Calev Castel, M.D.; Kibbutz Netzer

Sereni: sereni, enzo hayyim

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

65

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Moshe Catane, Dr. du 3e cycle,
Archiviste Paleographe; Senior
Lecturer in French Civilization
and Literature, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan; Librarian, the Jewish
National and University Library,
Jerusalem: alsace; aron, Robert-,

BEER-BING, ISAIAH; BERNARD, TRISTAN;
BERR ISAAC BERR DE TURIQUE; BERR,
MICHEL; CONSISTORY; DRACH, PAUL-
LOUIS-BERNARD; DREYFUS, ALFRED;
DRUMONT, EDOUARD-ADOLPHE; GARY,
ROMAIN; HALEVY; HARRY, MYRIAM;
HIRSCH, BARON MAURICE DE; JAVAL;
KAHN, GUSTAVE; KESSEL, JOSEPH; KLEIN,
SALOMON WOLF; LAHARANNE, ERNEST;
LEHMANN, JOSEPH; LEVI ALVARES, DAVID;
LOEWENSON, JEAN; LUNEL, ARMAND;
LYONS; NEHER, ANDRE; PORTO-RICHE,
GEORGES DE; RABBINOWICZ, ISRAEL
MICHEL; SACHS, MAURICE; SINZHEIM,
JOSEPH DAVID BEN ISAAC;
SPIRE, ANDRE

Shulamith Catane, B.A.; Jerusalem:

BLOCH, PIERRE; BOKANOWSKI, MAURICE;
GOUDCHAUX, MICHEL; GREENSTONE,
JULIUS HILLEL; GRUMBACH, SALOMON;
KLOTZ, LOUIS-LUCIEN; LYON-CAEN,
CHARLES LEON; MAYER, DANIEL;
MAYER, RENE; MEYER, LEON; RAYNAL,
DAVID; SCHRAMECK, ABRAHAM; STERN,
JACQUES; TORRES, HENRY

Georges Cattaui, L.en D., Dip.
Sc.PoL; Paris: proust, marcel

Alberto Cavaglion*, Ph.D.;
Teacher, Istituto piemontese per
la storia della resistenze e della
societa contemporanea, Turin, Italy:

ALESSANDRIA; CUNEO; GENOA

Henri Cazelles, D.en D.; Professor
of Biblical Exegesis and Hebrew,
Institut Catholique de Paris: micah

Adonella Cedarmas*, Ph.D.;
Researcher, University of Udine,

Italy: gorizia; Trieste

David Cesarani*, Ph.D.; Research
Professor; Royal Holloway,
University of London; London,
England: England ; gilbert, sir

MARTIN; KINDERTRANSPORT; MAXWELL,
ROBERT; RIFKIND, SIR MALCOLM;
ROTHSCHILD, NATHANIEL CHARLES
JACOB; SACKS, JONATHAN HENRY;
TAYLOR, SIR PETER MURRAY

J.H. Chajes*, Ph.D.; Lecturer, Jewish
History, University of Haifa: aberlin,

RACHEL

Scott Chamberlin*, B.A.;
Writer and Editor, Los Angeles:

KINDERTRANSPORT

Leon Chameides*, M.D.; Emeritus
Director of Pediatric Cardiology,
Connecticut Children's Medical
Center, Clinical Professor University
of Connecticut School of Medicine;
Member of the Board and Executive
Committee of the Jewish Historical
Society of Greater Hartford,
Connecticut: hartford

Jerome A. Chanes*, Faculty
Scholar, Cohen Center for Modern
Jewish Studies, Brandeis University,
Waltham, Massachusetts: American

JEWISH COMMITTEE; AMERICAN
JEWISH CONGRESS; ANTI-DEFAMATION
LEAGUE; ASSIMILATION; CLAL;
COMMUNITY; CONFERENCE OF
PRESIDENTS OF MAJOR AMERICAN
JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS

Zevulun Charlop, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Director of RIETS and of Yeshiva
Program/Mazer School of Talmudic
Studies, Yeshiva University, New
York

Yosef Chavit, Researcher, Kiryat
Arba: renassia, yossef

Barry Chazan, Ed.D.; former
Director, Melton Center for Jewish
Education in the Diaspora, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Robert Chazan, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of History, Ohio State

University, Columbus: names

Mordecai Chenzin, Rabbi;
Columbus, Ohio: lewin, judah leib

Mordecai S. Chertoff, D.H.L.;

Director of Public Information,
World Zionist Organization -
American Section; Executive
Director, American Histadrut
Cultural Exchange Union, New
York: sternstein, Joseph philip

Bryan Cheyette, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
Dept. of English, Queen Mary and
Westfield College, University of
London: feinstein, elaine; jacobson,

HOWARD; JOSIPOVICI, GABRIEL; RUBENS,
BERNICE; STEINER, GEORGE

Arthur A. Chiel, M.A., D.H.L.,
Rabbi; Woodbridge, Connecticut:

NEW HAVEN

Jonathan Chipman, M.A.; Writer
and Lecturer, Jerusalem: ba'alei

TESHUVAH

Dov Chomsky, Poet, General
Secretary of the Hebrew Writers'
Association, Tel Aviv: writers'

ASSOCIATION IN ISRAEL

Noam Chomsky, Ph.D.; Professor of
Linguistics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge: Harris,

ZELLIG SABBETAI

William Chomsky, Ph.D., D.H.L.;
Professor of Hebrew and Jewish
Education, Dropsie University,
Philadelphia

Andre N. Chouraqui, Ph.D.;
Historian, Jerusalem: cassin, rene

SAMUEL

Anatole Chujoy, Dance critic
and Historian, New York: hurok,

SOLOMON

Stanley F. Chyet, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of American Jewish
History, the Hebrew Union
College-Jewish Institute of Religion,
Cincinnati: Hebrew union college-

JEWISH INSTITUTE OF RELIGION; HENRY,
JACOB; JONAS, JOSEPH; LOPEZ, AARON;
MARX, ALEXANDER; RIVERA, JACOB
RODRIGUEZ; TRADE AND COMMERCE

E.Cindof: hammat gader

Eli Citonne, Businessman and
Photographer, Istanbul: Karaites

Mordechai Cogan, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer and Chairman of the
Department of Bible, Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev, Beersheba

Amnon Cohen*, Ph.D.; Eliahu
Elath Professor of History of the
Muslim Peoples, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: sijill

Ariel Cohen: lippmann, gabriel-,

LIPSCHITZ, RUDOLF OTTO SIGISMUND

Aryeh Cohen*: progressive Jewish

ALLIANCE

Benjamin Cohen, M.A., Rabbi;

Jerusalem: phinehas ben hama ha-

KOHEN; PHINEHAS BEN JAIR; YANNAI

Beth (B.) Cohen*, Ph.D.; Historian,
Chapman University, Los Angeles,

66

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume i

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

California: arad, yitzhak; bauman,

ZYGMUNT; BIELSKI, TUVIA, ASAEL
and ZUS; BROWNING, CHRISTOPHER
R.; DAMATO, ALFONSE M.; DICKER-
BRANDEIS, FREDERIKE; FORTUNOFF
VIDEO ARCHIVE FOR HOLOCAUST
TESTIMONY; HARTMAN, GEOFFREY;
RAVENSBRUECK

Burton I. Cohen*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor Emeritus of Jewish
Education, Jewish Theological
Seminary, New York: Jewish

CAMPING

Chaim E. Cohen*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Hebrew Language, Tel
Aviv University: dotan, aron

Chayim Cohen, B.A., B.H.L.;
Columbia University, New York:

MINOR PROPHETS; POISON; RAHAB;
RIGHT AND LEFT; RIMMON; TREASURE,
TREASURY; WIDOW

Daniel J. Cohen, Ph.D.; Director of
the Central Archives for the History
of the Jewish People, Jerusalem:

ARCHIVES; LANDJUDENSCHAFT

David Cohen, M.A.; Teacher in
Hebrew and Semitic Languages,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

NEO-ARAMAIC

Elisheva Cohen, Chief Curator
of the Israel Museum, Jerusalem:

BUDKO, JOSEPH; JESI, SAMUEL; KAPLAN,
ANATOLI LVOVICH; KIRSZENBAUM,
JESEKIEL DAVID; STRUCK, HERMANN;
SZALIT-MARCUS, RACHEL

Evelyn (M.) Cohen*, Ph.D.; Art
Historian, Jewish Theological
Seminary, New York: illuminated

MANUSCRIPTS, HEBREW

Gerson D. Cohen, Ph.D., Rabbi;
President and Professor of Jewish
History, the Jewish Theological

Seminary of America, New York:

HANNAH AND HER SEVEN SONS

Hayyim (Haim) J. Cohen, Ph.D.;
Senior Lecturer in Contemporary
Jewry, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: Afghanistan; aleppo;

ANTIBI; ARABIA; ASHKENAZI, BEHOR;
ATLAS; BATTAT, REUBEN; BAGHDAD;
BEIRUT; CAIRO; CASABLANCA; CATTAUI;
DAMASCUS; DANIEL, MENAHEM SALIH;
DUWAYK; EDIRNE; EGYPT; ELIAS, JOSEPH;
FARAJ, MURAD; FARHI; FEZ; HADDAD,
EZRA; HARARI; HARARI, SIR VICTOR

RAPHAEL; HARIRI; ISFAHAN; ISTANBUL;
IZMIR; KABIR, ABRAHAM SALIH AL-;
KADOORIE, SASSON; KIRKUK; LIBYA;
MEKNES; MENASCE, DE; MOROCCO;
MOSSERI; MOSUL; MOYAL, ESTHER;
NAHOUM, HAIM; NISSIM, ABRAHAM
HAYYIM; PICCIOTTO; PORT SAID;
SALE-RABAT; SAMRA, DAVID; SASSOON,
SIR EZEKIEL; SHAUL, ANWAR; SHIRAZ;
TANGIER; TETUAN; TRIPOLI; ZILKHA,
NATM

Isaac Cohen, Ph.D., Rabbi; Chief

Rabbi of Ireland, Dublin: Ireland

Israel Cohen, Writer and Editor,
Tel Aviv: aharonovitch, yosef;

AHARONOVITCH, YOSEF; LAUFBAHN,
YITSHAK

Jack (Joseph) Cohen*, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Retired Director, Hillel Foundation,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem;
Retired member of faculty,
Reconstructionist Rabbinical
College; Founding Member, Kehillat
Mevakshei Derech, Jerusalem:

KAPLAN, MORDECAI MENAHEM

Judah M. Cohen*, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor, Lou and Sybil Mervis
Professor of Jewish Culture, Indiana
University, Bloomington, Indiana:

CARLEBACH, SHLOMO

Judith Cohen, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
Musicology, Tel Aviv University:

ADLER, GUIDO; DEUTSCH, OTTO ERICH;
EINSTEIN, ALFRED; HERZ, HENRI; HESS,
DAME MYRA; HESS, DAME MYRA; LEVI,
HERMANN; LEVI, HERMANN; MOTTL,
FELIX JOSEF

Julie-Marthe M. Cohen*, M.A.;
Curator, Jewish Historical Museum,
Amsterdam, the Netherlands:

CITROEN, ROELOF PAUL; ELTE, HARRY

Lionel Cohen, M.A.; Instructor
in French and Classical Studies,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

LANGFUS, ANNA; PASCAL, BLAISE

Margot Cohen*: Rochester

Mark R. Cohen*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Near Eastern Studies, Princeton
University, New Jersey: goitein,

SHLOMO DOV; OMAR, COVENANT OF

Martin A. Cohen, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Jewish History, the
Hebrew Union College-Jewish
Institute of Religion, New York:

CARVAJAL; COIMBRA; DIAS, LUIS; ESTE,
JOAO BAPTISTA DE; GRANADA, GABRIEL
DE; LATIN AMERICA; MALDONADO DE
SILVA, FRANCISCO; MARRANO; MARRANO
DIASPORA; NAVARRO; NETANYAHU,
BENZION; NEW CHRISTIANS; NORONHA,
FERNAO DE; RIVKIN, ELLIS; VECINHO,
JOSEPH

Michael Cohen*: Fleischer, charles

Naomi W. Cohen, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of History, Hunter College
of the City University of New York:

AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE; STRAUS

Nathan Cohen*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Cultural History, Bar-
Ilan University, Ramat Gan: ah aron

BEN SAMUEL; ALTMAN, MOISHE; ANSHEL
OF CRACOV; BIMKO, FISHEL; BOMZE,
NAHUM; BRYKS, RACHMIL; SINGER, ISAAC
BASHEVIS

Nilli Cohen*, Director, The
Institute for the Translation of
Hebrew Literature, Tel Aviv: Hebrew

LITERATURE, MODERN

Rachel Cohen, B.A.; Jerusalem:

LEBANON; LIBYA

Richard Cohen, B.A.; Associate
Director, the American Jewish
Congress, New York: spingarn

Robert Cohen, B.A.; Jerusalem:

CARIBBEANS, SPANISH-PORTUGUESE
NATION OF THE: LA NACION

Robert S. Cohen, Ph.D.; Professor
of Physics and Philosophy, Boston
University, Massachusetts: chwistek,

LEON; MEYERSON, EMILE; SCHAFF, ADAM

Selma Jeanne Cohen, Ph.D.; Editor,

New York: dance; marceau, marcel

Tova Cohen*, Ph.D.; Professor, Bar-
Ilan University, Ramat Gan: Hebrew

LITERATURE, MODERN

Yoel Cohen*, B.Sc, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer, Netanaya Academic
College; Lifshitz Religious

Education College Jerusalem; The
Holon Institute of Technology;
Israel: al ha-mishmar; bar-ilan,

DAVID; BARNEA, NAHUM; DANKNER,
AMNON; DISSENTCHIK, ARYEH; GLOBES;
HAARETZ; HA-MODIA; HA-ZOFEH;
ISRAEL, STATE OF: CULTURAL LIFE;
JERUSALEM POST; JERUSALEM REPORT;
KIRSCHENBAUM, MORDECHAI; LANDAU,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

67

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

DAVID; MAARIV; MARGALIT, DAN;
MARMORI, HANOKH; MOZES; NIMRODI;
PRESS; ROSENBLUM, HERZL; RUBINGER,
DAVID; SCHNITZER, SHMUEL; SCHOCKEN;
VANUNU AFFAIR; VARDI, MOSHE; YATED
NEEMAN; YEDIOTH AHARONOTH;
YUDKOVSKY, DOV; ZEMER, HANNAH

Cedric Cohen Skalli*, Ph.D.;
Postdoctoral Research, Alumnus Tel
Aviv University: abrabanel

Yohanan (J.-G.) Cohen-Yashar
(Kahn), Ph.D.; Lecturer in Classical
Languages and in Philosophy, Bar-
Ilan University, Ramat Gan: renan,

ERNEST

Alexander Cohn, M.Sc; Municipal
Engineer, Bene-Berak: bene-berak

Gabriel H. Cohn, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Bible, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan: jonah, book of

Haim Hermann Cohn, Justice
of the Supreme Court of Israel,
Jerusalem; Associate Professor
of Law, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: abduction; admission-,

ADULTERY; ASSAULT; ATTORNEY; BET DIN
AND JUDGES; BLOOD-AVENGER; BRIBERY
CAPITAL PUNISHMENT; CITY OF REFUGE
COMPOUNDING OFFENSES; CONFESSION
CONFISCATION, EXPROPRIATION,
FORFEITURE; CONTEMPT OF COURT;
CRUCIFIXION; DIVINE PUNISHMENT;
EVIDENCE; EXTRAORDINARY REMEDIES;
FINES; FLOGGING; FORGERY; FRAUD;
GAMBLING; HEREM; HOMICIDE; INCEST;
INFORMERS; OATH; OPPRESSION;
ORDEAL; PENAL LAW; PERJURY; PLEAS;
POLICE OFFENSES; PRACTICE AND
PROCEDURE; PUNISHMENT; REBELLIOUS
SON; SEXUAL OFFENSES; SLANDER;
SLAVERY; SORCERY; SUICIDE; TALION;
THEFT AND ROBBERY; USURY; WEIGHTS
AND MEASURES; WITNESS

Robert A. Cohn*, B.A., J.D., B.S.;
Editor-in-Chief Emeritus of the St.
Louis Jewish Light, St. Louis: saint

LOUIS

Baruch J. Cohon: idelsohn,

ABRAHAM ZVI

Margaret L. Coit, Dr. of Letters;
Associate Professor of Social
Science, Fairleigh Dickinson
University, Rutherford, New Jersey:

BARUCH

Saul Paul Colbi, Dr.Jur.; Former

Director, Department of Christian
Communities, the Ministry of
Religious Affairs, Jerusalem: holy

PLACES; JEWISH-CHRISTIAN RELATIONS

Yoseph Colombo, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Jewish Studies, the Luigi Bocconi
Commercial University, Milan:

PRESS; RASSEGNA MENSILE DI ISRAEL, LA

Vittore Colorni, Ph.D.; Professor
of the History of Italian Law, the
University of Ferrara, Italy

Michael Comay, B.A., LL.B.;
Ambassador, Ministry for Foreign
Affairs, Jerusalem: Israel, state of:

HISTORICAL SURVEY

Manuela Consonni*, Ph.D.;
Lecturer, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: Alessandria; almansi;

AQUILA; AREZZO; ASTI; CATTANEO,
CARLO; MUSSOLINI, BENITO

Alan Cooper*, Ph.D.; Elaine Ravich
Professor of Jewish Studies, Jewish
Theological Seminary, New York:

LAMENTATIONS, BOOK OF

Harvey A. Cooper, B.A.; Journalist,

New York: mayer, louis burt ;

PREMINGER, OTTO LUDWIG; THEATER

Jacob H. Copenhagen, Librarian,

Jerusalem: hirschel, levie;

ROSENTHAL, LESER

Renee Corcoran*: Nebraska; omaha

David Corcos, Historian,

Jerusalem: aaron ben batash;

ABENSUR; ABUDARHAM; ABULKER;
ALGERIA; ALGIERS; ARCILA; ATAR;
ATLAS; AVILA, DE; AYASH; AZANCOT;
AZEMMOUR; AZEVEDO; BELAIS,
ABRAHAM BEN SHALOM; BELISHA;
BENCHIMOL; BENGALIL; BENGHAZI;
BENIDER; BENOLIEL; BENREMOKH;
BENSUSAN; BENWAISH, ABRAHAM;
BENZAMERO; BERBERS; BERGEL; BESSIS,
ALBERT; BIBAS; BORDJEL; BOUCHARA;
BOUGIE; BRUNSCHVIG, ROBERT;
BUENO; BUSNACH; CABESSA; CANSINO;
CARDOSO; CASABLANCA; CATTAN;
CAZES, DAVID; CEUTA; CHOURAQUI;
CHOURAQUI, ANDRE; CHRIQUI; COHEN,
LEVI-ABRAHAM; CONSTANTINE; CORIAT;
DAHAN; DARMON; DELMAR; DELOUYA;
DJERBA; DRA; DURAN; FEZ; GABES;
GAGIN, HAYYIM; HASSAN; HATCHWELL,
SOL; HONEIN; KAHINA; KAIROUAN;
LEVY; LEVY-BACRAT, ABRAHAM BEN
SOLOMON; LUMBROSO; MACNIN; MALCA;

MOROCCO; NARBONI; OFRAN; OKHLAH
VE-OKHLAH; PALACHE; PINTO; QALAT
HAMMAD; ROSALES, JACOB; ROTE; SEBAG;
SEROR; SERUYA; SIJILMASSA; SOLAL;
SOUS; TANGIER; TETUAN; TLEMCEN;
TUAT; TUNIS, TUNISIA; UZAN; VALENSI;
WAQQASA

David Coren, Member of the
Knesset, Kibbutz Gesher ha-Ziv:

GADNA

Mort Cornin, B.Litt.; Journalist,
Jersey City, New Jersey: Hudson

COUNTY

Maritza Corrales*, M.A.;
Researcher, University of Havana,
Cuba: wolf, richard riegel

Alan D. Corre, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Hebrew Studies,
the University of Wisconsin,
Milwaukee: sephardim; solis-cohen

Lewis A. Coser, Ph.D.; Professor
of Sociology, the State University
of New York, Stony Brook: scheler,

MAX FERDINAND

Aliza Craimer*, M.A. Phil.; Modern
Jewish Studies, University of Oxford,
England: alberta; calgary-, safdie,

MOSHE; VEINER, HARRY

Lawrence A. Cremin, Ph.D.;
Professor of Education, Columbia
University, New York: rice, Joseph

MAYER

David (M.) Crowe*, Ph.D.;
Professor of History, Elon
University, North Carolina: plaszow;

SCHINDLER, OSKAR

June Cummins*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor, Department of English
and Comparative Literature, San
Diego State University: taylor,

SYDNEY

Louisa Cuomo, Dott. in lett.;
Assistant in Italian Language and
Literature, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem; Assistant in Judaica,
New York University: baur, harry;

FUBINI, MARIO; LEVI, GIULIO AUGUSTO;
MOMIGLIANO, ATTILIO; MORPURGO,
GIUSEPPE; MUSSAFIA, ADOLFO

Michael Curtis, Ph.D.; Professor of

Political Science, Rutgers University,
Editor of Middle East Review:

ANTISEMITISM

68

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Irving Cutler*, Ph.D.; Emeritus
Professor of Geography, Chicago

State University: Chicago

Charles Cutter, M.A., M.L.S.;
Hebrew Bibliographer of the
Library, Ohio State University,
Columbus: bernstein, ignatz-,

CAHAN, JUDAH LOEB; CASSEL, DAVID

William Cutter*, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Steinberg Professor of Human
Relations and Professor of Hebrew
Literature, Hebrew Union College,
Los Angeles: davis, david brion

Arthur Cygielman, Cand. S.C.;
Teacher in Seminar ha-Kibbutzim,
Tel Aviv: boleslav v ; cracow;

DABROWA GORNICZA; DAVID-GORODOK;
DIVIN; FISHEL; FRANK, MENAHEM
MENDEL; GORODENKA; GORODOK;
HIRSZOWICZ, ABRAHAM; IVANOVO;
IVYE; JEDRZEJOW; JEKELES; JOSKO;
JOZEFOWICZ; KALISZ; KALUSH; KLETS;
KOBIELSKI, FRANCISZEK ANTONI;
KOBRIN; KOCK; KONIN; KOSOV; KRYNKI;
LACHVA; LANCUT; LASK; LECZYCA;
LELEWEL, JOACHIM; LEWIN, GERSHON;
LEWKO, JORDANIS; LEZAJSK; LOWICZ;
MEISEL, MOSES BEN MORDECAI; MEISELS,
DAVID DOV; MENAHEM MENDEL
BEN ISAAC; MICZYNSKI, SEBASTIAN;
MIEDZYRZEC PODLASK; MIELEC;
MIR; MLAWA; MOJECKI, PRZECLAW;
NACHMANOVICH; NATANSON, LUDWIK;
NOVAYA USHITSA; NOVY DVOR; NOWY
DWOR MAZOWIECKI; NOWY SACZ;
ORGELBRAND, SAMUEL; OSHMYANY;
OSTROW MAZOWIECKA; PARCZEW;
PIATTOLI, SCIPIONE; PIOTRKOW; PLOCK;
POPPER BOZIAN, WOLF; POTOCKI,
VALENTINE; PROHOVNIK, ABRAHAM;
PULAWY; PULTUSK; RADOMSKO;
RADZIWILLOW; REIZES; ROZWADOW;
SAMBOR; SANDOMIERZ; SIERADZ;
SKARGA, PIOTR; SKIERNIEWICE;
SOCHACZEW; SOSNOWIEC; SREM;
TOMASZOW LUBELSKI; TOMASZOW
MAZOWIECKI; VOLCHKO; WEGROW;
WEIGEL, CATHERINE; WIELUN;
WOLOWSKI; WYSZKOW; ZALCSTEIN,
GECL; ZAMBROW; ZDUNSKA WOLA;
ZGIERZ

Roney Cytrynowicz*, Ph.D.;
Historian, Arquivo Historico
Judaico Brasileiro, Sao Paulo, Brazil:

BAHIA; BRAZIL; KOCH, ADELHEID LUCY;
POLITICS; PORTO ALEGRE; RECIFE; RIO DE
JANEIRO; SAO PAULO

Leon Czertok, Dr.Jur.; General
Secretary, Centre de Documentation

Juive Contemporaine, Paris:

SCHNEERSOHN, ISAAC

Moshe M. Czudnowski, Ph.D.;
Lecturer in Political Science, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ALMOND, GABRIEL ABRAHAM

Larissa (Dammig) Daemmig*,

University Diploma, Librarian, Bet
Debora and The Ronald S. Lauder
Foundation, Berlin, Germany:

FREIBURG IM BREISGAU; FUERTH;
FULDA; HAGEN; HALBERSTADT; HALLE;
HAMELN; HANOVER; HEIDELBERG;
LANDAU; LEIPZIG; LIPPE; LUEBECK;
MAGDEBURG; MAINZ; MANNHEIM;
MARBURG; MEININGEN; MEMMINGEN;
MUEHLHAUSEN; MUNICH; NAUHEIM;
NOERDLINGEN; NUREMBERG;
OFFENBACH; OFFENBURG; OLDENBURG;
OPPENHEIM; OSNABRUECK; PFORZHEIM;
RECKLINGHAUSEN; SAXONY;
SCHNAITTACH; SPEYER; STRAUBING;
STUTTGART; THURINGIA; TRIER; ULM;
VILLINGEN; WEINHEIM; WESTPHALIA;
WUERTTEMBERG; WUPPERTAL

Avigdor Dagan, Dr.Jur.; Author
and former Ambassador, Ministry
for Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem:

ASKENAZY, LUDVIK; BORNFRIEND,
JACOB; CZECHOSLOVAK LITERATURE;
CZECHOSLOVAKIA; EISNER, PAVEL;
FEIGL, BEDRICH; FEUERSTEIN, BEDRICH;
FISCHER, OTOKAR; FRITTA; FUCHS,
ALFRED; GELLNER, FRANTISEK;
GOLDSTUECKER, EDUARD; GOTTLIEB,
FRANTISEK; GROSMAN, LADISLAV;
GROSSMAN, LADISLAV; GUTFREUND,
OTTO; GUTTMANN, ROBERT; HAAS, LEO;
HOSTOVSKY, EGON; JUSTITZ, ALFRED;
KAFKA, FRANTISEK; KAPPER, SIEGFRIED
or VITEZSLAV; KARS, JIRI; KNIEZA, EMIL;
KOHN, JINDRICH; KOPF, MAXIM; KRAUS,
FRANTISEK R.; LANGER, FRANTISEK;
LANGER, JIRI MORDECHAI; LEDA,
EDUARD; LUSTIG, ARNOST; OLBRACHT,
IVAN; ORTEN, JIRI; POLACEK, KAREL;
PRESS; RAKOUS, VOJTECH; SCHORSCH,
GUSTAV; SIMONE, ANDRE; SLANSKY
TRIAL; TRIER, WALTER; VRCHLICKY,
JAROSLAV; WINTER, GUSTAV; ZELENKA,
FRANTISEK; ZEYER, JULIUS; ZIDEK, PAVEL

Shaul Dagoni, M.D.; Haifa: stamps

Rachel Dalven, Ph.D.; Professor of
English, Ladycliff College, Highland
Falls, New York: caimis, moisis-,

ELIYIA, JOSEPH; GREEK LITERATURE,
MODERN; JUDEO-GREEK; MATSAS,
NESTORAS; SCHIBY, BARUCH; SCIAKI,
JOSEPH

Joseph Dan, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Hebrew Literature, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

AARON OF BAGHDAD; ABRAHAM;
ALEXANDER THE GREAT; APOCRYPHA
AND PSEUDEPIGRAPHA; BEN SIRA,
ALPHABET OF; BIOGRAPHIES AND
AUTOBIOGRAPHIES; CALAHORA, JOSEPH
BEN SOLOMON; CANPANTON, JUDAH
BEN SOLOMON; DERASHOT HA-RAN;
DEVEKUT; DONNOLO, SHABBETAI;
ELEAZAR BEN JUDAH OF WORMS;
ELEAZAR BEN MOSES HA-DARSHAN OF
WUERZBURG; ELHANAN BEN YAKAR;
ELIEZER BEN MANASSEH BEN BARUCH;
ETHICAL LITERATURE; EXEMPLA OF THE
RABBIS; EXEMPLUM; FICTION, HEBREW;
FRANCES, ISAAC; GORDON, JEKUTHIEL
BEN LEIB; HAGIOGRAPHY; HASIDEI
ASHKENAZ; HASIDIM, SEFER; HEMDAT
YAMIM; HOMILETIC LITERATURE; IBN
YAHYA, GEDALIAH BEN JOSEPH; IGGERET
HA-KODESH; ISRAEL HARIF OF SATANOV;
ISRAEL ISSERL BEN ISAAC SEGAL; JABEZ,
JOSEPH BEN HAYYIM; JACOB KOPPEL BEN
MOSES OF MEZHIRECH; JAGEL, ABRAHAM;
JOSEPH BEN UZZIEL; JOSEPH DELLA
REINA; JUDAH BEN SAMUEL HE-HASID;
KALONYMUS; LETTERS AND LETTER
WRITERS; LUZZATTO, MOSES HAYYIM;
MAGGID; MAGIC; MANN, ABRAHAM
AARON OF POSNAN; MENAHEM ZIYYONI;
MICHAEL AND GABRIEL; MIDRASH
ASERET HA-DIBBEROT; MIVHAR HA-
PENINIM; MOSCATO, JUDAH BEN JOSEPH;
MOSES, CHRONICLES OF; MUSAR HASKEL;
NEVUAT HA-YELED; ORHOT HAYYIM;
POLEMICS AND POLEMICAL LITERATURE;
RAZIEL, BOOK OF; SACRIFICE; SAMUEL
BEN KALONYMUS HE-HASID OF SPEYER;
SASPORTAS, JACOB; SEFER HA-HAYYIM;
SEFER HA-YASHAR; SEFER HUKKEI HA-
TORAH; SHEKHINAH; TAKU, MOSES BEN
HISDAI; TISHBY, ISAIAH; TOLEDOT HA-
ARI; TOLEDOT YESHU; UZZA AND AZA'EL;
VISIONS; WILLS, ETHICAL; ZERUBBABEL,
BOOK OF; ZEVI HIRSCH OF NADWORNA

Robert Dan, Ph.D.; Research
Fellow of Orientalia and Librarian,
National Szechenyi Library of
Hungary, Budapest: komAromi

CSIPKES, GYORGY

Suzanne Daniel, D.es-L.; Associate
Professor of Judeo -Hellenistic
Literature, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: bible

Uriel Dann, Ph.D.; Senior Lecturer
in the History of the Modern
Middle East, Tel Aviv University:

ABDULLAH IBN HUSSEIN; HUSSEIN;
JORDAN, HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

69

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Haim Darin-Drapkin, Ph.D.,
Scientific Director, International
Research Centre for Cooperative
Rural Communities, Tel Aviv:

ISRAEL, STATE OF: ALIYAH

Joseph J. Darvin, B.S.; Chemist,
Spring Valley, New York

Jacob Dash, B.Arch, A.M.T.P.I.;
Head of the Planning Department,
Ministry of the Interior, Jerusalem:

ISRAEL, STATE OF: ALIYAH

Abraham David*, Ph.D.; Senior
Researcher, The Jewish National
and University Library, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: aboab,

SAMUEL BEN ABRAHAM; ABRAHAM
BEN N... HA-BAGHDADI; ABRAHAM BEN
NATHAN; ABULAFIA, HAYYIM NISSIM
BEN ISAAC; ALASHKAR, SOLOMON;
ALFANDARI, SOLOMON ELIEZER
BEN JACOB; ALGAZI, SOLOMON BEN
ABRAHAM; ALI BEN ZECHARIAH;
ANAU, PHINEHAS HAI BEN MENAHEM;
ARYEH LEIB BEN ELIJAH; ASHKENAZI,
BEZALEL BEN ABRAHAM; ASHKENAZI,
JUDAH BEN SIMEON; ASTRUC, SAUL HA-
KOHEN; AUERBACH, MEIR BEN ISAAC;
AZARIAH BEN SOLOMON; BADHAV,
ISAAC BEN MICHAEL; BASOLA, MOSES
BEN MORDECAI; BEN-KIKI; BENVENISTE,
JOSEPH BEN MOSES DE SEGOVIA; BERAB,
JACOB BEN HAYYIM; BERLIN, SAUL
BEN ZEVI HIRSCH LEVIN; BERTINORO,
OBADIAH BEN ABRAHAM YARE; BLOCH,
SAMSON BEN MOSES; BONASTRUC,
ISAAC; BRUDO, ABRAHAM BEN ELIJAH;
CANPANTON, ISAAC BEN JACOB;
CAPSAL1, MOSES BEN ELIJAH; CAPUSI,
HAYYIM; CARO, ISAAC BEN JOSEPH;
CASTELLAZZO; CASTRO, ABRAHAM;
CASTRO, JACOB BEN ABRAHAM;
CORDOVERO, GEDALIAH BEN MOSES;
CURIEL, ISRAEL BEN MEIR DI; DANGOOR,
EZRA SASSON BEN REUBEN; DANIEL
BEN HASDAI; DANIEL BEN PERAHYAH
HA-KOHEN; DANIEL BEN SAADIAH HA-
BAVLI; DANIEL BEN SAMUEL IBN ABl
RABI'; DAVID BEN HAYYIM OF CORFU;
DAVID BEN HEZEKIAH; DAVID BEN
JUDAH; DAVID BEN SAMUEL; DAYYAN;
DEL VECCHIO, SHABBETAI ELHANAN BEN
ELISHA; DIENNA, AZRIEL BEN SOLOMON;
ELEAZAR BEN HALFON HA-KOHEN;
ELIJAH BEN BENJAMIN HA-LEVI; EPHRAIM
SOLOMON BEN AARON OF LUNTSHITS;
EXILARCH; EZEKIEL FEIVEL BEN ZE'EV
WOLF; FINN, JAMES; FOUR CAPTIVES,
THE; HAKAM, AL-; HAKIM, SAMUEL
BEN MOSES HA-LEVI IBN; HALFON BEN
NETHANEL HA-LEVI ABU SAl'D; HASDAI;
HAVER; HAYYIM SHABBETAI; HEZEKIAH

BEN DAVID; HEZEKIAH BEN DAVID DA
SILVA; IBN HABIB, MOSES BEN SHEM
TOV; IBN SHUAIB, JOEL; ISAAC; ISAAC
BEN ABRAHAM DI MOLINA; ISRAEL
BEN SAMUEL HA-KOHEN; ISSACHAR
BAER BEN TANHUM; JACOB BEN
ELEAZAR; JACOB BEN HAYYIM TALMID;
JACOB BEN NETHANEL BEN FAYYUMl;
JOSEPH BEN KALONYMUS HA-NAKDAN
I; JOSEPH BEN PHINEHAS; JOSEPH
DAVID; JOSEPH HAYYIM BEN ELIJAH
AL-HAKAM; JOSIAH BEN JESSE; KARA,
AVIGDOR BEN ISAAC; KAZIN, JUDAH
BEN YOM TOV; KHALAZ, JUDAH BEN
ABRAHAM; LANIADO, ABRAHAM BEN
ISAAC; LANIADO, RAPHAEL SOLOMON
BEN SAMUEL; LANIADO, SAMUEL BEN
ABRAHAM; LANIADO, SOLOMON BEN
ABRAHAM; LAPAPA, AARON BEN ISAAC;
LEON, ISAAC DE; LIPSCHUTZ, ISRAEL
BEN GEDALIAH; LONZANO, ABRAHAM
BEN RAPHAEL DE; MAHALALEL BEN
SHABBETAI HALLELYAH; MALACHI
BEN JACOB HA-KOHEN; MARGOLIOT,
MOSES BEN SIMEON; MARGOLIOTH,
JACOB; MASHA'IRI, AL; MAZLIAH BEN
SOLOMON HA-KOHEN; MEIR BEN ISAAC
SHELIAH ZIBBUR; MEYUHAS, ABRAHAM
BEN SAMUEL; MEYUHAS, MOSES JOSEPH
MORDECAI BEN RAPHAEL MEYUHAS;
MEYUHAS, RAPHAEL MEYUHAS
BEN SAMUEL; MONZON, ABRAHAM;
MORDECAI BEN JUDAH HA-LEVI; MOSES
BEN LEVI; MOSES BEN YOM-TOV; MOSES
ESRIM VE-ARBA; MOSES KAHANA
BEN JACOB; MOSES NATHAN; MOTAL,
ABRAHAM BEN JACOB; MUBASHSHIR
BEN NISSI HA-LEVI; MUBASHSHIR BEN
RAV KIMOI HA-KOHEN; NAJARA; NAJARA,
ISRAEL BEN MOSES; NATHAN BEN
ABRAHAM I; NATHAN BEN ABRAHAM
II; NATHAN BEN ISAAC HA-KOHEN HA-
BAVLI; NATHAN BEN JEHIEL OF ROME;
NATHAN, MORDECAI; NATRONAI BEN
HAVIVAI; NAVON, BENJAMIN MORDECAI
BEN EPHRAIM; NAVON, EPHRAIM BEN
AARON; NAVON, JONAH BEN HANUN;
NAVON, JONAH MOSES BEN BENJAMIN;
NEHEMIAH BAR KOHEN ZEDEK;
NEHEMIAH HA-KOHEN; NETHANEL
BEN MESHULLAM HA-LEVI; NETIRA;
NISSI BEN BERECHIAH AL-NAHRAWANI;
PALTIEL; PANIGEL, RAPHAEL MEIR BEN
JUDAH; PARDO, JOSEPH; PERAHYAH,
AARON BEN HAYYIM ABRAHAM
HA-KOHEN; PERAHYAH, HASDAI BEN
SAMUEL HA-KOHEN; PHINEHAS BEN
JOSEPH HA-LEVI; PORTALEONE; PORTO;
PORTO, ABRAHAM MENAHEM BEN JACOB
HA-KOHEN; PORTO-RAFA, MOSES BEN
JEHIEL HAKOHEN; PROVENgAL, MOSES
BEN ABRAHAM; QAZZAZ, MANASSEH
BEN ABRAHAM IBN; REGGIO, ABRAHAM
BEN EZRIEL; REGGIO, ABRAHAM BEN

EZRIEL; RICHIETTI, JOSEPH SHALLIT BEN
ELIEZER; RUNKEL, SOLOMON ZALMAN;
SAGIS; SAMEGAH, JOSEPH BEN BENJAMIN;
SAMUEL BEN AZARIAH; SAMUEL HA-
SHELISHI BEN HOSHANA; SAR SHALOM
BEN MOSES HA-LEVI; SARAVAL, JACOB
RAPHAEL BEN SIMHAH JUDAH; SARAVAL,
JUDAH LEIB; SCHICK, BARUCH BEN
JACOB; SHALOM, ABRAHAM; SHELUHEI
EREZ ISRAEL; SHOLAL, ISAAC; SHOLAL,
NATHAN HA-KOHEN; SID, SAMUEL IBN;
SILANO; SIRILLO, SOLOMON BEN JOSEPH;
SOLOMON BEN HASDAI; SOLOMON
SULIMAN BEN AMAR; SONCINO, JOSHUA;
STEINHARDT, MENAHEM MENDEL BEN
SIMEON; TERNI, DANIEL BEN MOSES
DAVID; UKBA, MAR; UZIEL, ISAAC BEN
ABRAHAM; WILNA, JACOB BEN BENJAMIN
WOLF; YIZHAKI, DAVID; ZARKO, JOSEPH
BEN JUDAH; ZAYYAH, JOSEPH BEN
ABRAHAM IBN; ZE'EVI, ISRAEL BEN
AZARIAH; ZECHARIAH MENDEL BEN
ARYEH LEIB; ZEMAH ZEDEK BEN ISAAC;
ZUTA

Preston David, M.S.; Executive
Director, New York City Human
Rights Commission

Yonah David, Ph.D.; Professor
Emeritus of Medieval Hebrew
Literature, Tel Aviv University:

ANAN BEN MARINUS HA-KOHEN; ANAV,
BENJAMIN BEN ABRAHAM; FRANCES,
IMMANUEL BEN DAVID; JERAHMEEL BEN
SOLOMON; MATTATHIAS; MESHULLAM
BEN KALONYMUS; MOSES BEN JOAB;
OLMO, JACOB DANIEL BEN ABRAHAM;
POETRY; REMOS, MOSES BEN ISAAC;
RIETI, MOSES BEN ISAAC DA; RIMON,
JOSEPH ZEVI; SHEPHATIAH BEN AMITTAI;
YESHURUN, AVOT

David Davidovitch, Eng.; Director
of the Museum of Ethnography
and Folklore, Tel Aviv: ketubbah-,

SYNAGOGUE; TOMBS AND TOMBSTONES

Esther B. Davidowitz*, B.Sc;
Editor and CommunityActivist
Jewish Community Center of
Wilkes-Barre; Board of Trustees of
the Wilkes University; Kingston, Pa.:

WILKES-BARRE AND KINGSTON

Steven Davidowitz*, B.A. M.A.,
M.B.A.; Registered Representative,
Sammons Securities Corp.
Kingston, Pennsylvania: wilkes-

BARRE AND KINGSTON

Herbert Davidson, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of Philosophy,
the University of California, Los

70

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Angeles: shalom, Abraham ben isaac

BEN JUDAH BEN SAMUEL

Philip (R.) Davies*, M.A., Ph.D.;
Emeritus Professor of Biblical
Studies, University of Sheffield,
England: dead sea scrolls; dead sea

SECT; ESSENES; YAHAD

Barry Davis (Yid. Div.)*> B.A.;
Senior Lecturer in Jewish History,
London Jewish Cultural Center,
London, England: trunk, yehiel

YESHAIA

Barry Davis (Isr. Div.)*> B.A.;
Journalist, Translator; Jerusalem
Post, Downbeat; Moshav Matta:

ARTZI, SHLOMO; BANAI; CASPI,
MATTI; DAMARI, SHOSHANA; DESHEH,
AVRAHAM; EINSTEIN, ARIK; FISHER,
DUDU; GAON, YEHORAM; GEFEN, AVIV;
HADDAD, SARIT; HA-GASHASH HA-HIVER;
HANOKH, SHALOM; HITMAN, UZI; NINI,
ACHINOAM; POLIKER, YEHUDAH; ZOHAR,
URI

Eli Davis, M.D.; Associate Professor
of Medicine, the Hebrew
University - Hadassah Medical
School, Jerusalem: yassky, haim

Joseph W. Davis, Ramat Ha-Sharon,

Israel: de vries, andre

Moshe Davis, Ph.D.; Professor,
Head of the Institute of
Contemporary Jewry of the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem

Natalie Zemon Davis*, Ph.D.;
Henry Charles Lea Professor
of History Emerita, Princeton
University, New Jersey: glueckel of

HAMELN

Moshe Dayan, Lieutenant General
(Res.), Israel Defense Forces;
Minister of Defense, Tel Aviv:

WINGATE, ORDE

Alan H. Decherney*, M.D.; Chief
Reproductive Biology and Medicine
Branch, National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development,
National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland: lieberman,

JOSEPH

Robert L. (Louis) DelBane*,

B.A.; Research Fellow, Kent State
University, Ohio: kaufman, george

SIMON; MAMET, DAVID; MILLER, ARTHUR;
PERELMAN, SIDNEY JOSEPH; SIMON, NEIL

Sergio DellaPergola*, Ph.D.;

Shlomo Argov Chair in Israel-
Diaspora Relations, A. Harman
Institute of Contemporary
Jewry, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem; Senior Fellow, Jewish
People Policy Planning Institute,
Jerusalem: blayer, pietro-, cantoni,

RAFFAELE; DEMOGRAPHY; FERRARA;
GENOA; ITALY; LEGHORN; MERANO;
MIGRATIONS; MILAN; MIXED MARRIAGE,
INTERMARRIAGE; NAPLES; PARMA;
PIPERNO BEER, SERGIO; PISA; ROME;
STATISTICS; TOAFF; VITAL STATISTICS;
ZOLLER, ISRAEL

Aaron Demsky, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Senior Lecturer in Jewish History,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan: education, Jewish; scribe;

SHALMANESER III; SHALMANESER V;
TIGLATH-PILESER II; WRITING

Hugh Denman*, B.A., M.A.;
Honorary Research Fellow in
Yiddish, Hebrew and Jewish
Studies, University College,
London, England: imber, samuel

JACOB; KOBRIN, LEON; LEIVIK, H.;
MANN, MENDEL; RABOY, ISAAC; REISEN,
ABRAHAM; SHALOM ALEICHEM; SHAPIRA,
KALONYMOUS KALMAN

Michael Denman*, M.D., F.R.C.P;
Emeritus Consultant, Northwick
Park Hospital, London, England:

ALFEROV, ZHORES I.; ALTSCHUL,
AARON MEYER; ANFINSEN, CHRISTIAN
BOEHMER; AVIGAD, GAD; AVIV, HAIM;
AXEL, RICHARD; BENACERRAF, BARUJ;
BENZER, SEYMOUR; BETHE, HANS
ALBRECHT; BLOCH, FELIX; BODMER,
SIR WALTER; BOHM, DAVID; BRENNER,
SYDNEY; CEDAR, CHAIM; CHARGAFF,
ERWIN; COHEN, I. BERNARD; COHEN,
PHILIP PACY; COHEN, SIR PHILIP;
COHEN, STANLEY N.; COHEN, YIGAL
RAHAMIM; COHN, MILDRED; COOPER,
LEON N.; CORI, GERTY THERESA; CROHN,
BURRILL BERNARD; DASSAULT, MARCEL;
DIAMOND, LOUIS KLEIN; DJERASSI, CARL;
DRUCKER, DANIEL CHARLES; EDINGER,
TILLY; ELION, GERTRUDE BELL; EPHRUSSI,
BORIS; FISCHER, EDMOND; FOLKMAN,
JUDAH; FRANK, ILYA MIKHAILOVICH;
FRISCH, OTTO ROBERT; FURCHGOTT,
ROBERT R; GELFAND, IZRAIL MOISEVICH;
GELL-MANN, MURRAY; GILMAN, ALFRED
G.; GINZBURG, VITALY LAZAREVICH;
GLASER, DONALD ARTHUR; GLAUBER,
ROY J.; GOLDBERG, EMANUEL;
GOLDSTEIN, JOSEPH LEONARD; GREEN,
DAVID EZRA; GREENGARD, PAUL; GROSS,
DAVID J.; HAREL, DAVID; HAUPTMAN,

HERBERT AARON; HAURWITZ, BERNARD;
HERSHKO, AVRAM; HORWITZ, H. ROBERT;
JACOB, FRANCOIS; JACOBSON, KURT;
JAMMER, MAX; JANOWITZ, HENRY
D.; JORTNER, JOSHUA; KALNITSKY,
GEORGE; KANDEL, ERIC RICHARD;
KANTROWITZ, ADRIAN; KAPLAN, JOSEPH;
KARLE, JEROME; KATZ, ISRAEL; KLEIN,
GEORGE; KLINE, NATHAN S.; KOGAN,
ABRAHAM; KOHN, WALTER; KOLTHOFF,
IZAAK MAURITS; KORNBERG, ARTHUR;
KORNBERG, SIR HANS LEO; KROTO, SIR
HAROLD WALTER; LACHMANN, SIR PETER
JULIUS; LANGER, ROBERT S; LEDERER,
JEROME E; LEDERMAN, LEON MAX; LEE,
DAVID; LEES, LESTER; LIBAI, AVINOAM;
LIFSON, SHNEIOR; LOEWE, FRITZ PHILIPP;
LOEWI, OTTO; MASTER, ARTHUR M.;
MESELSON, MATTHEW; MOTTELSON, BEN
R.; NATHANS, DANIEL; NEUGEBAUER,
OTTO; NIRENBERG, MARSHALL WARREN;
OLAH, GEORGE A.; OSHEROFF, DOUGLAS
DEAN; PAULI, WOLFGANG; PERL, MARTIN
LEWIS; PICARD, LEO YEHUDA; PINKEL,
BENJAMIN; PNUELI, AMIR; POLANYI,
JOHN C; POLANYI, MICHAEL; POLITZER,
H. DAVID; PRESS, FRANK; PRESSMAN,
DAVID; PRIGOGINE, ILYA; PRUSINER,
STANLEY S.; PTASHNE, MARK STEPHEN;
RACKER, EFRAIM; RAHAMIMOFF, RAMI;
RAPHAEL, RALPH ALEXANDER; RODBELL,
MARTIN; ROSE, IRWIN; ROSEN, FRED
SAUL; ROTBLAT, SIR JOSEPH; ROTH, KLAUS
FRIEDRICH; SABIN, ALBERT; SALITERNIK,
ZVI; SALK, JONAS; SCHALLY, ANDREW
VICTOR; SCHAWLOW, ARTHUR L.;
SCHWARTZ, LAURENT; SHARON, NATHAN;
SHELAH, SAHARON; SILVERMAN, LESLIE;
SLEPIAN, JOSEPH; SONDHEIMER, FRANZ;
SOSKIN, SELIG EUGEN; SPIEGELMAN,
SOL; STEG ADOLPHE; STEIN, YEHEZKIEL;
STEINBERG, AVRAHAM; STENT,
GUNTHER SIEGMUND; STROMINGER,
JACK; SZILARD, LEO; TABOR, DAVID;
TABOR, HARRY ZVI; TALMI, IGAL;
TAMM, IGOR YEVGENYEVICH; TARSKI,
ALFRED; TELLER, EDWARD; TEMIN,
HOWARD MARTIN; TEPPER, MORRIS;
ULAM, STANISLAW MARCIN; VANE,
SIR JOHN R.; VARMUS, HAROLD ELIOT;
VOET, ANDRIES; WEINBERG, STEVEN;
WEINHOUSE, SIDNEY; WEISSKOPF, VICTOR
E; WESTHEIMER, FRANK HENRY; WIGNER,
EUGENE PAUL; WINTROBE, MAXWELL
MYER; YALOW, ROSALYN SUSSMAN;
YOUNG, ALEC DAVID; ZAIZOV, RINA; ZIFF,
MORRIS

Shlomo Derech, Editor, Kibbutz
Givat Hayyim: kibbutz movement

David (Jay) Derovan*, M.A.;
Jewish Education, Director,
Draitch Adult Jewish Education,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

71

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Beit Shemesh, Israel: Abraham

BEN DAVID OF POSQUIERES; ADLER,
NATHAN BEN SIMEON HA-KOHEN; ADRET,
SOLOMON BEN ABRAHAM; AHARONIM;
ALSHEKH, MOSES; ASHER BEN JEHIEL;
BAALEI TESHUVAH; BAKSHI-DORON,
ELIAHU; BIBLE CODES; BLAU, AMRAM;
BOBOV; BREUER, MORDECHAI; ELIJAH
BEN SOLOMON ZALMAN; ELIYAHU,
MORDECHAI; FEINSTEIN, MOSES; GAON;
GEMATRIA; GERONDI, ZERAHIAH BEN
ISAAC HA-LEVI; GERSHOM BEN JUDAH
ME'OR HA-GOLAH; HAI BEN SHERIRA;
HAKHAM BASHI; HAYYIM BEN ISAAC "OR
ZARUA"; HAYYIM BEN BEZALEL; HELLER,
YOM TOV LIPMANN BEN NATHAN HA-
LEVI; HERMENEUTICS; HERZOG, ISAAC;
HILDESHEIMER, AZRIEL; HOFFMANN,
DAVID ZEVI; ISAAC BEN SHESHET PERFET;
ISRAEL MEIR HA-KOHEN; ISSERLES, MOSES
BEN ISRAEL; JACOB BEN ASHER; JONAH
BEN ABRAHAM GERONDI; KAFAH, YOSEF;
KAHANEMAN, JOSEPH; KALISCHER,
ZEVI HIRSCH; KARA, JOSEPH; KARELITZ,
AVRAHAM YESHAYAHU; LANDAU,
EZEKIEL BEN JUDAH; LAU, ISRAEL MEIR;
LEIBOWITZ, NEHAMA; LIPKIN, ISRAEL
BEN ZE'EV WOLF; LURIA, SOLOMON BEN
JEHIEL; LUZZATTO, SIMONE BEN ISAAC
SIMHAH; MALBIM, MEIR LOEB BEN JEHIEL
MICHAEL WEISSER; ME-AM LO'EZ; MEIRI,
MENAHEM BEN SOLOMON; SHAPIRA,
AVRAHAM ELKANA KAHANA; TA-SHMA,
ISRAEL MOSES

Lisa (C.) DeShantz-Cook*, B.A.;
Freelance Writer and Editor,
Detroit, Michigan: fischer, Stanley;

KAHNEMAN, DANIEL; KOHL,
HERBERT; NADLER, JERROLD
LEWIS; STIGLITZ, JOSEPH E.; WALZER,
MICHAEL

Dawn (M.) Desjardins*, B.A.;
Freelance Editor and Writer,
Westland, Michigan: levitt, Arthur,

SR.; MERTON, ROBERT C; SCHOLES,
MYRON S.

Elisabeth Dessauer*, University
Student, University of Munich,
Germany: tausk, viktor; thieme,

KARL OTTO; URY, ELSE

Nathaniel Deutsch*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor, Swarthmore
College, Pennsylvania: ludomir,

MAID OF

Shabbetai Devir, Jerusalem: frank,

ZEVI PESAH

* *

Benjamin De-Vries, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Talmud, Tel Aviv

University: halakhah; maarsen,

ISAAC

Paul Joseph Diamant, Dr.Phil.;
Genealogist, Jerusalem

Adam Dickter* : new york city,

WILLIAMSBURG

Alain Dieckhoff*, Ph.D.; Research
Director, Centre for International
Studies and Research, Alumnus
of the University of Paris, France:

FRANCE

Jacob I. Dienstag, M.A.; Professor
of Bibliography, Yeshiva University,
New York: maimonides

Devora Dimant, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
Department of Biblical Studies,
Haifa University

Yedidya A. Dinari, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Talmud, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: hillel of erfurt; Israel

OF BAMBERG; ISRAEL OF KREMS; JACOB
OF VIENNA; JOSEPH BEN MOSES

Leonard Dinnerstein*, B.S.S., M.A.;
Professor Emeritus, University of
Arizona, Tucson, Arizona: tucson

Yoram Dinstein, Dr.Jur.; Senior
Lecturer in Public International
Law, Tel Aviv University: united

NATIONS

Benzion Dinur (Dinaburg),

Emeritus Professor of Jewish
History, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem; Former Minister of
Education and Culture, Jerusalem:

BAER, YITZHAK; BASNAGE, JACQUES
CHRISTIAN; BENJACOB, ISAAC;
EMANCIPATION; JAWITZ, ZE'EV;
ODESSA; TAEUBLER, EUGEN; UKRAINE;
WISSENSCHAFT DES JUDENTUMS;
YELLIN

David Diringer, Litt. D.; Emeritus
Reader in Semitic Epigraphy, the
University of Cambridge; Director
of the Alphabeth Museum, Tel Aviv:

ALPHABET, HEBREW; LIDZBARSKI, MARK

Daniel Dishon, Former Senior
Research Associate, Shiloah Center
for Middle Eastern and African
Studies, Tel Aviv University

Abraham (H.A.) Diskin*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor, Department
of Political Science, the Hebrew

University of Jerusalem: Israel, state

OF: HISTORICAL SURVEY

Eial (Yosef ) Diskin*, M.B.A.; Tel
Aviv University, Tel Aviv: kaplan,

ABRAHAM

Elliott Dlin*, M.A.; Executive
Director, Dallas Holocaust Museum,
Dallas, Texas: holocaust

Eli Dlinn, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem

Shawna Dolansky Overton*, Ph.D.;
Adjunct Faculty, University of
California, San Diego: pentateuch

Marc Dollinger*, Ph.D.; Richard
and Rhoda Goldman Chair
in Jewish Studies and Social
Responsibility, San Francisco State
University, San Franciso: lerner,

MICHAEL; NEW LEFT; TIKKUN

Danuta Dombrowska, M.A.;
Historian, Jerusalem: belchatow;

BOLEKHOV; BRODY; BRZESC KUJAWSKI;
BRZEZINY; BYDGOSZCZ; CIECHANOW;
CRACOW; GNIEZNO; GORLICE;
GOSTYNIN; INOWROCLAW; KALISZ;
KLODAWA; KOLO; KONIN; KROSNO;
KROTOSZYN; KUTNO; LASK; LECZYCA;
LESZNO; LODZ; LUTOMIERSK; MAJDANEK;
NASIELSK; OLESKO; OLKUSZ; OPATOW;
OZORKOW; PABIANICE; PLOCK; POZNAN;
RUMKOWSKI, CHAIM MORDECHAI; RYPIN;
SIERADZ; SOBIBOR; SREM; STOPNICA;
STRYKOW; SZCZERCOW; WARSAW;
WIELUN; WOLBROM; WRONKI; ZDUNSKA
WOLA; ZELOW; ZGIERZ; ZYCHLIN

Stephen G. Donshik, D.S.W.;
Director, Israel Office of UJA-
Federation of New York, UIA,
Jerusalem

Elliot N. Dorf, M.H.L., Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Provost and Professor of
Philosophy, University of Judaism,
Los Angeles

David Dori, Kibbutz Ein ha-

Horesh: wloclawek

•

Yaakov Dori, Dipl. Ing.; Lieutenant
General (Res.), Israel Defense
Forces and former Chief of Staff;
Former President of the Technion,
Haifa: technion, Israel institute of

TECHNOLOGY

Abraham Doron*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Paul Baerwald School of Social
Work, the Hebrew University of

72

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Jerusalem: Israel, state of: health,

WELFARE, AND SOCIAL SECURITY

Israel Dostrovsky, Ph.D.; Vice
President and Professor of Physical
Chemistry, the Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Aron Dotan*, Ph.D.; Professor
Emeritus, President, International
Organization of Masoretic Studies;
Member, Hebrew Language
Academy; Head, Cymbalista Jewish
Heritage Center, Tel Aviv University:

BEN-ASHER, MOSES; MASORAH

Moshe Dothan, Ph.D.; Director
of Excavations and Surveys and
Deputy Director, Department
of Antiquities and Museums,
Jerusalem: ashdod

Trude Dothan*, Ph.D.; The Philip
and Muriel Berman Center for
Biblical Archaeology, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: ekron

Alan Dowty, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in International Relations, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

MORGENTHAU, HANS JOACHIM

Noah W. Dragoon, M.A.;
Jerusalem: harbin

Paula Draper*, Ph.D.; Historian,

Toronto, Canada: bayefsky, aba;

COHON, GEORGE A.; CRONENBERG,
DAVID; DAN, LESLIE L.; RASMINSKY,
LOUIS; ROTHSCHILD, KURT; SCHILD,
EDWIN; SCHLESINGER, JOE; SPRACHMAN,
ABRAHAM AND MANDEL; WOLFE;
ZNAIMER, MOSES

Israel Drapkin-Senderey,

M.D.; Professor of Criminology
and Director of the Institute of
Criminology, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: delvalle, max shalom;

TOPOLEVSKY, GREGORIO; WALD, ARNOLD

Daniel Dratwa, DEA Paris X;
Curator of Jewish Museum of
Belgium, Brussels: Belgium

Adina Dreksler, Yad Vashem,

Jerusalem: holocaust: spiritual

RESISTANCE IN THE GHETTOS AND
CONCENTRATION CAMPS

Willi Dressen, Public Prosecutor,
Zentralle Stalle der Landesjustizver
waltungen, Ludwigsburg, Germany:

WAR CRIMES TRIALS

A. Stanley Dreyfus, Ph.D., Rabbi;

New York: cohen, henry

Jean-Marc Dreyfus*, Ph.D.;
Historian, Affiliate Researcher,
Institut d'histoire du temps present
- CNRSJParis: union generale des

ISRAELITES DE FRANCE; WARSCHAWSKI,
MAX; WIEVIORKA, ANNETTE

Walter Driver*, B.A.; Screenwriter,
Los Angeles: abbott, bud ; aldrich,

ROBERT; AVNET, JON; BARRIS, CHUCK;
BERGEN, POLLY; BERGMAN, ALAN
and MARILYN; BERGMAN, ANDREW;
BERMAN, SHELLEY; BERNHARD, SANDRA;
BISHOP, JOEY; BLANC, MEL; BRODERICK,
MATTHEW; KAHN, MADELINE; KANE,
CAROL; KAVNER, JULIE; KAZAN, LAINIE;
KEITEL, HARVEY; KLUGMAN, JACK

Yosef Dror*, Ph.D.; Institute of
Biochemistry, Food Science and
Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

BONDI, ARON

Moshe Drori*, LL.B., LL.M.; Judge,
Jerusalem District Court, Jerusalem:

ABDUCTION; ADULTERY; BET DIN
RABBANI; DIVORCE; LEVIRATE MARRIAGE
AND HALIZAH; MAINTENANCE;
MATRIMONIAL PROPERTY

Alejandro (Daniel) Dubesarsky*,

Journalist and Translator for
Agencia Judia de Noticias, Buenos
Aires, Argentina: najnudel, leon

DAVID; PEKERMAN, JOSE NESTOR

Bernard Dubin, M.S.W.; Executive
Director of the Jewish Federation
of Camden County, New Jersey:

CAMDEN

Thomas Dublin*, Ph.D.; Professor,
State University of New York,
Binghamton, New York: cohen,

ROSE GOLLUP; MALKIEL, THERESA
SERBER

Melvyn Dubofsky, Ph.D., Associate
Professor of History, the University
of Wisconsin, Milwaukee: breslaw,

JOSEPH; DUBINSKY, DAVID; FEIGENBAUM,
BENJAMIN; FEINSTONE, MORRIS;
HOCHMAN, JULIUS; NAGLER, ISADORE;
ROSENBERG, ABRAHAM; SCHLESINGER,
BENJAMIN; SCHLOSSBERG, JOSEPH;
SIGMAN, MORRIS

Brother Marcel- Jacques Dubois
O.P., Professor, Department of
Philosophy, the Hebrew University

of Jerusalem: maritain, jacques and

RAISSA

Yael Dunkelman, Toronto:

BORNSTEIN, ELI

Douglas Morton Dunlop, M.A.;
Professor of History, Columbia
University, New York: atil, bAb

AL-ABWAB; BALANJAR; BULAN; JOSEPH;
KHAZARS; OBADIAH; OBADIAH;
RADANIYA; SAMANDAR; SARKIL

Alexander M. Dushkin, Ph.D.;
Emeritus Professor of Education,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

RIEGER, ELIEZER

Deborah Dwork*, Ph.D.; Rose
Professor Holocaust History;
Director, Strassler Center for
Holocaust and Genocide Studies,
Clark University, Worcester,
Massachusetts: Auschwitz

Shlomo Dykman, Translator,

Jerusalem: tuwim, julian

Abba Eban, M.A.; Minister
for Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem:

WEIZMANN, chaim

Irene Eber, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor in Chinese History, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

CHINA

Michael H. Ebner, M.A.; Lecturer
in American History, the Herbert
H. Lehman College of the City
University of New York: passaic-

CLIFTON

Nathan Eck, Dr.Jur.; Historian,
Tel Aviv: holocaust remembrance

DAY; MARK, BERNARD; RINGELBLUM,
EMANUEL; SOMMERSTEIN, EMIL;
TENENBAUM, MORDECAI

A. Roy Eckardt, Ph.D.; Clergyman,
United Methodist Church; professor
and chairman of the Department
of Religious Studies, Lehigh
University.

Shuki (Yehoshua) Ecker*, M.A.; Tel
Aviv University: zonana

Willehad Paul Eckert, Dr.Phil.;
Professor of the History of
Philosophy, Hochschule der
Dominikaner, Walberberg,
Germany: church councils-,

CHURCH, CATHOLIC; DANIEL-ROPS,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

73

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

HENRI; LEO; PAUL VI; PIUS X; PIUS XI;
PIUS XII; THIEME, KARL; THIEME, KARL
OTTO

Rafael Edelman, Ph.D.; Director
of Jewish Studies, Copenhagen
University; Head of the Jewish
Department, the Royal Library,
Copenhagen: aslakssen, corT;

DENMARK

William B. Edgerton, Ph.D.;
Professor of Slavic Languages and
Literature, Indiana University,
Bloomington: leskov, nikolay

SEMYONOVICH

Elisha Efrat*, Ph.D.; Professor of
Geography, Tel Aviv University:

ISRAEL, STATE OF: ALIYAH, POPULATION,
HUMAN GEOGRAPHY; JERUSALEM;
LACHISH REGION

Natan Efrati, M.A.; Ben Zvi
Institute, Jerusalem: ashkelon;

BET-MIDRASH; CAPTIVES, RANSOMING
OF; CHORTKOV; CIECHANOW; DAVID
BEN MANASSEH DARSHAN; DLUGOSZ,
JAN; MAAMAD or MAHAMAD; PARNAS;
PLETTEN; SHULKLAPPER; SICK CARE,
COMMUNAL; TANZHAUS

Daniel Efron, M.A.; Jerusalem:

LAWRENCE, THOMAS EDWARD;
LLOYD GEORGE, DAVID; MANDATE
FOR PALESTINE; PALESTINE, INQUIRY
COMMISSIONS; PALESTINE, PARTITION
AND PARTITION PLANS; SAINT JAMES'S
CONFERENCE; SAMUEL, EDWIN; SAMUEL,
HERBERT LOUIS; WHITE PAPERS; ZIONIST
COMMISSION

Zusia Efron, Director of the Art
Museum, Kibbutz En Harod

Yulia Egorova*, Ph.D.; Research
Fellow, School of Religious and
Theological Studies, Cardiff
University, England: bene Israel;

BOMBAY; CHENNAMANGALAM;
CRANGANORE; DIVEKAR, SAMUEL
EZEKIEL; GANDHI, MOHANDAS
KARAMCHAND

Robert M. Ehrenreich*, Dr.Phil.;
Director, Academic Programs,
Center for Advanced Holocaust
Studies, United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum, Washington,

D.C.: HOLOCAUST

Albert A. Ehrenzweig, J.D., S.J.D.,
Dr. Utr. Jur.; Professor of Law, the
University of California, Berkeley;

Honorarprofessor, the University of

Vienna: radin, max

Ariel Ehrlich*, L.L.B.; Lawyer, Ofra,

Israel: military law

Carl Stephen Ehrlich*, Dr.Phil.;
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

EDOM

Dror Ehrlich*, Ph.D.; Department
of Philosophy, Bar-Ilan University:

ALBO, JOSEPH

Uri Ehrlich*, Ph.D.; Jewish
Thought, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Beersheba: amidah;

BIRKAT HA-MINIM

Arnost Zvi Ehrman, Dr.Jur., F.J.C.,
Rabbi; Talmudic Scholar, Ramat
Gan: antichresis; asmakhta;

CONDITIONS; EDUYYOT; HORAYOT;
KELIM; KERITOT; KETUBBOT; KIDDUSHIN;
KINNIM; MEGILLAH; METLAH; MENAHOT;
MIDDOT; MIKVA'OT; MO'ED KATAN;
SELDEN, JOHN; SHEVITT

H. Bruce Ehrmann, M.H.L., Rabbi;

Brockton, Massachusetts

David Max Eichhorn, D.H.L.,

Rabbi; Cape Kennedy, Florida:

JEWISH WAR VETERANS OF THE USA.

Shlomo Eidelberg, Ph.D., D.H.L.;
Professor of Jewish History, Yeshiva
University, New York, and Haifa
University: ettlinger, jacob; falk,

JOSHUA BEN ALEXANDER HA-KOHEN;
GERSHOM BEN JUDAH ME'OR HA-
GOLAH; HAYYIM BEN ISAAC "OR ZARUA";
HESCHEL, ABRAHAM JOSHUA BEN JACOB;
KLATZKIN, ELIJAH BEN NAPHTALI HERZ;
KOIDONOVER, ZEVI HIRSCH; LUBLIN,
MEIR BEN GEDALIAH; MENAHEM BEN
AARON IBN ZERAH; MINZ, ABRAHAM
BEN JUDAH HA-LEVI; MINZ, JUDAH BEN
ELIEZER HA-LEVI; MOSES BEN JACOB
OF KIEV; MOSES OF KIEV; RAPOPORT,
ABRAHAM BEN ISRAEL JEHIEL
HAKOHEN; SHABBETAI BEN MEIR HA-
KOHEN; SHALOM SHAKHNA BEN
JOSEPH

Amnon Einav, Chief Scientist, Israel
Ministry of Energy

Yizhak Einhorn, M.A.; Teacher, Tel

Aviv: PEWTER PLATES

Alfred Einstein, Dr. Phil.;
Musicologist, Professor of Music,
Smith College, Northampton,

Massachusetts: marx, adolf

BERNHARD

Sydney Eisen, Ph.D.; Professor
of History and Humanities, York
University, Downsview, Ontario:

HEICHELHEIM, FRITZ MORITZ

Esty (Esther) Eisenmann*, Ph.D.;
Lecturer, Open University of Israel,
Tel Aviv University: katz, Joseph ben

ELIJAH; MOSES BEN JUDAH, NOGA

Abraham S. Eisenstadt, Ph.D.;
Professor of American History,
Brooklyn College of the City
University of New York: beer,

GEORGE LOUIS; BOORSTIN, DANIEL J.

Ira Eisenstein, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Former President of
Reconstructionist Rabbinical
College, Philadelphia

Yizchak Jacob Eisner, Ph.D.;
Ministry of Education and Culture,
Jerusalem

Daniel J. Elazar, Ph.D.; Paterson
Professor of Intergovernmental
Relations, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan, and Chairman, Center
for Jewish Community Studies,
Jerusalem and Philadelphia:

COMMUNITY

Edna Elazary, B.A.; Jerusalem:

AGRIPPA I; BASSUS, LUCILIUS;
DEMETRIUS; ELIONAEUS, SON OF
CANTHERAS; HEROD; HEROD II; HEROD
PHILIP I; HEZEKIAH, THE HIGH PRIEST;
JACOB BEN SOSAS; JONATHAN SON
OF ABSALOM; JOSEPH OF GAMALA;
JOSHUA, SON OF SAPPHAS; JUDAH,
SON OF ZIPPORAI; JULIUS ARCHELAUS;
KIMHIT; PHERORAS; PHILIP OF BATHYRA;
PHINEHAS BEN SAMUEL; TETRARCH;
VALERIUS GRATUS

Jacob Elbaum, M.A.; Assistant in
Hebrew Literature, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: ahithophel

THE GILONITE; ELNATHAN BEN ACHBOR;
ESTORI HA-PARHI; GENESIS RABBATI;
MIDRASH LEKAH TOV; MIDRASH
PROVERBS or AGGADAT PROVERBS;
MIDRASH SAMUEL; MIDRASH TEHILLIM;
TANNA DE-VEI ELIYAHU; YALKUT
MAKHIRI; YALKUT SHIMONI

Aliza El-Dror, Public Relations,
WIZO, Tel Aviv: wizo

Yaffa Eliach, M.A.; Lecturer in

74

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume i

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Jewish and European History,
Brooklyn College of the City
University of New York: ysander,

TORSTEN

E. Elias, Journalist, formerly of
Ernakulam, Cochin, India; Haifa,
Israel: Pakistan

Flower Elias, London: ferris, iris

Ben-Zion Eliash*, Ph.D., Dr.Jur.;
Senior Lecturer, Tel Aviv University
School of Law: usury

Aryeh Eliav, Former Member of
Knesset, Tel Aviv: eliav, binyamin

Binyamin Eliav, Dr. Phil.; Editor
and Official, Ministry for Foreign
Affairs, Jerusalem: "canaanites";

ANTISEMITISM; ARLOSOROFF, CHAIM;
ASSIMILATION; BERGER-BARZILAI,
JOSEPH; COMMUNISM; GERSHUNI,
GRIGORI ANDREYEVICH; LENIN,
VLADIMIR ILYICH; LIFSHITZ, NEHAMAH;
LITVINOV, MAXIM MAXIMOVICH;
MIKHOELS, SOLOMON; NUMERUS
CLAUSUS; POLITICS; RUSSIA

Mordechai Eliav, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Jewish History and
Education, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: ahlem; hildesheimer,

AZRIEL

Eliezer Eliner, M.A.; Senior Teacher
in Talmud, Tel Aviv University:

HOSHANOT

Rachel Elior*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Cohen Chair of Jewish Philosophy,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

AARON BEN MOSES HA-LEVI OF
STAROSIELCE; CHABAD; FRANK, EVA;
JACOB ISAAC HA-HOZEH MI-LUBLIN

Yehuda Elitzur, M.A.; Associate
Professor of Biblical Historiography,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

GAD; ISHMAEL; ISHMAEL; PARHON,
SALOMON BEN ABRAHAM IBN; ZEBULUN

Yuval Elizur, M.A.; Journalist,
Jerusalem

Judith Laikin Elkin* , Ph.D.;
Independent Scholar, The University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan:

LAJSA

Gedalyah Elkoshi, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Hebrew Literature, Tel
Aviv University: almanzi, Joseph ;

ASEFAT HAKHAMIM; BACHER, SIMON;
BEILINSON, MOSES ELIEZER; BEN-AVI,
ITHAMAR; BEN-ZION, S.; BERSHADSKY,
ISAIAH; BICK, JACOB SAMUEL; BLOCH,
SAMSON; BRESSELAU, MEYER ISRAEL;
BRILL, JEHIEL; BRILL, JOSEPH; CARO,
DAVID; COHEN, SHALOM BEN JACOB;
DOLITZKI, MENAHEM MENDEL;
EHRENPREIS, MARCUS; ELISHEVA;
EPSTEIN, ZALMAN; EUCHEL, ISAAC
ABRAHAM; FARMERS' FEDERATION OF
ISRAEL; FRAENKEL, FAIWEL; HACOHEN,
MORDECAI BEN HILLEL; HALEVY, ELIE
HALFON; HALPERIN, YEHIEL; HAMEIRI,
AVIGDOR; HANKIN, YEHOSHUA;
HARZFELD, AVRAHAM; HAYNT; HEILPRIN,
PHINEHAS MENAHEM; HERZBERG,
WILHELM; HILLELS, SHELOMO;
HIRSCHKAHN, ZVI; HISIN, HAYYIM;
HURWITZ, JUDAH BEN MORDECAI
HA-LEVI; LOEWE, LOUIS; SHALKOVICH,
ABRAHAM LEIB; SILBERBUSCH, DAVID
ISAIAH; SIMHAH HAYYIM WALKOMITZ;
SUEDFELD, GABRIEL; TAWIOW, ISRAEL
HAYYIM; WARSHAWSKY, ISAAC;
WAWELBERG, HIPOLIT; WEISSBERG, ISAAC
JACOB; WEISSBERG, MEIR; WEITZ, JOSEPH;
WERBEL, ELIAHU MORDECAI; WERBER,
BARUCH; WETTSTEIN, FEIVEL HIRSCH;
WIENER, SAMUEL; ZEID, ALEXANDER;
ZHERNENSKY, MOSHE ELIYAHU; ZMORA,
YISRAEL; ZMORA, YISRAEL; ZUTA,
HAYYIM ARYEH

•

David (H.) Ellenson*, Ph.D., Rabbi;
President, Hebrew Union College-
Jewish Institute of Religion, New
York: rabbinical training,

AMERICAN

Richard S. Ellis, Ph.D.; Associate

Professor of Near Eastern
Archaeology, Yale University, New
Haven, Connecticut: erech

Peter Elman, Departmental Editor,
Law and Politics, Encyclopaedia
Judaica (1st ed.), Jerusalem: kahan

COMMISSION

Yaakov Elman*, Ph.D.; Professor of
Judaic Studies, Yeshiva University,
New York, and Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts: talmud

AND MIDDLE PERSIAN CULTURE

Menachem Elon*, Ph.D.; Deputy
President of the Supreme Court of
Israel; Professor of Law, Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, School
of Law; Visiting Professor of Law,
New York and Harvard Universities,

Schools of Law: ABORTION; AGUNAH;
APOSTASY; ARBITRATION; ASSAULT;

AUTHORITY, RABBINICAL; BIGAMY
AND POLYGAMY; BRIBERY; BUSINESS
ETHICS; CAPITAL PUNISHMENT;
CHILD MARRIAGE; CITY OF REFUGE;
CODIFICATION OF LAW; COMPROMISE;
CONCUBINE; CONDITIONS; CONFESSION;
CONFLICT OF LAWS; CONTRACT;
DAMAGES; DETENTION; DINA DE-
MALKHUTA DINA; DIVINE PUNISHMENT;
DOMICILE; DOWRY; EXECUTION;
EXTRADITION; EXTRAORDINARY
REMEDIES; FINES; HAANAKAH; HAFKAAT
SHEARIM; HASSAGAT GEVUL; HAZAKAH;
HEFKER; HEKDESH; HOMICIDE; HUMAN
DIGNITY AND FREEDOM; HUSBAND AND
WIFE; IMPRISONMENT; IMPRISONMENT
FOR DEBT; INFORMERS; INTERPRETATION;
KETUBBAH; LABOR LAW; LAW AND
MORALITY; LAW OF RETURN; LEGAL
PERSON; LEVIRATE MARRIAGE AND
HALIZAH; LIEN; LIMITATION OF ACTIONS;
MAASEH; MAJORITY RULE; MAMZER;
MARRIAGE; MARRIAGE, PROHIBITED;
MEDICINE AND LAW; MEHILAH; MINHAG;
MISHPAT IVRI; MISTAKE; NOACHIDE
LAWS; NUISANCE; OATH; OBLIGATIONS,
LAW OF; ONAAH; ONES; PARTNERSHIP;
PENAL LAW; PLEDGE; POLICE OFFENSES;
PUBLIC AUTHORITY; PUNISHMENT;
RIGHTS, HUMAN; SEVARAH; SEXUAL
OFFENSES; SHOMERIM; SLANDER;
SUCCESSION; SUICIDE; SURETYSHIP;
TAKKANOT; TAKKANOT HA-KAHAL;
TAXATION; THEFT AND ROBBERY; VALUES
OF THE JEWISH AND DEMOCRATIC
STATE; WILLS; WOMAN: AND THE ISRAELI
COURTS; YUHASIN

Aya Elyada*, M.A.; Graduate
student for German- Jewish History,
Tel Aviv University, Lehrstuhl fur
judische Geschichte und Kultur,
Munich, Germany: muenster,

SEBASTIAN; OSIANDER, ANDREAS;
PELLICANUS, CONRAD; SCHICKARD,
WILHELM; SCHUDT, JOHANN JAKOB;
WOLF, JOHANN CHRISTOPH

Zeev Elyashiv, M.A.; Ministry
of Communications, Jerusalem:

MOLODECHNO

Barnett A. Elzas*: poznanski,

GUSTAVUS

Frank Emblen, Journalist, New

York: robinson, edward g.

Isaac Samuel Emmanuel, Sc.D.,
Rabbi; Historian, Cincinnati, Ohio:

MICHAEL, MOSES

Charles J. Emmerich*: adams, arlin

MARVIN

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

75

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Encyclopaedia Hebraica: aboab,

ISAAC I; ABRAHAM BEN SOLOMON OF
TORRUTIEL; ABSALOM; ADONIJAH;
AGGADAH; APOLOGETICS; ARENDT,
OTTO; ASHER BEN JEHIEL; ASHKENAZ;
AVILA; AZ ROV NISSIM; BADT, HERMANN;
BALFOUR, ARTHUR JAMES, EARL OF; BEN
MEIR, AARON; BILHAH; CHAJES, ZEVI
HIRSCH; CHASANOWICH, LEON; DREAMS;
EPHRAIM; ESZTERGOM; FREEMASONS;
GEMATRIA; GOITEIN, BARUCH BENEDICT;
HASIDIM; HAVER, HAVERIM; HILLEL;
HOMBERG, NAPHTALI HERZ; HOROVITZ,
JOSEF; HOS, DOV; IBN GABIROL, SOLOMON
BEN JUDAH; ISRAEL, LAND OF: HISTORY;
JERUSALEM; JOEL; JOHANAN BEN ZAKKAI;
JOTHAM; JUDAH; JUDAH HA-LEVI;
JUDAH HA-NASI; LAMED VAV ZADDIKIM;
LAVI, SHELOMO; LESTSCHINSKY, JACOB;
LILIENTHAL, MAX; LILIENTHAL, OTTO;
LOEW, ELEAZAR; LOEWENSTEIN -
STRASHUNSKY, JOEL DAVID; MEZHIRECH;
OSTRACA; PROSELYTES; UNION OF THE
RUSSIAN PEOPLE; UR; WAHRMANN,
ABRAHAM DAVID BEN ASHER ANSCHEL;
WARBURG, OTTO; ZACUTO, ABRAHAM
BEN SAMUEL

Encyclopaedia Judaica (Germany):

ABELSON, JOSHUA; AKIVA BAER BEN
JOSEPH; BENVENISTE, IMMANUEL;
CRESCAS, HASDAI BEN JUDAH;
HERZBERG-FRAENKEL, LEO; HIBAT
ALLAH, ABU AL-BARAKAT BEN AL1 AL-
BAGHDADI; IBN DAUD, ABRAHAM BEN
DAVID HALEVI; IBN EZRA, JOSEPH BEN
ISAAC; JOEL, MANUEL; JOSEPH MOSES BEN
JEKUTHIEL ZALMAN; KAHANA, DAVID;
KALLIR, ELEAZAR; KAMENKA-BUGSKAYA;
KIRSCHSTEIN, MORITZ; KLODAWA;
KORNIK; KOZIENICE; KRZEPICE;
KUTY; LECZYCA; LELOW; LESHNEV;
LEVY, SAMUEL; LIDA; LIPNO; LOSICE;
LUBARTOW; LUTOMIERSK; LYAKHOVICHI;
LYUBOML; MARCUS, AARON; NOTKIN,
NATA; OLDENBURG; OPOLE LUBELSKIE;
OTWOCK; PRINTING, HEBREW; SCROLL
OF ANTIOCHUS

Avraham (Alfred) Engel, Tel Aviv

Paul Engel, M.D.; Professor of
Biology, the Central University of
Ecuador, Quito

Morton S. Enslin, Th.D.; Professor
of Early Christian History and
Literature, Dropsie University,
Philadelphia: bible

Israel Eph'al, M.A.; Instructor in
Biblical History, Tel Aviv University:

ISHMAELITES; KEDAR; KETURAH;
MEUNITES

Jacob Eliahu Ephrathi, D.H.L.;
Senior Lecturer in Talmud, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: even ha-

TOIM; GEBIHA OF BE-KATIL; GEBINI; YOSE
BENDORMASKOS

Ury Epp stein, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
Musicology Dept., the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: abileah,

ARIE; BERGEL, BERND; BOEHM,
YOHANAN; EVEN-OR, MARY; ISRAEL,
STATE OF: CULTURAL LIFE

Morris Epstein, Ph.D.; Editor and
Professor of English, Stern College
for Women, Yeshiva University, New
York: marx, Alexander

Seymour Epstein*, B.S., B.H.L.,
M.A., Ed.D.; Senior Vice President,
Jewish Education and Identity,

UJ.A.-Federation, Board of Jewish
Education, Toronto, Canada:

EDUCATION, JEWISH

Amira Eran*, Ph.D.; the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: ghazAlI,

ABU HAMID MUHAMMAD IBN
MUHAMMAD AL-TUSl AL-; KINDl, ABU
YUSUF YA'QUB IBN ISHAQ AL

Shlomo Erel, Ministry of Defense,

Tel Aviv: chile; latin America

Patricia Erens, Ph.D.; Department
of Communications, Rosary
College, River Forest, Illinois

Yehudah Erez, Editor and Writer,
Kibbutz Givat Hayyim: golomb,

ELIYAHU

Abraham Erlik, B.A. (Arch.);
Architect, Tel Aviv: baerwald, alex;

KARMI, DOV; KAUFMANN, RICHARD;
MANSFELD, ALFRED; MENDELSOHN, ERIC;
RECHTER; SHARON, ARYEH

Shimon Ernst, Ph.D.; Librarian, Tel

Aviv: HIRSCHENSOHN-LICHTENSTEIN,
JEHIEL ZEVI HERMANN

Lewis John Eron*, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Jewish Community Chaplain,
Jewish Federation of Southern New
Jersey, Cherry Hill, New Jersey:

CAMDEN

Shaul Esh, Ph.D.; Senior Lecturer
in Contemporary Jewry, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: anielewicz,

MORDECAI; COHEN, DAVID; DRANCY;
FRIEDMAN, PHILIP; GRYNSZPAN,
HERSCHEL

Ruth Eshel*, Ph.D.; Dance Critic
for Haaretz Daily; Editor of Dance
Today, the Dance Magazine of
Israel; Lecturer at the University of
Haifa; Artistic Director of Beta and
Eskesta Dance Troupes-Dance of
Ethiopian Jewry, Israel: batsheva

AND BAT-DOR DANCE COMPANIES; BE'ER,
RAMI; BERTONOFF, DEBORAH; DANCE;
NAHARIN, OHAD; SCHUBERT, LIA

Gennady Estraikh*, Dr.PhiL;
Associate Professor, New York
University, New York: abtshuk,

AVRAHAM; BEIDER, CHAIM; CHARNEY,
DANIEL; DOBRUSHIN, YEKHEZKEL;
FEFER, ITZIK; GOLOMB, ABRAHAM;
GORDON, SHMUEL; GORSHMAN,
SHIRA; HALKIN, SHMUEL; HOFSTEIN,
DAVID; JEWISH DAILY FORWARD;
KALMANOVITCH, ZELIG; KULTUR-LIGE;
KUSHNIROV, AARON; OLEVSKI, BUZI;
ORLAND, HERSHL; PERSOV, SHMUEL;
RAZUMNY, MARK; REZNIK, LIPE; SFARD,
DAVID; SHTIF, NOKHEM; SMOLAR,
HERSH; SOVETISH HEYMLAND; TEITSH,
MOYSHE; VERGELIS, AARON; WEITER,
A.; WENDROFF, ZALMAN; YAKNEHAZ;
ZARETZKI, ISAAC

Shmuel Ettinger, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Jewish History, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

BERDICHEV; BERSHAD; BERSHADSKI,
SERGEY ALEXANDROVICH; BRATSLAV;
CHMIELNICKI, BOGDAN; GRAETZ,
HEINRICH; HAIDAMACKS,; REUVENI,
DAVID; VIENNA, CONGRESS OF;
VOLOZHIN; ZIONISM

Yona Ettinger

Jehonatan Etz-Chaim, Instructor in
Talmud, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan: dukhan; eleazar ben damma;

ELEAZAR BEN JUDAH OF BARTOTA;
ELEAZAR BEN PARTA

Yakir Eventov, Haifa: licht,

ALEXANDER; ZIONISM

Ephraim Evron, Ambassador and
Deputy Director General, Ministry
for Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem

Yosef Ewen, M.A.; Lecturer in
Hebrew Literature, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem and the
University of the Negev, Beersheba:

BARASH, ASHER

Eli Eytan, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Hebrew Language,
Tel Aviv University; Scientific

76

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Secretary of the Academy of the
Hebrew Language, Tel Aviv: Hebrew

LANGUAGE

Alexander Ezer, Editor, Jerusalem

Sidra Ezrahi, Ph.D.; Researcher,
Jerusalem: holocaust

Salamon Faber, D.H.L., Rabbi; New
York

Emil Ludwig Fackenheim, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Professor of Philosophy, the
University of Toronto: hegel, georg

WILHELM FRIEDRICH; SCHELLING,
FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH

Karen L. Falk*, M.A., Project
Coordinator, Jewish Museum of
Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland:

MEYERHOFF, HARVEY

Stanley L. Falk, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of National Security
Affairs, Industrial College of the
Armed Forces, Washington, D.C.:

BLOOM, SOL; BLUMENBERG, LEOPOLD;
JOHNSON, LYNDON BAINES; MORDECAI,
ALFRED; MORDECAI, JACOB; RICKOVER,
HYMAN GEORGE

Ze'ev Wilhem Falk, Ph.D.,
Advocate; Jacob I. Berman Associate
Professor of Family Law and
Succession, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem; Senior Lecturer in
Jewish Law, Tel Aviv University:

ALTENSTADT; ASCHAFFENBURG;
BAIERSDORF; BAMBERG; BAYREUTH;
BONN; BREMEN; BRUNSWICK;
CARLEBACH, JOSEPH; CENTRAL-
VEREIN DEUTSCHER STAATSBUERGER
JUEDISCHEN GLAUBENS; COBURG;
DAVID, MARTIN; DE VRIES, BENJAMIN;
DUEREN; ELBLAG; FUERTH; HAGEN;
HAMELN; HEILBRONN; HILFSVEREIN DER
DEUTSCHEN JUDEN; LYCK; RABBINICAL
CONFERENCES; WIESBADEN

Kochava Fattal-Binyamin*,

Ph.D.; Clinical Instruction and
Coordinator of Human Resource
Development, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: orpaz averbuch,

YITZHAK

Jose Faur, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Rabbinics, the Jewish
Theological Seminary of America,
New York: idolatry

Zvi Hermann Federbush, M.A.;
Ministry of Education and

Culture, Jerusalem: alphabet,

HEBREW

Nira Feidman, Ph.D.; Research
Fellow in Contemporary Jewry, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

CAMPS

Ricardo Feierstein, Director
Editorial Mila, AMIA, Buenos
Aires

Julian B. Feigelman, LL.D., Ph.D.,
Rabbi; New Orleans

Aryeh Feigenbaum, M.D.; Emeritus
Professor of Ophthalmology,
the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: benevenutus grapheus

HIEROSOLYMITANUS; HIRSCHBERG,
JULIUS

Lawrence H. Feigenbaum, Ph.D.;
Lecturer in Education, City College
of the City University of New York:

DUJOVNE, LEON; KOENIGSBERG, MOSES;
LAQUEUR, WALTER ZE'EV; LERNER, MAX;
SCHIFF, DOROTHY; SELDES, GEORGE;
SONNEMANN, LEOPOLD

Konrad Feilchenfeldt*, Dr. Phil.;
Germanist, Ludwig-Maximilians-
Universitat, Munich, Germany:

HEILBORN, ERNST; HEYMANN, WALTHER;
HEYSE, PAUL; LEONHARD, RUDOLF;
MEYER, RICHARD MORITZ; NEUMANN,
ALFRED; WALDEN, HERWARTH

Gil Feiler*, Ph.D.; Senior
Researcher, Besa Center, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: boycott,

ARAB

Isaac M. Fein, Ph.D.; Emeritus
Professor of Jewish History,
Baltimore Hebrew College: cohen;

ETTING; REHINE, ZALMA

Anat Feinberg*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Hochschule fur Jiidische Studien,
Heidelberg, Germany: adelman, uri;

ALMOG, RUTH; ALTERMAN, NATHAN;
AMIR, ELI; AVIGUR-ROTEM, GABRIELA;
BALLAS, SHIMON; BARTOV, HANOCH;
BAR-YOSEF, YEHOSHUA; BE'ER, HAIM;
BEJERANO, MAYA; BEN-NER, YITZHAK;
BERNSTEIN, ORI; BIRSTEIN, YOSSEL;
CASTEL-BLOOM, ORLY; DOR, MOSHE;
EYTAN, RACHEL; GELDMAN, MORDECHAI;
GUR, BATYA; HAREVEN, SHULAMITH;
HEBREW LITERATURE, MODERN; HENDEL,
YEHUDIT; HOFFMANN, YOEL; JERUSALEM;
KAHANA-CARMON, AMALIA; KANIUK,
YORAM; KATZIR, JUDITH; KENAN, AMOS;

KENAZ, YEHOSHUA; KERET, ETGAR;
LAOR, YITZHAK; LAPID, SHULAMIT;
LIEBRECHT, SAVYON; MATALON, RONIT;
MEGGED, AHARON; MISHOL, AGI; OREN,
RAM; ORLEV, URI; PAGIS, DAN; PINCAS,
ISRAEL; RAAB, ESTHER; RAVIKOVITCH,
DALIA; REICH, ASHER; SADEH, PINHAS;
SENED, ALEXANDER; SERI, DAN BENAYA;
SHABTAI, AHARON; SHAHAM, NATHAN;
SHAHAR, DAVID; SHALEV, MEIR; SHALEV,
ZERUYA; SHIMONI, YOUVAL; SIVAN,
ARYEH; SOMECK, RONNY; TAMMUZ,
BENJAMIN; TSALKA, DAN; WIESELTIER,
MEIR; YONATHAN, NATHAN; ZACH,
NATHAN

Lynn Claire Feinberg*, Historian
of Religion, Jewish Museum of
Oslo, Norway: benkow, jo; eitinger,

LEO S.; NORWAY; OSLO; SCANDINAVIAN
LITERATURE; WERGELAND, HENRIK
ARNOLD

Nathan Feinberg, Dr.Jur.; Emeritus
Professor of International Law, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

BERNHEIM PETITION; BLIOKH, IVAN
STANISLAVOVICH; COMITE DES
DELEGATIONS JUIVES; LEAGUE OF
NATIONS; STREICHER, JULIUS; STUERMER,
DER

Shmuel Feiner*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Modern Jewish History, Bar-
Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

MENDELSSOHN, MOSES

Henry L. Feingold, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor of Americana
and Diplomatica and American
Jewish History, the Bernard Baruch
College of the City University of
New York: Mcdonald, james grover;

NIXON, RICHARD MILHAUS; ROOSEVELT,
FRANKLIN DELANO; TRUMAN, HARRY S.

Edward Fein stein*, M. A., Rabbi;
Rabbi, Valley Beth Shalom, Encino,
California; Instructor, University of
Judaism, Los Angeles, California:

SCHULWEIS, HAROLD MAURICE

Stephen C. Feinstein*, Ph.D.;
Director, Center for Holocaust
and Genocide Studies, University
of Minnesota: eisenman, peter;

HOLOCAUST; MEIER, RICHARD; POLSHEK,
JAMES; TIGERMAN, STANLEY

Moshe M. Felber, Ministry of
Finance, Jerusalem

Marjorie N. Feld*, Ph.D., Assistant
Professor of History, Babson

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

77

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

College, Massachusetts: settlement

HOUSES

Michael Feldberg*, Ph.D.;
Researcher, American Jewish
Historical Society, New York:

BRESLAU, ISADORE

Meyer S. Feldblum, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Associate Professor of Rabbinics,
Yeshiva University, New York: weiss,

ABRAHAM

Abraham J. Feldman, B.H.L.,
Rabbi; Hartford, Connecticut:

CONNECTICUT

David M. Feldman, D.H.L., Rabbi;

New York: chastity; omer ; onanism

Egal Feldman, Ph.D.; Professor of
History, Wisconsin State University,
Superior, Wisconsin: church,

CATHOLIC; PROTESTANTS

Eliyahu Feldman, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Jewish History, Tel
Aviv University: astrakhan; ataki;

AZERBAIJAN; BACAU; BAKHCHISARAI;
BALLY, DAVICION; BARASCH, JULIUS;
BARLAD; BECK, MORITZ; BELGOROD-
DNESTROVSKI; BELTSY; BENDERY;
BESSARABIA; BOJAN; BOTOSANI; BRAILA;
BRICEVA; BRICHANY; BROCINER, JOSEPH;
BUCHAREST; BUHUSI; BURDUJENI; BUZAU;
DOMBROVENI; EMANUEL; GRUNWALD,
MAX; IZMAIL; KALARASH; KAUSHANY;
KHOTIN; KILIYA; KOTOVSKOYE; LEOVO;
LIPKANY; MARCULESTI; NOVOSELITSA;
ORGEYEV; REZINA; RYSHKANY;
SEKIRYANY; SOROKI; TELENESHTY; VAD
RASHKOV; YEDINTSY; ZGURITSA

Gerald D. Feldman*, Ph.D.;
Professor of History, University
of California, at Berkeley:

GOLDSCHMIDT, JAKOB

Leon A. Feldman, Ph.D., D.H.L.,
Rabbi; Professor of Hebraic Studies,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick,
New Jersey: nissim ben reuben

GERONDI; TAMAKH, ABRAHAM BEN
ISAAC HA-LEVI

Louis Harry Feldman, Ph.D.;
Professor of Classics, Yeshiva
University, New York: antigonus

OF CARYSTUS; BEROSUS; BLOCH,
HERBERT; CAPLAN, HARRY; CENSORINUS;
HELLADIUS OF ANTINOUPOLIS;
HELLENISM; HORACE, QUINTUS
HORATIUS FLACCUS; ITINERARIUM
ANTONINI; JUVENAL; LEVY, HARRY

LOUIS; LOWE, ELIAS AVERY; LUCIAN OF
SAMOSATA; MARCUS, RALPH; OROSIUS,
PAULUS; THRASYLLUS OF MENDES;
TRAUBE, LUDWIG; VIRGIL; VITRUVIUS,
POLLO

Mark B. Feldman*, A.B., L.L.B.;
Attorney, Garvey Schubert Barer,
Washington, D.C.: feith, douglas j.

Myer Feldman, B.A., B.S., LL.B.;
Attorney, Washington, D. C:

KENNEDY, JOHN FITZGERALD

Seymour Feldman*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Philosophy, Emeritus,

Rutgers University, New Jersey:

ARISTOTLE; COSMOLOGY; CREATION AND
COSMOGONY

Yael S. Feldman*, Ph.D.;
Abraham I. Katsch Professor of
Hebrew Culture and Professor of
Comparative Literature and Gender
Studies, New York University, New
York: ben yehuda, netiva

Jehuda Feliks, Ph.D.; Professor of
Botany, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan: aaron ben samuel; acacia;

AGRICULTURAL LAND-MANAGEMENT
METHODS AND IMPLEMENTS IN ANCIENT
EREZ ISRAEL; AGRICULTURE; ALGUM;
ALMOND; ANIMALS OF THE BIBLE AND
TALMUD; ANT; ANTELOPE; APE; APPLE;
ASS; BALSAM; BARLEY; BAT; BAY TREE;
BDELLIUM; BEANS; BEAR; BEE; BEET;
BEHEMOTH; BITTERN; BOX; BROOM;
BUFFALO; BURNING BUSH; BUZZARD;
CABBAGE; CALAMUS, SWEET; CAMEL;
CAPER; CAROB; CASTOR-OIL PLANT;
CAT; CATTLE; CEDAR; CENTIPEDE;
CHAMELEON; CHICKEN; CINNAMON;
CORAL; CORIANDER; COTTON;
CRANE; CRIMSON WORM; CROCODILE;
CUCUMBER; CUMIN; CYPRESS; DEER;
DIETARY LAWS; DOG; DOVE; DYE PLANTS;
EAGLE; EBONY; ELEPHANT; ETROG;
EVOLUTION; FENNEL; FIG; FIVE SPECIES;
FLAX; FLEA; FLOWERS; FLY; FODDER;
FOX; FRANKINCENSE; FROG; GALBANUM;
GARLIC; GAZELLE; GECKO; GNAT; GOAT;
GOOSE; GOURD; GRASSHOPPER; GULL;
HARE; HAWK; HEMLOCK; HEMP; HENNA;
HERBS, MEDICINAL; HOOPOE; HORNET;
HORSE; HYENA; HYRAX; HYSSOP; IBEX;
INCENSE AND PERFUMES; ISRAEL, LAND
OF: FLORAN AND FAUNA; IVY; JACKAL;
JUJUBE; JUNIPER; KITE; LAUDANUM;
LEECH; LEEK; LEGUMES; LENTIL;
LEOPARD; LETTUCE; LEVIATHAN; LION;
LIZARD; LOCUST; LOUSE; MALLOW;
MANDRAKE; MANNA; MAROR; MELON;
MILLET; MIXED SPECIES; MOLE;

MONITOR; MOTH; MOUSE; MULBERRY;
MULE; MUSHROOMS; MUSTARD; MYRRH;
MYRTLE; NIGHTINGALE; NUT; OAK;
OLEANDER; OLIVE; ONAGER; ONION;
ONYCHA; ORACH; OSTRICH; OWL; PALM;
PAPYRUS; PARTRIDGE; PEACH; PEACOCK;
PEAR; PELICAN; PEPPER; PHEASANT;
PHOENIX; PIG; PINE; PISTACHIO; PLANE
TREE; PLUM; POMEGRANATE; POPLAR;
QUAIL; QUINCE; RADISH; RAT; RAVEN;
REED; RICE; ROCKET; ROSE; SAFFRON;
SCORPION; SHEEP; SILK; SKINK; SNAKE;
SOAP; SORGHUM; SPARROW; SPICES;
SPIDER; SPIKENARD; SQUILL; STORAX;
STORK; SUMAC; SWIFT; SYCAMORE;
TAHASH; TAMARISK; TARES; TEKHELET;
TEREBINTH; THISTLES AND THORNS;
TORTOISE; TRAGACANTH; TURTLE DOVE;
VEGETABLES; VINE; VULTURES; WEEDS;
WHEAT; WILD BULL; WILLOW; WOLF;
WORM; WORMWOOD

Abraham Feller, Journalist, Tel

Aviv: BALTAZAR, CAMIL; CALUGARU,
ION; DAN, SERGIU; DORIAN, EMIL;
FURTUNA, ENRIC; FURTUNA, ENRIC;
GRAUR, CONSTANTIN; LAVI, THEODOR;
LAZAREANU, BARBU; LUDO, ISAC
IACOVITZ; NEMTEANU, BARBU; PELTZ,
ISAC; RELGIS, EUGEN; SAINEANU, LAZAR;
STEUERMAN, ADOLF RODION; ZISSU,
ABRAHAM LEIB

Abraham Fellman, F.A.C.C.A.,
C.P.A.; Accountant, Tel Aviv:

FREEMASONS

Sarah B. Felsen*, Ph.D. (German
Lit.); University of California, at
Berkeley: liessin, Abraham; shomer

Vivian Felsen*, M.A., L.L.B.;
Translator, Toronto, Canada: berger,

LILI; MEDRES, ISRAEL JONAH; SHULNER,
DORA

John Felsteiner, Ph.D.; Professor
of English, Stanford University,
Stanford, California

Mary Lowenthal Felsteiner, Ph.D.;
Professor of History, San Francisco
State University, San Francisco:

BRUNNER, ALOIS

Paul (B.) Fenton*, Ph.D.;
Ambassador (retired), Professor,
Director of Jewish Studies,
Universite de Paris- Sorbonne:

ABRAHAM BEN MOSES BEN MAIMON

Bonny V. Fetterman*, B.A., M.A.;
Literary Editor, Reform Judaism
Magazine, New York: wiesel, elie

78

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Bernd Feuchtner*, Dr.Phil.;
Publicist, Berlin, Germany: barshai,

RUDOLF

Leon I. Feuer, Rabbi; Toledo,
Ohio

Robert E. Fierstien*, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Temple Beth Or, Brick, New Jersey:

RABBINICAL ASSEMBLY

Louis Filler, Ph.D.; Professor of
American Civilization, Antioch
College, Yellow Springs, Ohio:

HOFSTADTER, RICHARD

Leon Fine*, B.A.; Attorney, Tel

Aviv: AVI-YITZHAK, DAN; BEINISCH,
DORIT; BEN-ISRAEL, RUTH; BERENSON
ZVI; COHEN, SHLOMO; ENGLARD,
YITZHAK; HESHIN, SHNEUR ZALMAN;
MAZUZ, MENI; ZAMIR, ITZHAK

Irving Fineman, B.S.; Author,
Shaftsbury, Vermont: rosten, leo

CALVIN

Uzi Finerman, Member of the
Knesset, Kefar Yehezkel: moshav or

MOSHAV OVEDIM; MOSHAV SHITTUFI

Israel Finestein, M.A., Q.C.;
Barrister, London: cohen, Lionel

LEONARD, BARON; GOODHART, ARTHUR
LEHMAN; HEILBRON, DAME ROSE; JESSEL,
SIR GEORGE; KARMINSKI, SIR SEYMOUR
EDWARD; LAUTERPACHT, SIR HERSCH;
SALMON, CYRIL BARNET, BARON

Dan Fink*: idaho

Haim Finkelstein*, Ph.D.; Ben-
Gurion University of the Negev,
Beersheba: art: modern erez Israel;

ISRAEL, STATE OF: CULTURAL LIFE

Israel Finkelstein*, Ph.D.;
Professor, Institute of Archaeology,
Tel Aviv University: megiddo

Jacob Finkelstein, Ph.D.; Professor
of Assyriology and Babylonian
Literature, Yale University, New
Haven, Connecticut: Mesopotamia

Norman Finkelstein*, Ph.D.;
Professor of English, Xavier
University, Cincinnati: op pen,

GEORGE; REZNIKOFF, CHARLES; UNITED
STATES LITERATURE

Gerald Finkielsztejn*, Ph.D.;
Senior Archaeologist of the Israel
Antiquities Authority, Jerusalem:

AGORANOMOS; ASINIUS POLLIO, GAIUS;
MARESHAH

Jordan Finkin*, Ph.D.; University
of California, Berkeley: liessin,

ABRAHAM; SHOMER

Bert Fireman, B.A.; Lecturer in
Arizona History, Arizona State
University, Tempe: Arizona

Harold Harel Fisch, B. Litt.;
Professor of English and former
Rector, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat

Gan: blake, william; chaucer,

GEOFFREY; CUMBERLAND, RICHARD;
DICKENS, CHARLES; DISRAELI, BENJAMIN,
EARL OF BEACONSFIELD; DTSRAELI,
ISAAC; ELIOT, GEORGE; ENGLISH
LITERATURE; HA-TENUAH LE-MAAN
EREZ ISRAEL HA-SHELEMAH; HENRIQUES;
KOESTLER, ARTHUR; MARLOWE,
CHRISTOPHER; MILTON, JOHN;
SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM; SCOTT, SIR
WALTER; TARN, NATHANIEL; ZANGWILL,
ISRAEL

Solomon Fisch, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Leeds: midrash ha-gadol

Henry Albert Fischel, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Professor of Near Eastern
Studies, Indiana University,
Bloomington: cynics and cynicism;

EPICUREANISM; GREEK AND LATIN
LANGUAGES, RABBINICAL KNOWLEDGE
OF; HELLENISM; STOICISM

Walter Joseph Fischel, Professor
of Judaic Studies and History, the
University of California, Santa Cruz:

AARON BEN AMRAM; ABENDANA, ISAAC
SARDO; ABRAHAM, SAMUEL; ABRAHAO,
COJE; AFGHANISTAN; AHMADNAGAR;
AHWAZ; AKBAR THE GREAT; AKLAR
MORDECAI BEN RAPHAEL; ALIBAG;
AMADIYA; ASHER, ISAIAH BEN MOSES
HA-LEVI; AZERBAIJAN; BAHRAIN;
BALKH; BENARES; BENE ISRAEL; BOMBAY;
BUCHANAN, CLAUDIUS; BURMA;
CALCUTTA; CALICUT; CASTRO; CEYLON;
CHENNAMANGALAM; CRANGANORE;
DAMAVAND; DAVID D'BETH HILLEL;
DIVEKAR, SAMUEL EZEKIEL; ELEAZAR
BEN JACOB HA-BAVLI; ERNAKULAM;
FEINSTEIN, HAYYIM JACOB HA-KOHEN;
FONSECA, ALVARO DA; GAMA, GASPAR
DA; GOA; HACOHEN, RAPHAEL HAYYIM;
HAKHAM, SIMON; HALLEGUA; HORMUZ;
ISFAHAN; JADlD AL-ISLAM; JOSEPH
MAMAN AL-MAGHRIBI; JUDEO-PERSIAN;
KASHMIR; KEHIMKAR, HAYIM SAMUEL;
KHURASAN; KODER, SAMUEL SHABDAI;
KORNFELD, JOSEPH SAUL; LAR; LESLAU,

WOLF; MADRAS; MELAMED, RAHAMIM
REUVEN; MELAMED, SIMAN TOV; MERV;
MOSES, MARCUS; NAJlB AL-DAWLA;
NATHAN, MULLA IBRAHIM; NAVARRO,
ABRAHAM; NEUMARK, EPHRAIM;
NISHAPUR; ORTA, GARCIA DE; PAIVA,
JACQUES; PAKISTAN; PERSIA; POLAK,
JACOB EDUARD; POONA; POPPER,
WILLIAM; RAHABI, EZEKIEL; RAJPURKAR,
JOSEPH EZEKIEL; REINMANN, SALOMON;
RIZAIEH; RODRIGUES, BARTHOLOMEW;
ROTENBURG; SAD AL-DAWLA AL-SAFl
IBN HIBBATALLAH; SANANDAJ; SARMAD,
MUHAMMAD SAID; SASSOON; SHIRAZ;
SOLOMON BEN SAMUEL; TABRIZ;
TAVUS, JACOB BEN JOSEPH; TEHERAN;
TRANSOXIANA; WOLFF, JOSEPH; YAHUDI,
YUSUF; YEZD

Jens Malte Fischer*, Ph.D.;
Professor, Ludwig-Maximilians-
Universitat, Munich, Germany:

JESSNER, LEOPOLD; KORTNER, FRITZ;
PALLENBERG, MAX; SONNENTHAL, ADOLF
RITTER VON

Jerome E. Fischer*, M.A.; Executive
Director, Jewish Federation of
Eastern Connecticut, New London,
Connecticut: new London

Yona Fischer, Curator of
Contemporary Art, the Israel
Museum, Jerusalem: aschheim,

ISIDOR; FEIGIN, DOV; HABER, SHAMAI;
KRAKAUER, LEOPOLD; LEVANON,
MORDECAI; PALDI, ISRAEL; PALOMBO,
DAVID; SCULPTURE; SHEMI, MENAHEM;
STEMATSKY, AVIGDOR; ZARITSKI, YOSEF

Ephraim Fischoff, D.S.Sc,
Rabbi; Professor of Sociology,
Wisconsin State University, Eau
Claire: benedikt, moritz; bidney,

DAVID; BOAS, FRANZ; BOGORAZ,
VLADIMIR GERMANOVICH; BURCHARDT,
HERMANN; ELKIN, ADOLPHUS PETER;
FISHBERG, MAURICE; FORTES, MEYER;
FRIED, MORTON HERBERT; GLUCKMAN,
MAX; GOLDENWEISER, ALEXANDER
ALEXANDROVICH; HALBWACHS,
MAURICE; HENRY, JULES; JOCHELSON,
VLADIMIR; KARDINER, ABRAM; LANDES,
RUTH; LEVIN, MAKSIM GRIGORYEVICH;
LEVI-STRAUSS, CLAUDE; LEVY-BRUHL,
LUCIEN; LEWIS, OSCAR; LOWIE,
ROBERT HARRY; LUSCHAN, FELIX VON;
MANDELBAUM, DAVID GOODMAN; MAUSS,
MARCEL; MONTAGU, MONTAGUE FRANCIS
ASHLEY; MUNKACSI, BERNAT; NADEL,
SIEGFRED FERDINAND STEPHAN; OPLER,
MARVIN KAUFMANN; OPLER, MORRIS
EDWARD; OPPERT, GUSTAV SALOMON;
OPPERT, JULES JULIUS; OSCHINSKY,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

79

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

LAWRENCE; RADIN, PAUL; ROHEIM, GEZA;
SAPIR, EDWARD; SCHAPERA, ISAAC;
SELIGMAN, CHARLES GABRIEL; SHAPIRO,
HARRY LIONEL; SINGER, MILTON B;
SPIER, LESLIE; SPIRO, MELFORD ELLIOT;
SPOEHR, ALEXANDER; STERNBERG, LEV
YAKOVLEVICH; SWADESH, MORRIS;
TAX, SOL; TITIEV, MISCHA; VAMBERY,
ARMINIUS; WEIDENREICH, FRANZ;
WEISSENBERG, SAMUEL ABRAMOVICH;
ZOLLSCHAN, IGNAZ

Michael Fishbane, M.A.; Instructor
in Hebrew and of Biblical Studies,
Brandeis University, Waltham,
Massachusetts: ark of noah; copper

SERPENT, THE; JAVAN; LAMECH; SERAPH

Eugene J. (Joseph) Fisher*, Ph.D.;
Associate Director, Secretariat for
Ecumenical and Interreligious
Affairs, U.S. Conference of Catholic
Bishops, Washington, D.C.: john

PAUL II

Aleisa Fishman*, Ph.D.;
Editorial Coordinator, Academic
Publications, United States
Holocaust Museum, Washington,

D.C.: BRENNER, ROSE; SPIEGEL, DORA

Donna Fishman*, M.A., B H.L.;
Executive Director, Gildas Club
Westchester, New York: gillman, neil

Robert (J.) Fishman*, M.A.,
M.S.W.; Executive Director,
Jewish Federation Association of
Connecticut, Hartford, Connecticut:

CONNECTICUT

Sylvia Barack Fishman, Ph.D.; Asst.
Prof, of Jewish Studies, Brandeis
University, Waltham, Massachusetts:

GORNICK, VIVIAN; RICH, ADRIENNE;
ROTH, PHILIP MILTON

Artur Fiszer, B.A.; Researcher,

Jerusalem: moment, der ; press

Gila Flam*, Ph.D.; Director of
Music, National Library, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ADLER, ISRAEL; ALDEMA, GIL; ARGOV,
ALEXANDER; AVENARY, HANOCH; BARNEA,
EZRA; BEREGOVSKI, MOSHE; BOSCOVITCH,
ALEXANDER URIYAH; BRAUN, YEHEZKIEL;
CHASINS, ABRAHAM; DA-OZ, RAM; GILBOA,
JACOB; HERZOG, GEORGE; HESKES, IRENE;
IDELSOHN, ABRAHAM ZVI; ISRAEL, STATE
OF: CULTURAL LIFE; JACOBI, HANOCH;
LACHMANN, ROBERT; MIRON, ISSACHAR;
MUSIC; NOY, MEIR; RUBIN, RUTH; SHEMER,
NAOMI

Dov Shmuel Flattau (Plato), Dr.

Phil., Rabbi; Encyclopaedia Judaica
(Germany); Teacher and scholar, Tel

Aviv: ANGELS AND ANGELOLOGY

Ezra Fleischer, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Hebrew Literature, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

KRAUSS, FRIEDRICH SALAMO; PHINEHAS
BEN JACOB HA-KOHEN; PIYYUT;
SCHIRMANN, JEFIM; SIMEON BEN MEGAS
HA-KOHEN; SOLOMON BEN JUDAH HA-
BAVLI; YOZEROT

Eugene Jacob Fleischmann,

Ph.D.; Maitre de Recherche au
Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique, Paris: weil, eric

Lazar Fleishman, Ph.D.;
Senior Lecturer, Department of
Russian Studies, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: belinkov,

ARKADIIVIKTOROVICH

Daniel (E.) Fleming*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Assyriology and
Hebrew Bible, New York University:

EMAR

Heinrich Flesch, Ph.D., Rabbi;

Encyclopaedia Judaica (Germany);
Czechoslovakia: oppenheim;

OPPENHEIM, BEER BEN ISAAC;
OPPENHEIM, DAVID BEN ABRAHAM

Rachel Floersheim, Ph.D.; New
York: kuznets, simon

David Flusser, Ph.D.; Professor of
Comparative Religion, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Abraham,

TESTAMENT OF; APOCALYPSE; DAVID;
ENOCH; GNOSTICISM; ISAIAH, ASCENSION
OF; JEROME; JESUS; JOSIPPON; KLAUSNER,
JOSEPH GEDALIAH; LEVI, TESTAMENT OF;
MASTEMA; MELITO OF SARDIS; MIDRASH
VA-YISSA'U; MOSKONI, JUDAH LEON
BEN MOSES; NAPHTALI, TESTAMENT
OF; PATRIARCHS, TESTAMENTS OF THE
TWELVE; PAUL OF TARSUS; REDEMPTION;
SEVENTY SHEPHERDS, VISION OF; SMITH,
MORTON; SOLOVIEV, VLADIMIR; SON OF
MAN; VISIONS; WENDLAND, PAUL

Yeshayahu Foerder, Dr.Phil.;
Chairman of the Board of Directors,
Bank Leumi le- Israel, Tel Aviv:

HOOFIEN, ELIEZER SIGFRIED

Eva Fogelman*, Ph.D.; Social and
Personality Psychology, Co-Director
Psychotherapy with Generations of
the Holocaust and Related Traumas

Training Program, Training Institute
for Mental Health, New York:

HOLOCAUST

Jerome D. Folkman, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Adjunct Professor of Sociology,
Ohio State University, Columbus

Resianne Fontaine*, Ph.D.;
Lecturer in the Department
of Hebrew and Jewish Studies,
Universiteit van Amsterdam, The
Netherlands: ibn daud, Abraham ben

DAVID HALEVI; MATKAH, JUDAH BEN
SOLOMON HA-KOHEN

Linda (B.) Forgosh*, B.A., M.A.;
Curator and Outreach Director,
Jewish Historical Society of Metro
West, New Jersey: essex county;

MORRIS AND SUSSEX COUNTIES

Morris D. Forkosch, Ph.D., J.S.D.;
Professor of Law, Brooklyn Law
School; Professor of Economics,
New School for Social Research,
New York: sobeloff, simon ernest

Ira (N.) Forman*, B.A., M.B.A.;
Executive Director, National Jewish
Democratic Council, and the
Solomon Project, Washington, D.C.:

CARTER, JIMMY; CLINTON, WILLIAM
JEFFERSON; POLITICS

Umberto Fortis*; Professor,
Biblioteca Archivio Renato Maestro
Comunita Ebraica di Venezia:

VENICE

Everett Fox*, Ph.D.; Allen M. Glick,
Professor of Judaic and Biblical
Studies, Clark University, Newton,
Massachusetts: bible

Marvin Fox, Ph.D., Rabbi; Professor
of Philosophy, Ohio State University,
Columbus: freedom; god-, god,

NAMES OF

Michael V. Fox*, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Hebrew, University of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee: agur son

OF JAKEH; BOOKS OF THE CHRONICLES
OF THE KINGS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL;
ECCLESIASTES or QOHELET; LEMUEL;
MOSES, BLESSING OF; NOTH, MARTIN;
SEA, SONG OF THE

Nili S. Fox*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Bible, Hebrew Union
College-Jewish Institute of
Religion, Cincinnati, Ohio: numbers,

BOOK OF

80

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Abraham H. Foxman, J.D.; Anti-
Defamation League of B'nai B rith,
New York: vilna

Joseph M. Foxman, Research
Associate, YIVO Institute for Jewish
Research, New York: koldychevo

CAMP

Abraham Halevy Fraenkel,

Dr. Phil.; Emeritus Professor of
Mathematics, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: bornstein, hayyim

JEHIEL

Carlos Fraenkel*, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor, McGill University,
Montreal, Canada: spinoza, baruch

DE

Jona Fraenkel, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
Hebrew Literature and in Talmud,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

RASHI

Josef Fraenkel, Journalist,

London: chamberlain, Joseph;

COHEN, ISRAEL; DUGDALE, BLANCHE
ELIZABETH CAMPBELL; EHRLICH, JACOB;
FRIEDMANN, DESIDER; GOLDBLOOM,
JACOB KOPPEL; GOODMAN, PAUL;
JEWISH CHRONICLE; JEWISH WORLD;
PRESS; SONNENSCHEIN, ROSA;
STEINBERG, AARON; STRICKER, ROBERT;
WELT, DIE

Vadim (E.) Fraifeld*, M.D., Ph.D.;
Senior Research Scientist, Ben-
Gurion University of the Negev,
Beersheba: frolkis, vladimir

VENIAMINOVICH

Jerold C. (Coleman) Frakes*,

Ph.D.; Professor of German and
Comparative Literature, University
of Southern California: bove-

BUKH; BRESCH, JUDAH LOEB BEN
MOSES NAPHTALI; BRIYO VE-ZIMRO;
BRODERZON, MOYSHE; CAMBRIDGE
YIDDISH CODEX; FEINBERG, LEON;
GOLDBERG, ABRAHAM; GOLDBERG, BEN
ZION; GUTMAN, CHAIM; HAIMOWITZ,
MORRIS JONAH; HARSHAV, BENJAMIN;
HERMAN, DAVID; JUSTMAN, MOSHE
BUNEM; KATZ, ALEPH; KI-BUKH; KRANTZ,
PHILIP; LANDAU, ZISHE; LEHRER,
LEIBUSH; LEV, ABRAHAM; LITERATURE,
JEWISH; MARMOR, KALMAN; MELOKHIM-
BUKH; MENDELSON, JOSE; ORNSTEIN,
LEO; PARIZ UN VIENE; RAVITCH,
MELECH; SAPHIRE, SAUL; SCHNAPPER,
BER; SHEKHTMAN, ELYE; SHMUEL-BUKH;
SIMON, SHLOME; TABACHNIK, ABRAHAM
BER; TKATCH, MEIR ZIML; TOLUSH;

TSANIN, MORDKHE; VIDVILT; WELNER,
PINCHES; YOFFE, MORDECAI

Federica Francesconi*, Ph.D.;
History, University of Haifa: ascoli,

GRAZIADIO ISAIA; BASEVI; BOLOGNA;
BOLZANO; BORGHI, LAMBERTO;
BOZZOLO; CANTONI, RAFFAELE;
CENTO; CONEGLIANO; CREMONA;
FAENZA; FINALE EMILIA; FINZI; FORLI;
FORMIGGINI, ANGELO FORTUNATO;
FRIZZI, BENEDETTO; GUASTALLA,
ENRICO; IMOLA; LATTES, DANTE; LODI;
MANTUA; MODENA; REGGIO EMILIA;
VENTURA, RUBINO

Israel Francus, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Associate Professor of Rabbinics,
the Jewish Theological Seminary
of America, New York: abramson,

SHRAGA

Moshe Zvi Frank, B.A.; LL.B.;
Journalist, Tel Aviv: biltmore

PROGRAM

Alex Frankel*: matlin, marlee

Giza Frankel, Ph.D.; the Ethno-
logical Museum, Haifa: paper-cuts

Jonathan Frankel*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Modern Jewish and Russian
History, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: "doctors' plot";

DAMASCUS AFFAIR

William Frankel, Former Editor of
the Jewish Chronicle, London

Norma Franklin*, Ph.D.;
Archaeologist, Tel Aviv University:

SAMARIA

Harry Freedman, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Caulfield, Victoria, Australia:

ACADEMY ON HIGH; AKIVA; ARK OF
THE COVENANT; BARNACLE GOOSE
MYTHS; DEATH, KISS OF; GELMAN,
MANUEL; HAVER IR; HISDA; ISHMAEL
BEN JOHANAN BEN BEROKA; JOSIAH;
LEVI; LEVI; MANI; MEGILLAT SETARIM;
PARAPET; PATRIARCHS, THE; SEA OF THE
TALMUD; SINAI, MOUNT; TRIBES, THE
TWELVE; YALTA

Shalom Freedman*, Ph.D.;
Freelance Writer, Jerusalem:

GREENBERG, IRVING; KAPLAN, ARYEH;
LAMM, NORMAN; TENDLER, MOSHE

ChaeRan Freeze*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of East European Jewish
History, Brandeis University,

Waltham, Massachusetts: shtetl;

WOMAN: EASTERN EUROPE

Harriet Pass Freidenreich*, Ph.D.;
Professor of History, Temple
University, Philadelphia: cohen,

ELIZABETH D. A. MAGNUS; COSER, ROSE
LAUB; DENMARK, FLORENCE LEVIN;
FRANKENTHAL, KATE; HELLMAN,
CLARISSE DORIS; HYDE, IDA HENRIETTA;
HYMAN, LIBBIE HENRIETTA; JACOBSON,
ANNA; KAUFMAN, JOYCE JACOBSON;
KRIM, MATHILDE; LEICHTER, KAETHE
PICK; MARCUS, RUTH BARCAN;
PEIXOTTO, JESSICA BLANCHE; PEIXOTTO,
JUDITH SALZEDO; RICHTER, ELISE;
SCHWARTZ, ANNA JACOBSON; WEINBERG,
GLADYS DAVIDSON; WOLFF, CHARLOTTE

Jacob Freimann, Dr.Phil., Rabbi;
Lecturer in Rabbinics and Jewish
History, the Berlin Rabbinical
Seminary: abba mari ben moses ben

JOSEPH ASTRUC OF LUNEL; ABRAHAM
BEN SAMUEL HE-HASID; ISAAC BEN NOAH
KOHEN SHAPIRA

Paul Freireich, M.S.; Journalist,

New York: kramer, Stanley e.

Gad Freudenthal*: zamosc, Israel

BEN MOSES HA-LEVI

Jonathan (G.) Freund*, M.A. Ed.;
Program Director, Board of Rabbis
of Southern California, Los Angeles:

NEUMANN, EMANUEL

Paul A. Freund, S.J.D.; Professor
of Law, Harvard University,

Cambridge, Massachusetts:

BRANDEIS, LOUIS DEMBITZ;
FRANKFURTER, FELIX

Richard Freund*, Ph.D.; Director
and Professor, Maurice Greenberg
Center for Judaic Studies, University
of Hartford, Connecticut: siegel,

SEYMOUR

George H. Fried, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Biology, Brooklyn
College of the City University
of New York: bernstein, julius;

BRONOWSKI, JACOB; COHN, FERDINAND
JULIUS; EMBDEN, GUSTAV; HABERLANDT,
GOTTLIEB; KATZ, SIR BERNARD; MULLER,
HERMAN JOSEPH; PINCUS, GREGORY
GOODWIN; SALAMAN; SALAMAN,
REDCLIFFE NATHAN; WALD, GEORGE

Lewis (Frederick) Fried*, Ph.D.;
Professor, Kent State University,

Ohio: AUSTER, PAUL; bukiet,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

81

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

MELVIN JULES; CALISHER, HORTENSE;
DOCTOROW, EDGAR LAWRENCE;
EPSTEIN, LESLIE; FADIMAN, CLIFTON;
FAST, HOWARD MELVIN; FELDMAN,
IRVING; GOLD, HERBERT; GOLDSTEIN,
REBECCA; GOODMAN, ALLEGRA; GREEN,
GERALD; GROSSMAN, ALLEN; HARRIS,
MARK; HELLER, JOSEPH; HELLMAN,
LILLIAN; HOWE, IRVING; IGNATOW,
DAVID; KAZIN, ALFRED; KUNITZ,
STANLEY JASSPON; LEVIANT, CURT;
MAILER, NORMAN; MALAMUD, BERNARD;
NEMEROV, HOWARD; NISSENSON, HUGH;
PROSE, FRANCINE; RICH, ADRIENNE;
ROTH, PHILIP MILTON; SALINGER,
JEROME DAVID; SONTAG, SUSAN; STERN,
STEVE; UNITED STATES LITERATURE;
WALLANT, EDWARD LEWIS; YEZIERSKA,
ANZIA

Nathan Fried, Rabbi; Bene-Berak:

SUSAN, ISSACHAR BEN MORDECAI

Lillian A. Friedberg, M.A.; Former
Executive Director of the Jewish
Community Relations Council
of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania:

PITTSBURGH

Maurice Friedberg, Ph.D.;
Professor of Slavic Languages and
Literature and Director of the
Russian and East European Institute,
Indiana University, Bloomington:

ADMONI, VLADIMIR GRIGORYEVICH;
AIKHENVALD YULI ISAYEVICH; AIZMAN,
DAVID YAKOLEVICH; ALDANOV, MARK;
AVERBAKH, LEOPOLD LEONIDOVICH;
BABEL, ISAAC EMMANUILOVICH;
BAGRITSKI, EDUARD GEORGIYEVICH;
BILL-BELOTSERKOVSKI, VLADIMIR
NAUMOVICH; BRODSKI, YOSIF;
BYADULYA-YASAKAR, ZMITROK;
CHERNY, SASHA; DANIEL, YULI
MARKOVICH; EHRENBURG, ILYA
GRIGORYEVICH; GERSHENZON,
MIKHAIL OSIPOVICH; GRANIN, DANIEL
ALEKSANDROVICH; GROSSMAN, VASILI
SEMYONOVICH; HAGAR; ILF, ILYA;
INBER, VERA MIKHAILOVNA; KASSIL,
LEV ABRAMOVICH; KAVERIN, BENJAMIN
ALEKSANDROVICH; KAZAKEVICH,
EMMANUIL GENRIKHOVICH;
KHODASEVICH, VLADISLAV
FELITSIANOVICH; KIRSANOV, SEMYON
ISAAKOVICH; KOROLENKO, VLADIMIR
GALAKTIONOVICH; KOZAKOV, MIKHAIL
EMMANUILOVICH; LIBEDINSKI, YURI
NIKOLAYEVICH; LIDIN, VLADIMIR
GERMANOVICH; MARSHAK, SAMUEL
YAKOVLEVICH; PASTERNAK, BORIS
LEONIDOVICH; RUSSIAN LITERATURE;
SELVINSKI, ILYA LVOVICH; SLONIMSKI,
MIKHAIL LEONIDOVICH; SLUTSKI,

BORIS ABRAMOVICH; TUR BROTHERS;
TYNYANOV, YURI NIKOLAYEVICH;
UTKIN, JOSEPH PAVLOVICH; WENGEROFF,
SEMYON AFANASYEVICH; YEVTUSHENKO,
YEVGENI ALEXANDROVICH

Ken Frieden*, Ph.D.; B.G. Rudolph
Professor of Judaic Studies, Syracuse
University: abramovitsh, sholem

YANKEV; PERETZ, ISAAC LEIB

Daniel M. Friedenberg, B.A.;
Curator of Coins and Medals,
the Jewish Museum, New York:

ARON; FURST, MORITZ; FURST, MORITZ;
GRILICHES, AVENIR; JUDIN, SAMUEL;
MEDALISTS; MINTMASTERS AND
MONEYERS; SIMON, JEAN HENRI; VINCZE,
PAUL; WIENER

Eric Lewis Friedland, Ph.D.;
Professor of Judaic Studies, Wright
State University, Antioch College,
University of Dayton, and United
Theological Seminary, Dayton,

Ohio: PRAYER BOOKS

Henry Friedlander* : euthanasia

Saul Friedlander, Dr.Phil.;
Professor of International Relations
and Contemporary History, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Ellen Friedman, New York:

BLUMENTHAL, WERNER MICHAEL;
BUNZEL, RUTH LEAH; ELKIND, ARKADI
DANIILOVICH; LOMBROSO, CESARE;
ZUCKERKANDL, EMIL

Isaiah Friedman*, Ph.D.; Professor
Emeritus of History, Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev, Beersheba:

AARONSOHN; BALFOUR DECLARATION;
HERZL, THEODOR; LANGUAGE WAR;
MORGENTHAU; OTTOMAN EMPIRE;
SYKES, SIR MARK; SYKES-PICOT
AGREEMENT; UGANDA SCHEME; ZIONISM

Jeanette Friedman*, B.A.; Editor-
in-Chief, The Wordsmithy; Editor,
Together, American Gathering of
Jewish Holocaust Survivors and
Their Descendants', Chairman, The
Brenn Institute, American Jewish
Press Association/Folksbiene
Yiddish Theater/Second Generation,
New Jersey: aaronsohn, moses;

ADAMS, THEODORE L.; AISH HATORAH;
AMERICAN GATHERING OF JEWISH
HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS; ARONOWITZ,
BENJAMIN; BARISHANSHKY, RAPHAEL;
BAUMOL, JOSHUA; BLEICH, J. DAVID;
BLOCH, CHAIM ISAAC; BLUESTONE,

JOSEPH ISAAC; BRILL, ISAAC LIPA;
BUERGENTHAL, THOMAS; CARDIN,
SHOSHANA SHOUBIN; CHARLOP, YECHIEL
MICHEL; CHAZAN, ELIYAHU SIMCHA;
KAMINETSKY JOSEPH; KENT, ROMAN
R.; MENDLOWITZ, SHRAGA FEIVEL;
SCHACHTER, HERSCHEL; SINGER, ISRAEL;
U.S. ARMY AND THE HOLOCAUST; YOUNG
ISRAEL, NATIONAL COUNCIL OF

Judith Friedman Rosen*, Ph.D.;
Historian, Graduate Center City
University of New York: holtzman,

ELIZABETH J.; KAYE, JUDITH S.; LOWEY,
NITA MELNIKOFF; UDIN, SOPHIE A.

Mark Friedman, Mhil.; Director
of Cultural Affairs, World Jewish
Congress, New York: Bronfman,

EDGAR MILES

Maurice Friedman, Ph.D.;
Professor of Religion, Temple
University, Philadelphia:

EXISTENTIALISM

Menachem Friedman*, Ph.D.;
Professor, Dept. of Sociology, Bar-
Ilan University, Ramat Gan: agudat

ISRAEL; BLAU, AMRAM; EZ HAYYIM;
KAHANA, KALMAN; LEVIN, YIZHAK MEIR;
MINZ, BENJAMIN; NETUREI KARTA

Mira Friedman, Ph.D.; Department
of History of Art, Tel Aviv
University; Curator, Tel Aviv
Museum: merzer, arieh

Murray Friedman*: commentary;

PODHORETZ, NORMAN

Reena Sigman Friedman*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of Modern
Jewish History, Reconstructionist
Rabbinical College, Wyncote,
Pennsylvania: orphan, orphanage

Richard Elliott Friedman*,

Th.D.; Katzin Professor of
Jewish Civilization, University of
California, San Diego: pentateuch

Shamma Friedman*, Ph.D.;
Benjamin and Minna Reeves
Professor of Talmud and Rabbinics,
Jewish Theological Seminary;
Professor, Department of Talmud,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

BAVA BATRA; BAVA KAMMA; BAVA MEZIA;
DIMITROVSKY, CHAIM ZALMAN

Theodore Friedman, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Jerusalem: gentile; isaiah;

ISRAEL, STATE OF: RELIGIOUS LIFE AND

82

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

COMMUNITIES; JOB, THE BOOK OF;
KEDUSHAH; KETUBBAH; LOANZ, ELIJAH
BEN MOSES; MAN, THE NATURE OF;
MORDECAI BEN HAYYIM OF EISENSTADT;
STUDY

Carrie Friedman-Cohen*, Lecturer,
Department for Yiddish Language
and Literature, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: auerbakh,

ROKHL; ZYCHLINSKA, RAJZEL

Yohanan Friedmann*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Islamic Studies, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ISLAM

Avyatar Friesel, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Jewish History, the University
of the Negev, Beersheba:

OESTERREICHISCHES CENTRAL-ORAGAN
FUER BLAUBENSFREIHEIT, CULTUR,
GESCHICHTE UND LITERATUR DER
JUDEN

Dov I. Frimer*, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor; Advocate and Attorney
at- law, Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: civil marriage

Hillel Frisch*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer, Political Science and
Middle Eastern History, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: gaza strip;

PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY

Tikva S. Frymer, M.A.; Associate
Professor of Near Eastern
Languages, Wayne State University,

Detroit: ARARAT; ARIEL; ASHERAH;
ASHTORETH; AVVIM; GROVES, SACRED;
HAZAEL; HONEY; HULDAH; HUSHAI THE
ARCHITE; MILK

Aharon Fuerst, Dr. Phil.; Historian,

Jerusalem: burgenland; einhorn,

IGNAZ; EISENSTADT, MEIR; EPHRAIM BEN
JACOB HA-KOHEN

Alexander Fuks, Ph.D.; Professor
of History and Classics, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

TCHERIKOVER, VICTOR

Daniel Furman, Jerusalem:

DUBROVNIK; SPLIT

Ben Furnish*, Ph.D.; Managing
Editor, University of Missouri:

ADLER, JACOB; PINSKI, DAVID

Abraham M. Fuss*, M.A., J.D.,
Ph.D.; Attorney, New York: shetar

Mordecai L. Gabriel, Ph.D.;
Professor of Biology, Brooklyn
College of the City University

of New York: aharoni, Israel;

ARTOM, CESARE; ASCHERSON, PAUL
FRIEDRICH AUGUST; ASKENASY, EUGEN;
BODENHEIMER, FREDERICK SIMON;
BRESSLAU, ERNST; ENRIQUES, PAOLO;
EZEKIEL, MOSES; GOLDSCHMIDT,
RICHARD BENEDICT; HAAS, FRITZ;
HAAS, GEORG; LEVI, GIUSEPPE; LURIA,
SALVADOR EDWARD; LWOFF, ANDRE
MICHEL; MAGNUS, PAUL WILHELM;
METCHNIKOFF, ELIE; RITTENBERG,
DAVID; SACHS, JULIUS; SEMON, RICHARD
WOLFGANG; SORAUER, PAUL KARL
MORITZ; STRASBURGER, EDUARD;
WIESNER, JULIUS VON

Edward Mc Glynn Gaffney
Jr.*, Ph.D.; Professor of Law,
Valparaiso University School of
Law, Valparaiso, Indiana: frankel,

MARVIN EARL; GREENE, HAROLD H.;
HELLERSTEIN, ALVIN K.

Isaiah Gafni, M.A.; Special Teacher
in Jewish History, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem; Assistant
in Jewish History, the University
of the Negev, Beersheba: adiabene;

ADMON BEN GADDAI; AGRIPPA, CAIUS
JULIUS; AGRIPPA, MARCUS VIPSANIUS;
AHASUERUS-XERXES; ALEXANDER
THE FALSE; ALEXANDER THE ZEALOT;
ALEXANDRIA; ALEXANDRIAN MARTYRS,
ACTS OF; ALEXAS; ANANIAS OF
ADIABENE; ANANIAS SON OF ZADOK;
ANILAEUS AND ASINAEUS; ANTIOCHUS;
APAMEA; ARADUS; ARDASHIR; AREIOS;
ARISTOBULUS; ARTEMION; ASARAMEL;
ASS WORSHIP; ATHRIBIS; ATHRONGES;
AUGUSTUS; AURUM CORONARIUM;
BACCHIDES; BANUS; BATHYRA; BEN
STADA; BEN-HADAD; BET GARMU;
BET ZERIFA; CALLISTHENES; CARIA;
CASSIUS LONGINUS; CHARES; CILICIA;
CLEOPATRA OF JERUSALEM; COELE-
SYRIA; COMMAGENE; COSTOBAR;
CYRENE; DORIS; DOROTHEUS; DRUSILLA;
EDESSA; ELEAZAR; EMPEROR WORSHIP;
ETHNARCH; FLAVIUS, CLEMENS; FULVIA;
GERUSIA; GLAPHYRA; GORGIAS; GREECE;
GYMNASIUM; HASMONEAN BET DIN;
HEZEKIAH, THE HIGH PRIEST; HIGH
PRIEST; JANUARIUS; JOSEPH BEN ELEM;
JOSHUA, SON OF SETH; JOSHUA BEN
PHABI; LAMPON AND ISIDOROS; LUCUAS;
LYSANIAS; MACEDONIA; MARSUS, C
VIBIUS; MATTATHIAS; MATTATHIAS
BEN SIMEON; MENAHEM THE ESSENE;
MERCURY; MILETUS; MUCIANUS,
CAIUS LICINIUS; NUMENIUS; OBEDAS;
OSROENE; PAMPHYLIA; PERGAMUM;

PHINEHAS; PHRYGIA; POLEMON II;
PTOLEMY; QUADRATUS, UMMIDIUS
CAIUS; QUINTILIUS VARUS; SALOME
ALEXANDRA; SCHALIT, ABRAHAM
CHAIM; SELEUCIA; SELEUCID ERA;
SELEUCUS IV PHILOPATOR; SEVERUS,
ALEXANDER; SILAS; SOSIUS, GAIUS; SYRIA;
THEODOSIUS; TOPARCHY; VENTIDIUS,
PUBLIUS; YANNAI, ALEXANDER; ZADOK
THE PHARISEE

Bernhard Gajek*, Dr.Phil,;
Professor Emeritus, University
of Regensburg, Germany: fulda,

LUDWIG

Michael Galchinsky*, Ph.D.;
Director of Program in Jewish
Studies, Georgia State University,
Georgia: gaer, felice d.

Israel Gal-Edd, B.A., A.C.I.S.;
Senior External Lecturer in
International Trade Relations, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem;
Former Director General, Ministry
of Development, Jerusalem:

CHEMICAL CRAFTS AND INDUSTRIES

James S. Galfund*, B.A.; Senior
Communications Manager, State
of Israel Bonds, Washington, D.C.:

BONDS, STATE OF ISRAEL

Israel Galili, Minister without
Portfolio, Kibbutz Na'an

Marie Claire Galperine, Ph.D.;
Charge de Recherches au
Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique, Paris

Eithan Galun*, M.D.; Professor of
Medicine, Sam and Ellie Fishman
Chair in Gene Therapy; Director,
Goldyne Savad Institute of Gene
Therapy, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem, Hadassah Hebrew
University Hospital: Aschner,

MANFRED

Riva Gambert* : Oakland

Denise Gamzon, Ph.D.; Instructor
in French Literature, Tel Aviv
University: scouting

Claude Gandelman, M.A.;
Jerusalem: ionesco, eugene;

STAROBINSKI, JEAN

Evelien Gans*, Ph.D.; Professor of
Modern Jewish History, University
of Amsterdam and Netherlands

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

S3

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Institute for War Documentation,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands: gans,

MOZES HEIMAN; KLEEREKOPER, ASSER
BENJAMIN; WIJNKOOP, DAVID

Bernard Dov Ganzel, Ph.D.;

Historian, New York: landsberg,

OTTO; LASKER, EDUARD

Salomon Gaon, Ph.D., Rabbi; Chief
Rabbi of the Spanish and Portuguese
Associated Congregations of the
British Commonwealth, London:

PRESS

Joseph Gar, Historian, Jerusalem:

KAUNAS; KELME; KRASLAVA; KRUSTPILS;
LATVIA; LEVIN-SHATZKES, YIZHAK;
LIEPAJA; LITHUANIA; MEISEL, NOAH;
MEMEL; MINTZ, PAUL; OVCHINSKI,
LEVI; PALANGA; PANEVEZYS; RASEINIAI;
REZEKNE; RIGA; SAMOGITIA; SCHATZ-
ANIN, MAX; VILKAVISKIS; ZARASAI

Jonathan Garb*, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

IDEL, MOSHE

Irene Garbell, Dr.Phil.; Associate
Professor of Semitic Linguistics, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

DALMAN, GUSTAF HERMANN; DURAN,
PROFIAT; GESENIUS, HEINRICH
FRIEDRICH WILHELM; GOOR, YEHUDAH

Morris W. Garber, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of History, Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New
Jersey: paterson

Zev Garber*, Ph.D.; Professor of
Jewish Studies, Los Angeles Valley
College: bate, julius; baudissin, wolf

WILHELM; BAUMGARTNER, WALTER;
BENTZEN, AAGE; BERTHOLET, ALFRED;
BLEEK, FRIEDRICH; COOK, STANLEY
ARTHUR; COOKE, GEORGE ALBERT;
CORNILL, CARL HEINRICH; CORNILL,
CARL HEINRICH; DILLMANN, AUGUST;
DUPONT-SOMMER, ANDRE; EERDMANS,
BERNARDUS DIRKS; FISHBANE, MICHAEL;
GUNKEL, HERMANN; HAUPT, PAUL;
HENGSTENBERG, ERNST WILHELM;
HUPFELD, HERMANN CHRISTIAN KARL;
JEREMIAS, ALFRED; KATZ, STEVEN T.;
KAUTZSCH, EMIL FRIEDRICH; KEIL, KARL
FRIEDRICH; KIRKPATRICK, ALEXANDER
FRANCIS; KITTEL, RUDOLF; KUGEL,
JAMES L.; LEHMANN-HAUPT, CARL
FRIEDRICH; LEVENSON, JON D.; MARTI,
KARL; MEINHOLD, JOHANNES FRIEDRICH;
MEYER, EDUARD; NOWACK, WILHELM
GUSTAV HERMANN; ORLINSKY, HARRY
MEYER; PARROT, ANDRE; PFEIFFER,

ROBERT HENRY; ROSENMUELLER, ERNST
FRIEDRICH KARL; ROWLEY, HAROLD
HENRY; RYSSEL, VICTOR; SCHAEFFER,
CLAUDE F. A.; SEGAL, MOSES HIRSCH;
SIEVERS, EDUARD; SMEND, RUDOLF;
SMITH, JOHN MERLIN POWIS; SMITH,
WILLIAM ROBERTSON; STEUERNAGEL,
CARL; THEODORE OF MOPSUESTIA;
TORREY, CHARLES CUTLER

Yosef Garfinkel*, Professor,
Archaeologist, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: shaar ha-

GOLAN

Leib Garfiinkel, M.A.; Attorney,

Jerusalem: yidishe shtime

Leah Garrett*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor, University of Denver: an-

SKI, S.; SHAPIRO, LAMED

Isaac Garti, B.A.; Teaching
Assistant in Italian Literature, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

BOCCACCIO, GIOVANNI

Lloyd P. Gartner, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of History, City College
of the City University of New

York: ADLER, SELIG; HASIDISM;
HISTORIOGRAPHY; HOROWITZ, AARON
JUDAH LOEB; INDUSTRIAL REMOVAL;
NEW YORK CITY; PEIXOTTO; SOCIALISM;
TRADE AND COMMERCE; UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA

John W. Gassner, M.A.; Professor of
Drama, Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut: gruenberg, louis

Theodor H. Gaster, Ph.D.; Professor
of Religion, Barnard College,
Columbia University, New York:

BEHEMOTH; BELIAL; DEEP, THE; DREAMS;
EARTH; HADAS, MOSES; HOST OF HEAVEN

Yehuda Gaulan, Advocate;
Ambassador, Ministry for Foreign
Affairs, Jerusalem: Finland

Daniel Gavron, Writer, Jerusalem:

ARAD

Miriam Gay, M.A., M.Sc; Senior
Teacher in Psychology, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan; Ministry
of Health, Tel Aviv: eissler, kurt r.;

REICH, WILHELM

David Geffen*, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Director of Information, Gesher

Institute, Jerusalem; Researcher
and Writer, Jerusalem: Atlanta;

BAHYA; EVANS, ELI; GEFFEN, TOBIAS;
HAMMER, ARMAND; REAGAN, RONALD
WILSON; SAFIRE, WILLIAM; SCRANTON;
WEINBERG, HARRY

Rela Mintz Geffen*, Ph.D.;
President and Professor of
Sociology, Hebrew, University
Baltimore, Maryland: aufrufen;

CANDLES; DIETARY LAWS; FAMILY,
AMERICAN JEWISH; HAKKAFOT; HAZZAN;
MARRIAGE; PASSOVER

Manfred Moshe Geis, Theater
Critic, Tel Aviv: gronemann, samuel

Ignace J. Gelb, Ph.D.; Professor
of Assyriology, the University of
Chicago: hittites

Saadia Gelb, M.A., Rabbi; Kibbutz
Kefar Blum: ihud habonim

•

Nathan Michael Gelber, Dr.Phil.;
Encyclopaedia Judaica (Germany);
Jerusalem: Abraham ben Israel of

BRODY; ALEKSANDER JAGIELLONCZYK;
ALLIANZ, ISRAELITISCHE, ZU WIEN;
ASKENAZY, SIMON; AUGUSTOW; AUSTRIA;
BARUCH BEN DAVID YAVAN; BEDZIN;
BELZ; BELZYCE; BENISCH, ABRAHAM;
BERGSON; BERLIN, CONGRESS OF;
BIALYSTOK; BOLEKHOV; BORISLAV; BREST-
LITOVSK; BRODY; BYDGOSZCZ; BYK,
EMIL; DROGOBYCH; EISENBAUM, ANTON;
GALICIA; HRUBIESZOW; INOWROCLAW;
JASLO; JOSELEWICZ, BEREK; KATZ,
ALBERT; OLESKO; OLIPHANT, LAURENCE;
OLKUSZ; OPOCZNO; OSTROLEKA;
OSTROWIEC; TARNOBRZEG; TARNOGROD;
TARNOW; WINNINGER, SOLOMON;
WODZISLAW; WOJDA, CAROL
FREDERICK

Arden J. Geldman, M.A.; Grants
Officer and Projects Administrator,
Joint Program for Jewish Education,
JAFI and WZO, Jerusalem: family,

AMERICAN JEWISH; UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA

Victor Geller*: besdin, morris j.

Yaacov Geller, M.A.; Research
Assistant in the Institute for
Research in the History and
Culture of Oriental Jewry, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: Istanbul;

OTTOMAN EMPIRE; PALACHE, HAYYIM

Edith B. Gelles*, Ph.D.; Senior
Scholar, Stanford University,
California: franks, bilhah Abigail

LEVY

8 4

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Dov Genachowski, B.A.; Journalist,
Former Senior Economist of the
Bank of Israel, Jerusalem: coins and

CURRENCY; SANBAR, MOSHE

Carol Gendler, M.A.; Instructor in
History, College of St. Mary, Omaha,
Nebraska: omaha ; rosewater,

EDWARD

Yehuda Gera, Dr.Jur.; Ministry
for Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem:

GOLDSTEIN, ANGELO; KAFKA, BRUNO
ALEXANDER

Daniel E. Gershenson, Ph.D.;
Acting Associate Professor
of Classics, the University
of California, Los Angeles:

LOGOS; POSIDONIUS; PYTHAGORAS;
THEOPHRASTUS OF ERESOS

Jonathan (M.) Gershoni*, Ph.D.;
Professor, Tel Aviv University:

FRANKLIN, ROSALIND ELSIE

Gershon K. Gershony, Theater
Critic, Jerusalem: gnessin, menahem;

GRANACH, ALEXANDER; GRANOVSKY,
ALEXANDER; SONNENTHAL, ADOLF
RITTER VON

Allan Gerson*, J.S.D., J.D., L.L.M.;
Attorney, AG International Law,
PLLC, Washington, D.C.: reagan,

RONALD WILSON

Edith Gerson-Kiwi, Dr.Phil.;
Associate Professor of
Ethnomusicology, Tel Aviv
University: kurdistan; kestenberg,

LEO; LACHMANN, ROBERT; VEPRIK,
ALEXANDER MOISEYEVITCH;
WEINBERG, JACOB; WELLESZ, EGON
JOSEPH

Dan Gerstenfeld*, M.A.; Business
Editor, Makor Rishon and Israeli
Newspapers, Jerusalem: akirov,

ALFRED; ALEXANDER, KOBI

Zev Gerstl*, Ph.D.; Institute Soil,
Water and Environmental Sciences,
Agricultural Research Organization
- Volcani Center, Beit Dagan, Israel:

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Elmer Gertz, J.D.; Attorney,
Chicago: loeb-leopold case;

ROSENBERG CASE

Devorah Getzler, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Hebrew

UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM

Israel Getzler, Ph.D.; Professor
in European History, La Trobe
University, Melbourne: martov,

JULIUS

Haim M. I. Gevaryahu, Ph.D.;
Chairman of the Israel Society
for Biblical Research, Jerusalem:

KAUFMANN, yehezkel

Brenda Gevertz*, M.S.S.A.;
Executive Director, Jewish
Communal Service Association of
North America, New York: Jewish

COMMUNAL SERVICE ASSOCIATION OF
NORTH AMERICA, THE

Shimon Gibson*, Ph.D.;
Archaeologist and Senior Research
Fellow, W.R Albright Institute of
Archaeological Research, Jerusalem:

ABBA SIKRA; ABSALOM; ABSALOM,
MONUMENT OF; ACRA, THE; ACRABA;
ACRE; ADASA; AELIA CAPITOLINA;
AGATHARCHIDES OF CNIDUS;
AGRICULTURAL LAND-MANAGEMENT
METHODS AND IMPLEMENTS IN ANCIENT
EREZ ISRAEL; AGRICULTURE; AGRIPPINA;
AKHBAREI/ACCHABARON; ALCUIN;
ANSELM OF CANTERBURY; ANTIPATRIS;
ANTONIA; APHEK; ARAD; ARBEL;
ARCHAEOLOGISTS; ARCHAEOLOGY;
ARCHELAIS; ARCHITECTURE AND
ARCHITECTS; ASHKELON; AUGUSTINE;
AVEDAT; AVIGAD, NAHMAN; AVIRAM,
JOSEPH; AVI-YONAH, MICHAEL; BANIAS;
BAR KOKHBA; BAR-YOSEF, OFER; BET
GUVRIN; BET SHEARIM; BET-CHEREM;
BETHBASI; BETHPHAGE; BETHSAIDA; BET-
NIMRAH; BOZRAH; CAESAREA; CAIAPHAS,
JOSEPH; CANAAN, LAND OF; CAPITOLIAS;
CHORAZIN; CIRCUSES AND THEATERS;
CISTERN; CITY; COPPER SCROLL;
CRUCIFIXION; CULT PLACES, ISRAELITE;
CYPROS; DAMASCUS; DAMOCRITUS; DAN;
DECAPOLIS; DIBON; DIODORUS OF SICILY;
DIOGENES LAERTIUS; DIOS; DIOSCORIDES
PEDANIUS; DISCIPLINE, MANUAL OF;
DOBRATH; DOK; DOLMENS; DOR; DORIS;
DOTHAN, TRUDE; DURA-EUROPOS;
EDESSA; EIN KEREM; ELEPHANT;
ELUSA; EPHESUS; EUSEBIUS PAMPHILI;
GADARA; GAMLA; GAZA; GERASA;
GERIZIM, MOUNT; GEZER; GISCALA;
GITIN, SEYMOUR; GOFNAH; GOLAN;
GOLDMAN, HETTY; GOOD ENOUGH,
ERWIN RAMSDELL; GOPHNA, RAM;
HAMMAT GADER; HAR HA-MELEKH;
HAZOR; HELENA; HELENA AUGUSTA;
HEROD PHILIP I; HERODIUM; HESHBON;
HOLOFERNES; JERICHO; JERUSALEM;
JEZREEL; JOHN THE BAPTIST; JOTAPATA;
JUDEAN DESERT CAVES; KEMPINSKY,
AHARON; KENYON, DAME KATHLEEN

MARY; LACHISH; LIVY; LUCAN; MA'ON;
MACCABEE; MACHAERUS; MACHPELAH,
CAVE OF; MADABA, MEDEBA; MAIUMAS;
MAMPSIS; MAZAR, AMIHAI; MELITO
OF SARDIS; MEMPHIS; MICHMASH or
MICHMAS; MIKVEH; MODITN; NAARAH;
NABLUS; NAIN; NEGEV; NICANOR;
NIZZANAH; OSSUARIES and SARCOPHAGI;
PALESTINE; PELLA or PAHAL; PETRA;
PHOTIS; PONTIUS PILATE; POTTERY;
RABAN, AVNER; RABBATH-AMMON;
RAMAT HA-GOLAN; REHOBOTH; SALOME;
SARTABA; SHALEM; SHANKS, HERSHEL;
SHILOAH, SILOAM; SHILOH; SHILOH,
YIGAL; SHIPS AND SAILING; SHIVTAH
or SOBATA; SIDON; SILK; SINAI; SINAI,
MOUNT; STATIUS, PUBLIUS PAPINIUS;
STERN, EPHRAIM; TAMAR; TEKOA;
TIBERIAS; TILLICH, PAUL JOHANNES;
URMAN, DAN; USSISHKIN, DAVID;
VERMES, GEZA

Nahum Tim Gidal, Ph.D.;
Photojournalist, Jerusalem

Ludy Giebels*, Ph.D.; Retired
Historian, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands: de lieme, nehemia;

HAAN, JACOB ISRAEL DE

Yisrael (Zvi) Gilat*, Senior
Lecturer, Law School, Netanya
Academic College, Israel: adoption

Yitzhak Dov Gilat, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Talmud, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan; Senior
Lecturer in Talmud, Tel Aviv
University: abba; abba bar kahana;

ABBA BAR MEMEL; ABBA BAR ZAVDA;
ABBA BENJAMIN; ADDA BAR AHAVAH;
ALEXANDRI; AMEIMAR; AMRAM; ARBA
AMMOT; ASSI, RAV; AVDIMI OF HAIFA;
AVIN; AVIN THE CARPENTER; AVINA;
BAR HEDYA; BAR KAPPARA; BARAITA DE-
MELEKHET HA-MISHKAN; BEBAI; BEBAI
BAR ABBAYE; BEI AVIDAN; BENJAMIN BEN
JAPHETH; DESKARTA; DIMI; ELEAZAR
BEN MATYA; ELEAZAR BEN YOSE;
ELEAZAR BEN YOSE II; ELEAZAR BEN
ZADOK; ELEAZAR HISMA; ELIEZER BEN
HYRCANUS; ELIEZER BEN JACOB; ERUVIN;
GITTIN; HANINA; HULLIN; HUNA BEN
NATHAN; ILAI; IMMA SHALOM; ISAAC
NAPPAHA; JACOB; JOSIAH; KALLAH,
MONTHS OF; MEGILLAT YUHASIN;
NEHARDEA; NEHUNYA BEN HA-KANAH;
RAVINA; SIMEON BEN JEHOZADAK;
SIMEON BEN SHETAH; SOFERIM; YUDAN

Gad Gilbar*, Ph.D.; Professor,
University of Haifa: sarrAf

Shaked Gilboa*, MSc, Ph.D.;

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

85

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Lecturer in Geography, Tel Aviv
University: absalon; abu ghosh;

ACRE; ADULLAM REGION; AFULAH; ALFEI
MENASHEH; ALLONEI ABBA; ALLONEI
YIZHAK; ALLONIM; ALMAGOR; AMIDAR;
AMIR, MENAHEM; AMIRIM; ANATHOTH;
APELOIG, YITZHAK; APHEK; APOLLONIA;
ARABAH, THE; ARAD; ARAD, RON; ARARA;
ARIEL; ASHDOD; ASHDOT YA'AKOV;
ASHKELON; ATHLIT; AVELIM or OVELIM;
AVINERI, SHLOMO; AYALON, AMI;
AYANOT; AZOR; BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY;
BARKAI; BASHAN; BAT HEFER; BAT
YAM; BE'ER YA'AKOV; BE'EROT YIZHAK;
BEERSHEBA; BEIT JIMAL; BEN-ARIEH,
YEHOSHUA; BENE-BERAK; BENEI AISH;
BEN-PORAT, MIRIAM; BEN-SHAKHAR,
GERSHON; BET GUVRIN; BET-DAGON;
BET-EL; BETHLEHEM; BETH-SHAN; BET-
SHEMESH; BINYAMINAH; BLUM, LUDWIG;
BOGEN, ALEXANDER; BRAVERMAN,
AVISHAY; BRINKER, MENACHEM;
CAESAREA; CARMEL, MOSHE; CARMEL,
MOUNT; CAROL, ARYEH; CITRUS; COHEN
GAN, PINCHAS; CONFINO, MICHAEL;
COOPERATIVES; CRIME; DABBURIYYA;
DAFNAH; DALESKI, HILLEL; DALIYAT
AL-KARMIL; DALIYYAH; DALTON;
DAN; DAVAR; DEAD SEA; DEGANYAH;
DIMONAH; DORON, ABRAHAM;
DOSTROVSKY, ISRAEL; EILOT; EIN GEV;
EIN HA-EMEK; EIN HOD; EIN SHEMER;
EIN ZEITIM; EIN ZURIM; EISENBERG,
SHOUL; EL AL; ELAD; ELATH; ELYASHIV;
EN-DOR; EN-GEDI; EVEN YEHUDAH;
EYDOUX, EMANUEL; FISH, HAREL;
FRANKEL, YA'AKOV; GALIL, UZIA; GALON;
GAN SHEMU'EL; GAN YAVNEH; GANNEI
TIKVAH; GANNEI YEHUDAH; GAT;
GAVISON, RUTH; GAZIT; GEDERAH; GELIL
YAM; GERSHON, PINCHAS; GE'ULIM; GEVA;
GILADI, ALEX; GILBOA; GINNOSAR; GIVAT
ADA; GIVAT BRENNER; GIVAT HEN; GIVAT
SHEMUEL; GIVAT ZE'EV; GIVATAYIM;
GROSSMAN, AVRAHAM; GUSH ETZYON;
GUSH KATIF; HABIBI, EMIL; HA-BONIM;
HADERAH; HAGAI, BARUCH; HA-
GOSHERIM; HAIFA MUNICIPAL THEATER;
HAIFA, UNIVERSITY OF; HA-KIBBUTZ HA-
ARZI HA-SHOMER HA-ZA'IR; HA-KIBBUTZ
HA-DATI; HA-KIBBUTZ HA-ME'UHAD;
HAMADYAH; HA-MA'PIL; HA-OGEN;
HAPOEL; HAREL; HAREL, MENASHE; HA-
SOLELIM; HAZER, HAZERIM; HAZEVAH;
HAZOR; HAZOR ASHDOD; HA-ZORE'A;
HA-ZORETM; HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF
JERUSALEM; HEFZI BAH; HELEZ; HEREV
LE-ET; HERUT; HERZLIYYAH; HEVRAT
HA-OVEDIM; HISTADRUT; HISTADRUT HA-
OVEDIM HA-LE'UMMIT; HOD HA-SHARON;
HOLON; HUKOK; HULDAH; HURVITZ,
ELI; ILANIYYAH; INBAL DANCE THEATER;
ISRAEL MUSEUM; ISRAEL PHILHARMONIC
ORCHESTRA; JERICHO; JEZREEL, VALLEY

OF; JOKNEAM; KABRI; KALIR, AVRAHAM;
KANEV, ISAAC; KARMI, DOV; KARMI'EL;
KARNEI SHOMRON; KATZ, ELIHU; KAZIR
HARISH; KAZRIN; KEFAR AZAR; KEFAR
BARAM; KEFAR BARUKH; KEFAR BILU;
KEFAR BLUM; KEFAR DAROM; KEFAR
HA-HORESH; KEFAR HA-MACCABI;
KEFAR HA-NASI; KEFAR HA-RO'EH; KEFAR
HASIDIM; KEFAR HESS; KEFAR MASARYK;
KEFAR MENAHEM; KEFAR NETTER;
KEFAR ROSH HA-NIKRAH; KEFAR RUPPIN;
KEFAR SAVA; KEFAR SHEMARYAHU;
KEFAR TAVOR; KEFAR VERADIM; KEFAR
YEHEZKEL; KEFAR YEHOSHUA; KEFAR
YONAH; KHOURI, MAKRAM; KIBBUTZ
MOVEMENT; KINNERET; KINNERET, LAKE;
KIRYAT ATA; KIRYAT BIALIK; KIRYAT
EKRON; KIRYAT GAT; KIRYAT HAROSHET;
KIRYAT MALAKHI; KIRYAT MOTZKIN;
KIRYAT ONO; KIRYAT SHEMONAH; KIRYAT
TIVON; KIRYAT YAM; KLEIN, RALPH;
KOKHAV YAIR; KORIAT, ASHER; LACHISH
REGION; LAPIDOT, RUTH; LAUTMAN,
DOV; LEHAVIM; LEIBOWITZ, KEREN; LEO
BAECK INSTITUTE; LEVIEV, LEV; LIBRARY,
JEWISH NATIONAL AND UNIVERSITY;
LIEBMAN, CHARLES; LIEBMAN,
YESHAYAHU; LIPKIN-SHAHAK, AMNON;
LOHAMEI HA-GETTA'OT; LYDDA; MA'ALEH
ADUMIM; MA'ALEH HA-HAMISHAH;
MA'ALOT-TARSHIHA; MA'BAROT;
MACCABI; MACCABIAH; MACCABIM-
RE'UT; MAGHAR, AL-; MAGIDOR,
MENACHEM; MAHANAYIM; MANHEIM,
BILHAH; MAOR, GALIA; MA'OZ HAYYIM;
MASSADAH; MASSU'OT YIZHAK; MA'YAN
BARUKH; MA'YAN ZEVI; MAZKERET
BATYAH; MAZLI'AH; MAZZUVAH;
ME'IR SHEFEYAH; MEITAR; MEKOROT
WATER COMPANY; MENAHEMIYYAH;
MERHAVYAH; MESILLOT; METULLAH;
MEVASSERET ZION; MIGDAL; MIGDAL
HA-EMEK; MIKVEH ISRAEL; MISGAV AM;
MISHMAR HA-NEGEV; MISHMAR HA-
SHARON; MISHMAROT; MIZPAH; MIZPEH
RAMON; MIZRA; MIZRACHI, SHIMON;
MO'EZET HA-PO'ALOT; MOLEDET;
MOSHAV OR MOSHAV OVEDIM; MOZA;
NA'AN; NAHAL; NAHAL OZ; NAHALAL
or NAHALOL; NAHALAT YEHUDAH;
NAHARIYYAH; NATIONAL PARKS IN
ISRAEL; NATURE RESERVES IN ISRAEL;
NAVON, DAVID; NAZARETH; NEGEV;
NE'OT MORDEKHAI; NES ZIYYONAH;
NESHER; NETANYAH; NETIV HA-LAMED-
HE; NETIVOT; NEVATIM; NEVEH EITAN;
NEVEH YAM; NIR AM; NIRIM; NIZZANAH;
NIZZANIM; OFAKIM; OFIR, SHAIKE;
OLIVE; OMER; OR AKIVA; OR HA-NER; OR
YEHUDAH; ORANIT; OROT; PALESTINE
ECONOMIC CORPORATION; PARDES
HANNAH-KARKUR; PARDESIYYAH; PERI,
YA'AKOV; PETAH TIKVAH; POLLACK,
ISRAEL; PROPPER, DAN; RA'ANANNAH;

RABINOVICH, ITAMAR; RAMA, AL-;
RAMALLAH; RAMAT DAVID; RAMAT GAN;
RAMAT HA-GOLAN; RAMAT HA-KOVESH;
RAMAT HA-SHARON; RAMAT HA-SHOFET;
RAMAT RAZIEL; RAMAT YISHAI; RAMLEH;
RAMON, ILAN; RAMOT MENASHEH;
RAND, YA'AKOV; RECHTER; REGBAH;
REHOVOT; REKHASIM; RISHON LE-ZION;
ROSEN, YEHOSHUA; ROSH HA-AYIN;
ROSH PINNAH; ROTH-SHACHAMOROV,
ESTHER; SA'AD; SAFED; SAFRAI, SHMUEL;
SALOMON, GAVRIEL; SAVYON; SEDEH
BOKER; SEDEH ELIYAHU; SEDEH
NEHEMYAH; SEDEROT; SHA'AREI TIKVAH;
SHA'AR HA-AMAKIM; SHA'AR HA-GOLAN;
SHA'AR HEFER-BEIT YIZHAK; SHACHAR,
ARIE; SHADMOT DEVORAH; SHAHAR,
SHULAMIT; SHAMGAR, MEIR; SHAMIR;
SHARON, ARYEH; SHAVEI ZION; SHEAR
YASHUV; SHEFAYIM; SHELOMI; SHOHAM;
SHOHAM, SHLOMO-GIORA; SHOMRAT;
SHOVAL; SHUVAL, JUDITH; SHWED, GIL;
SIMONSOHN, SHLOMO; TAANACH; TAHAL;
TEKUMAH; TEL ADASHIM; TEL AVIV
UNIVERSITY; TEL AVIV-JAFFA; TEL KAZIR;
TEL MOND; TEL YOSEF; TIMNA; TIRAT
HA-KARMEL; TNUVA; TURNER, YA'AKOV;
UDIM; URIM; VAN LEER, LIA; WESTERN
WALL; YA'ALON, MOSHE; YAD HANNAH;
YAD IZHAK BEN-ZVI; YAGUR; YAKUM;
YARKON; YARMUK; YAVETS, ZVI; YAVNEH;
YEDIDYAH; YEFET, SARAH; YEHUD;
YEROHAM; YESUD HA-MA'ALAH; YIZRE'EL;
YOVEL, YIRMIYAHU; ZIKHRON YA'AKOV;
ZIM; ZOFIT; ZORAH; ZUR YIGAL

Baruch Gilead, M.A.; Ministry for
Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem: turkey

Sharon Gillerman*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of Jewish
History, Hebrew Union College-
Jewish Institute of Religion, Los
Angeles: wronsky, siddy

Joseph Gillis, Ph.D.; Professor
Emeritus, The Rudy Bruner
Professor of Science Teaching,
Weizmann Institute of Science,
Rehovot: ulam, stanislaw marcin

Philip Gillon, Journalist, Jerusalem

Neil Gilman, Ph.D.; the Aaron
Rabinowitz and Simon H. Rifkind
Associate Professor of Jewish
Philosophy, the Jewish Theological
Seminary of America, author of
Conservative Judaism, The New
Century

Dan Gilon*, M.D., F.A.C.C;
Professor of Medicine (Cardiology),
Director of Non- Invasive Cardiology,

86

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Heart Institute, Hadassah- Hebrew
University Medical Center, Ein-
Kerem Jerusalem: medicine;

MIROWSKI, MICHEL

Joseph Ginat, B.A.; Deputy Adviser
to the Prime Minister on Arab
Affairs, Givatayim, Israel: Israel,

STATE OF: ARAB POPULATION

Eyal Ginio*, Ph.D.; Lecturer, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

EDIRNE

Rosa Ginossar, L.en D., Honorary
President of WIZO, Jerusalem: sieff,

REBECCA; WIZO

Harold Louis Ginsberg, Ph.D.;
Professor of Biblical History and
Literature, the Jewish Theological

Seminary of America, New York:

ABOMINATION OF DESOLATION; AHAB;
AHASUERUS-XERXES; ANCIENT OF
DAYS; ARIOCH; ARTAXERXES; BABEL,
TOWER OF; BEN-HADAD; CULT; DANIEL;
DANIEL, BOOK OF; ECCLESIASTES; ELIHU;
ELIPHAZ; HEART; HIEL; HOSEA, BOOK OF;
IMMANUEL; ISAIAH; JEPHTHAH; JOB, THE
BOOK OF; KEDEMITES or EASTERNERS;
LEMUEL; MAHER SHALAL HASH BAZ;
MICHAEL AND GABRIEL; NAMES; PEACE;
SHEBA BEN BICHRI; SO

Louis Ginsberg, Petersburg,
Virginia

Shabbetai Ginton, M.D.; Ministry
of Health, Jerusalem: sheba, chaim

S. (Seymour) Gitin*, Ph.D.;
Dorto Director and Professor of
Archaeology, W.F. Albright Institute
of Archaeological Research,
Jerusalem: ekron

Marcia Gitlin, B.A.; Jerusalem

Rudolf Glanz, Dr.Jur.; Historian,

New York: new Bedford

Ruth Glasner*, Ph.D.; Professor of
History and Philosophy of Science,
the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: jedaiah ben Abraham

BEDERSI

Nahum N. Glatzer, Ph.D.; Professor
of Jewish History, Brandeis
University, Waltham, Massachusetts:

GANS, EDUARD; MAYBAUM, SIGMUND;
MEGILLAT TAANIT; MONATSSCHRIFT
FUER GESCHICHTE UND WISSENSCHAFT
DES JUDENTUMS; ZUNZ, LEOPOLD

Nathan Glazer, Ph.D.; Professor
of Education and Social Structure,
Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts

William Glicksman, Ph.D.;
Lecturer in Jewish History, Gratz
College, Philadelphia: czestochowa;

KIELCE; RADOM

Paul Glikson, B.Sc; Institute for
Contemporary Jewry, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem

Yvonne Glikson, B.A.; Jerusalem:

PILGRIMAGE; TALMUD, BURNING OF;
WANDERING JEW

Eliezer Gluzberg, Kibbutz Hazerim:

IHUD HABONIM

Hans Goedkoop* : heijermans,

HERMAN

Denise R. Goitein, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in French Literature,
Tel Aviv University: bernstein,

HENRI-LEON; BLOCH, JEAN-RICHARD;
BLOY, LEON; CHALIER, CATHERINE;
COHEN, ALBERT; FRENCH LITERATURE;
LACRETELLE, JACQUES DE; MIKHAEL,
EPHRAIM; MONTAIGNE, MICHEL DE;
SCHWIEFERT, PETER; SCHWOB, MARCEL;
TRIOLET, ELSA

Shelomo Dov Goitein, Dr.Phil.;
Emeritus Professor of Islamic
Studies, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem; Emeritus Professor

of Arabic, the University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: aaron;

ABD AL-MALIK IBN MARWAN; ABRAHAM;
ADEN; ASHTOR, ELIYAHU; BANETH;
BILLIG, LEVI

Norman Golb, Ph.D., Professor of
Hebrew and Judeo-Arabic Studies,
Department of Near Eastern
Languages and Civilizations,
University of Chicago: rouen

Dore Gold*, Ph.D.; Former Israeli
Ambassador to the UN; President,
Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs,
Jerusalem: saudi Arabia

Abraham Goldberg, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Senior Lecturer in Talmud, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ABBA BAR ZEMINA; ABBA KOHEN
BARDELA; ABBA SAUL BEN BATNIT;
ABBAYE KASHISHA; OHOLOT

Avie Goldberg, B.A.; Jerusalem:

DAVID; JERUSALEM; SFORNO, OBADIAH
BEN JACOB

Dara Goldberg*, B.A.; Director,
External Affairs, United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum,
Washington, D.C.: united states

HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM

Florinda Goldberg*, M.A.,
Lecturer, Spanish and Latin
American Studies, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: chocron,

ISAAC; CONSTANTINI, HUMBERTO;
DINES, ALBERTO; EICHELBAUM, SAMUEL;
ESPINOZA, ENRIQUE; FEIERSTEIN,
RICARDO; FUTORANSKY, LUISA;
GELMAN, JUAN; GERCHUNOFF, ALBERTO;
GLANTZ, JACOBO; GLANTZ, MARGO;
GOLDEMBERG, ISAAC; ISAACS, JORGE;
ISAACSON, JOSE; KOZER, JOSE; LIACHO,
LAZARO; LISPECTOR, CLARICE; PIZARNIK,
ALEJANDRA; PORZECANSKI, TERESA;
RABINOVICH, JOSE; ROVINSKY, SAMUEL;
SVERDLIK, ODED; TOKER, ELIAHU

Gerald Goldberg, M.A.; Former
Lord Mayor of Cork, Ireland

Hillel Goldberg, Ph.D., Rabbi;

Jerusalem: hurvitz, Joseph yozel

Jacob Goldberg, Ph.D.; Teacher
in History, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: agriculture;

BUTRYMOWICZ, MATEUSZ; CASIMIR
III; GDANSK; OLESNICKI, ZBIGNIEW;
PAWLIKOWSKI, JOZEF; SIEDLCE;
TORUN; WINE AND LIQUOR TRADE;
WISNIOWIECKI, JEREMI

Lea Goldberg, Dr.Phil.; Author and
Associate Professor of Comparative
Literature, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: ben yizhak, avraham;

GNESSIN, URI NISSAN

Samuel P. Goldberg, B.S.S.,
C.S.W., Lecturer in Communal
Organization, Columbia University,
New York: council of Jewish

FEDERATIONS AND WELFARE FUNDS

Sylvie Anne Goldberg*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor, Ecole des
Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales;

Paris: hevra kaddisha; Jewish

STUDIES; MORIN, EDGAR; OUAKNIN,
MARC-ALAIN; VIDAL-NAQUET, PIERRE;
ZAFRANI, HAIM

Harry Golden, B.A.; Writer and
Editor, Charlotte, North Carolina:

CONE; FRANK, LEO MAX

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

87

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

David M. Goldenberg*, Ph.D.;
Cohon Professor in Jewish Religion
and Thought, University of
Pennsylvania: dropsie college

Esther Goldenberg, M.A.; Assistant
in Hebrew Language, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Hebrew

LANGUAGE

Myrna Goldenberg*, Ph.D.;
Professor Emerita, Montgomery
College, Maryland: klepfisz, irena;

MEYER, ANNIE NATHAN; SKLAREW, MYRA

Yossi (Yosef ) Goldenberg*,

Ph.D.; Researcher, Head Librarian,
Jerusalem Academy of Music and
Dance, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: hajdu, andre; Jadassohn,

SALOMON; MANOR, EHUD; SCHACHTER,
CARL; SCHENKER, HEINRICH;
SCHILLINGER, JOSEPH; YARKONI, YAFFA;
ZUR, MENACHEM

Samuel Goldfeld, M.D.; Jerusalem

Judah Goldin, D.H.L.; Professor of
Classical Judaica, Yale University,
New Haven, Connecticut:

FINKELSTEIN, LOUIS

Steven Goldleaf*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Pace University, New York:

NEUGEBOREN,JAY

Alex J. Goldman, LL.B., Rabbi;

Stamford, Connecticut

Bernard Goldman, Ph.D.;
Professor of Art History, Wayne
State University, Detroit: marianos;

PORTAL

Cecilia Goldman*, M.A.;
Researcher, Jerusalem: goldman,
martin

Israel M. Goldman, M.A., D.H.L.,
Rabbi; Baltimore: herford, Robert

TRAVERS; SCHNEEBERGER, HENRY
WILLIAM

Jacob Goldman, Rabbi; Jerusalem:

HERZOG, ISAAC; KAHANA, SOLOMON
DAVID; UNTERMAN, ISSER YEHUDA

Karla Goldman*, Ph.D.; Historian
in Residence, Jewish Women's
Archive, Brookline Massachusetts:

AMERICAN JEWESS; SIMON, CARRIE
OBENDORFER; SYNAGOGUE

Michael James Goldman, M. Phil.,

Minister, Newbury Park, Essex,
England: baraita de-niddah

Perry Goldman, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of History, City College
of the City University of New York:

LEVIN, LEWIS CHARLES

Robert S. Goldman, M.A.; New

York: hartogensis, benjamin henry;

RABINOFF, GEORGE W.

Annie Goldmann*, Ph.D.
(Sociology).; Research, Ecole des
hautes etudes en sciences sociales,
Paris: motion pictures

Abram Juda Goldrat, Rabbi; Tel

Aviv: GORA KALWARIA; ISAAC BEN
SAMUEL HA-LEVI; ISAIAH BEN
ABRAHAM; ISAIAH MENAHEM BEN
ISAAC; JELLIN, ARYEH LOEB BEN SHALOM
SHAKHNA; JOEL BEN MOSES GAD;
KOPPELMAN, JACOB BEN SAMUEL
BUNIM; KRAMER, MOSES BEN DAVID, OF
VILNA

Ernst Daniel Goldschmidt, Ph.D.;
Scholar and Librarian, Jerusalem:

ADDIR HU; AKDAMUT MILLIN;
BAKKASHAH; HAGGADAH, PASSOVER;
LANDSHUTH, ELIEZER; LITURGY; PRAYER
BOOKS; SACHS, MICHAEL; WEINTRAUB,
SOLOMON; ZEMIROT

Itzhak Goldshlag, Journalist,

Jerusalem: bnei akiva; landau,

SHEMUEL HAYYIM; MAIMON, JUDAH
LEIB; MIZRACHI; NERIAH, MOSHE ZEVI;
NISSIM, ISAAC; OUZIEL, BEN-ZION MEIR
HAI; SARNA, EZEKIEL; SHAPIRA, HAYYIM
MOSHE; SHRAGAI, SHLOMO ZALMAN;
SOLOVEICHIK, ISAAC ZE'EV HA-LEVI;
SOROTZKIN, ZALMAN BEN BEN-ZION;
SUROWIECKI, WAWRZYNIEC; TOLEDANO,
JACOB MOSES

Maurice Goldsmith, B.Sc; Director
of the Science Policy Foundation
Ltd. and of the Science Information
Service, London: balint, michael;

BORN, MAX; HOFSTADTER, ROBERT;
LANDAU, LEV DAVID OVICH; LEVY,
HYMAN; MEITNER, LISE; MICHELSON,
ALBERT ABRAHAM; VEKSLER, VLADIMIR;
WEIL, ANDRE; WIENER, NORBERT;
ZARISKI, OSCAR

Bernard R. Goldstein, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of the History
of Science, Yale University, New
Haven, Connecticut: bonfils,

IMMANUEL BEN JACOB; LEVI BEN
GERSHOM; MAIMONIDES

Eric L. Goldstein*, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of History and Jewish
Studies. Emory University, Atlanta,
Georgia: Maryland

Israel Goldstein, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Former Chairman of the Board
of Directors, Keren Hayesod,
Jerusalem: keren hayesod

Marcy Braverman Goldstein*,

Ph.D.; History of Religions Scholar,
University of Judaism, Los Angeles,
California: lehigh valley

Michael Goldstein, Professor of
Music, Staatliche Hochschule fur
Musik und Darstellende Kunst,
Hamburg: ashkenazy, vladimir

DAVIDOVICH; BRUSSILOVSKY,
YEVGENI GRIGORYEVICH; DAVYDOV,
KARL YULYEVICH; GILELS, EMIL
GRIGORYEVICH; GLIERE, REINHOLD
MORITZEVICH; KOGAN, LEONID
BORISSOVICH; LAMM, PAVEL
ALEKSANDROVICH; OISTRAKH,
DAVID FEDOROVICH; RUBINSTEIN,
ANTON GRIGORYEVICH; STOLYARSKI,
PETER SOLOMONOVICH; TSFASSMAN,
ALEXANDER NAUMOVICH; VEINBERG,
MOISSEY SAMUILOVICH

Neil (B.) Goldstein*, S.B.;
Executive Director, American
Jewish Congress, New York: new

YORK CITY

Raymond Goldstein*, B. Mus.;
Musician specializing in Jewish
Music; Accompanist, Rubin
Academy of Music, Tel Aviv: aroni,

TSVI; BAGLEY, DAVID; DANTO, LOUIS;
GANCHOFF, MOSES; GREENBLATT,
ELIYAHU; HAINOVITZ, ASHER;
HEILMANN, YITZHAK; HERSTIK, NAFTALI;
KALIB, SHOLOM; LERER, SHMUEL;
LUBIN, ABRAHAM; MALOVANY, JOSEPH;
MEISELS, SAUL; MILLER, BEN-ZION;
MULLER, BENJAMIN; NULMAN, MACY;
RAPPAPORT, JACOB; SCHULHOF, MOSHE;
STERN, MOSHE; TAUBE, SAMUEL BARUCH;
VIGODA, SAMUEL; WOHLBERG, MOSHE

Sidney Goldstein, Ph.D.; Professor
of Sociology and Anthropology,
Brown University, Providence,
Rhode Island: Springfield

Yossi (Jorge) Goldstein*, Ph.D.;
Lecturer, Head of Long Term
Academic Programs Unit (YAFI),
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
and Jewish Agency for Israel:

HARKAVI, YITZHAK

88

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Chaim Ivor Goldwater, LL.M.;
Ministry of Finance, Jerusalem:

GULAK, ASHER; SILBERG, MOSHE

Sharon Goleman*: Raphael,

WILLIAM

David Golinkin*, Ph.D., Rabbi;
President and Professor of Jewish
Law, Jerusalem: conservative

JUDAISM; GINZBERG, LOUIS; GOLINKIN,
MORDECHAI YA'AKOV; KIEVAL, HAYYIM;
KLEIN, ISAAC; LEVI, SAMUEL GERSHON;
PERLBERG, ABRAHAM NATHAN;
SCHECHTER INSTITUTE OF JEWISH
STUDIES, THE

David Goodblatt, M.H.L., Rabbi;
Providence, Rhode Island

Erwin Ramsdell Goodenough,

Ph.D.; Professor of the History
of Religion, Yale University, New
Haven, Connecticut: dura-europus

Abram Vossen Goodman, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; President of the American
Jewish Historical Society, New York:

FEIBELMAN, JULIAN BECK; FELDMAN,
ABRAHAM JEHIEL; FINESHRIBER,
WILLIAM HOWARD; GITTELSOHN,
ROLAND BERTRAM; GOLDENSON,
SAMUEL HARRY; NONES, BENJAMIN;
PHILLIPS; SOLOMONS, ADOLPHUS
SIMEON

Jerry Goodman*, B.A., M.A.;
Executive Director, National
Committee for Labor Israel, New
York: national conference on

SOVIET JEWRY

Karen Goodman*, M.A.;
Independent Scholar, Los Angeles,
California: lewitzky, bella; oved,

MARGALIT

Philip Goodman, Rabbi; Executive
Secretary of the Jewish Book
Council of America, New York:

BOOKPLATES; KRAFT, LOUIS; WEIL,
FRANK LEOPOLD

Sheldon (M.) Goodman*, Ph.D.;
Clinical Psychologist in private
practice, New York Department
of Education, New York: freud,

SIGMUND

George M. Goodwin*: Newport;

RHODE ISLAND

Marjanne E. Gooze*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor, Germanic and

Slavic Languages, University of
Georgia: herz, henriette

Jacob Gordin, Dr.Phil.;
Encyclopaedia Judaica (Germany):

HERRERA, ABRAHAM KOHEN DE

Robert Gordis, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Religion, Temple
University, Philadelphia; Professor
of Bible, the Jewish Theological
Seminary of America, New York:

MARGOLIS, MAX LEOPOLD

Bezalel Gordon*, M.A.; Near
Eastern Studies, University of
Michigan: American, sadie;

APPELMAN, HARLENE; BAAR, EMIL N.;
BACKMAN, JULES; BARDIN, SHLOMO;
BARNSTON, HENRY; BARON, JOSEPH
LOUIS; BEERMAN, LEONARD; BENJAMIN,
RAPHAEL; BERGER, ELMER; BERMAN,
MYRON R.; BERNSTEIN, LOUIS;
BETTMANN, BERNHARDT; BLUMENTHAL,
AARON H.; BOARD OF DELEGATES OF
AMERICAN ISRAELITES; BOHNEN, ELI
AARON; BOSNIAK, JACOB; BRICKNER,
BALFOUR; BRICKNER, BARNETT
ROBERT; BRONSTEIN, HERBERT;
BROWNE, LEWIS; CANTOR, BERNARD;
CHANOVER, HYMAN; CHIEL, ARTHUR
ABRAHAM; CHIEL, SAMUEL; COFFEE,
RUDOLPH ISAAC; COHEN, ARMOND
E.; COHEN, JACK JOSEPH; COHEN,
JACOB XENAB; COHEN, SEYMOUR
J.; COOK, SAMUEL; CURRICK, MAX
COHEN; DAVIDSON, DAVID; DAVIDSON,
MAX DAVID; DONIN, HAYIM HALEVY;
DRESNER, SAMUEL HAYIM; DREYFUS,
STANLEY A.; EHRENREICH, BERNARD
COLONIUS; EICHHORN, DAVID MAX;
EICHLER, MENACHEM MAX; ELIASSOF,
HERMAN; ETTELSON, HARRY WILLIAM;
FALK, JOSHUA; FEUER, LEON ISRAEL;
FEUERLICHT, MORRIS MARCUS; FINK,
JOSEPH LIONEL; GOLDFEDER, FISHEL;
HABERMAN, JOSHUA O.; HAILPERIN,
HERMAN; HALPERN, HARRY; HIRSCH,
RICHARD; ISRAEL, EDWARD LEOPOLD;
ISSERMAN, FERDINAND M.; JACOB,
WALTER; KLENICKI, LEON; KOLATCH,
ALFRED JACOB; KREITMAN, BENJAMIN
ZVI; KUSHNER, HAROLD S.; KUSHNER,
LAWRENCE; LELYVELD, ARTHUR JOSEPH;
MALEV, WILLIAM S.; MARK, JULIUS;
MIELZINER, MOSES; MILLER, ISRAEL;
MINDA, ALBERT GREENBERG; MINKIN,
JACOB SAMUEL; MOWSHOWITZ, ISRAEL;
NEULANDER, ARTHUR H.; NEWFIELD,
MORRIS; NEWMAN, LOUIS ISRAEL;
NUSSBAUM, MAX; OLAN, LEVI ARTHUR;
OLITZKY, KERRY M.; PETUCHOWSKI,
JAKOB JOSEF; PILCHIK, ELY EMANUEL;
PLAUT, W. GUNTHER; POLISH, DAVID;

PRAGER, DENNIS; REGNER, SIDNEY L.;
RICE, ABRAHAM JOSEPH; ROSENBAUM,
SAMUEL; ROSENBERG, ISRAEL;
ROTHSCHILD, JACOB M.; ROUTTENBERG,
MAX JONAH; RUDERMAN, DAVID B.;
SCHWARTZMAN, SYLVAN DAVID; SEGAL,
BERNARD; SHAPIRO, ALEXANDER M.;
SILVER, ABBA HILLEL; SILVER, DANIEL
JEREMY; SILVERSTEIN, ALAN; SIMON,
RALPH; SOBEL, RONALD; SOLOMON, ELIAS
LOUIS; STAMPFER, JOSHUA; STEINBERG,
PAUL; STERN, CHAIM; STERN, JACK;
STERN, MALCOLM HENRY; TEPLITZ,
SAUL I.; WASHOFSKY, MARK E.; WAXMAN,
MORDECAI; WECHSLER, JUDAH;
WEINSTEIN, JACK B.; WOLF, ARNOLD
JACOB; ZELIZER, NATHAN; ZIMMERMAN,
SHELDON; ZOLA, GARY PHILLIP

Arthur Aryeh Goren, Ph.D.;
Lecturer in American History, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

NEW YORK CITY

Asher Goren, M.A.; Writer,
Jerusalem

Haim Goren*, Associate Professor,
Tel-Hai Academic College, Israel:

GUTHE, HERMANN; SCHICK, CONRAD

Yosef Gorny, Ph.D.; Professor,
History of the Jewish People, Tel
Aviv University

Shmuel Gorr, B.A.; Rabbi;

Jerusalem: ballarat-, cassab, judy;

KAHAN, LOUIS; SPIELVOGEL, NATHAN;
TASMANIA

Peter Gossens*, Dr. Literary
Scholar, Westfalische Wilhelms-
Universitat, Munster, Germany:

CELAN, PAUL

Harvey Leonard Gotliffe*,

Ph.D.; Professor of Journalism,
School of Journalism and Mass
Communications, San Jose,
California: press

M.J. Gottfarstein: franck, henri

Erich Gottgetreu, Journalist,

Jerusalem: adler, Hermann;

BERENDSOHN, WALTER A.;
BORCHARDT, RUDOLF; HEYM, STEFAN;
KALEKO, MASCHA; KRAFT, WERNER;
LOEWENSTEIN, KURT; MARGOLIN,
JULIJ; STURMANN, MANFRED; WOLFF,
THEODOR; ZUKUNFT; ZUKUNFT, DIE

Efraim Gottlieb, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Jewish Philosophy and

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

89

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Mysticism, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: alcastiel, Joseph;

BAHYA BEN ASHER BEN HLAVA; DATO,
MORDECAI BEN JUDAH; EZRA BEN
SOLOMON; GERONDI, JACOB BEN
SHESHET; ISAAC BEN SAMUEL OF ACRE;
MAAREKHET HA-ELOHUT; MENORAH;
NAHMANIDES; RECANATI, MENAHEM BEN
BENJAMIN; RICCHI, RAPHAEL IMMANUEL
BEN ABRAHAM HAI; SABBATH; SHAPIRA;
TEMUNAH, THE BOOK OF

Isaac B. Gottlieb, M.A., Rabbi;

Jerusalem: breuer, Joseph

Moshe Gottlieb, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Beit Berl, Zofit, Israel: boycott,

ANTI-NAZI; LIPSKY, LOUIS; TENENBAUM,
JOSEPH L.

Paul Gottlieb, B.A.; Jerusalem:

BOMBAY; PAKISTAN

Yemima Gottlieb, B.A.; Jerusalem:

GOLINKIN, MORDECAI; PELLEG, FRANK;
PELLEG, FRANK

Alfred Gottschalk, Rabbi;
President, Hebrew Union College,
Cincinnati

Max Gottschalk, Ph.D.; Research
Professor of Sociology, the Free
University of Brussels: Antwerp;

BELGIUM; BRUSSELS; PHILIPPSON;
PHILIPPSON

Norman K. Gottwald, Ph.D.;
Professor of Old Testament and
of Biblical Theology and Ethics,
the Graduate Theological Union,
Berkeley, California: amorites;

JACOB, BLESSING OF; MANASSEH;
NOMADISM; SAMUEL, BOOK OF

Percy S. Gourgey, M.B.E.;
Journalist, Twickenham, Middlesex,
England: koder, shabdai samuel;
press

Melissa (J.) de Graaf*, Ph.D.;
Lecturer, Brandeis University/
Northeastern University, Boston:

BAUER, MARION EUGENIE; WERTHEIM,
ROSALIE MARIE

FUER KULTUR UND WISSENSCHAFT DES
JUDENTUMS

Michael J. Graetz, M.A., Rabbi;

Jerusalem: friedlaender, david;

GOMPERZ; GOOD AND EVIL; LESSING,
GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM; MOMMSEN,
THEODOR; RAILROADS; REDEMPTION;
SABBATH

Naomi Graetz*, M.A.; Senior
Teacher, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Beersheba: domestic

VIOLENCE

Gil Graff*, Ph.D.; Executive
Director, Bureau of Jewish
Education of Greater Los Angeles,
California.: education, Jewish

Frank D. Grande, M.A.; Lecturer
in History, City College of the City
University of New York: errera,

CARLO; LUMBROSO

Anna Grattarola*: bologna

Bernhard Grau*, Dr.Phil; Archivist,
Staatsarchiv Munich, Munich,
Germany: eisner, kurt

Alyssa M. Gray*, J.D., Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor of Codes and
Responsa Literature, Hebrew Union
College- Jewish Institute of Religion,

New York: amoraim; johanan ben

NAPPAHA

John Gray, Ph.D.; Professor of
Hebrew and Semitic Languages, the
University of Aberdeen, Scotland:

KINGS, BOOK OF; SABEA

Solomon Grayzel, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Editor Emeritus of the Jewish
Publication Society of America;
Professor of History, Dropsie
University, Philadelphia: Alexander-,

ANACLETUS II, PETER PIERLEONE; BEA,
AUGUSTIN; BENEDICT; BULLS, PAPAL;
CALIXTUS; CHURCH COUNCILS;
CLEMENT; HUSIK, ISAAC; JEWISH
PUBLICATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA;
MALTER, HENRY; NEUMAN, ABRAHAM
AARON

President, Reconstructionist
Rabbinical College, Wyncote, Pa.

Daryl Thomas Green*, B.A.;
English, Kent State University, Ohio

Emanuel Green, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Associate Professor of Hebrew
and Judaica, Hofstra University,
Hempstead, New York: kaufmann,

YEHEZKEL

Wm. (William) Scott Green*,

Ph.D.; Professor of Religion,
University of Miami, Coral Gables,
Florida: neusner, jacob

Aaron Greenbaum, Ph.D., Rabbi;
American Joint Distribution
Committee, Jerusalem: samuel ben

HOPHNI

Alfred Abraham Greenbaum,

Ph.D.; Librarian of the University of
Haifa

Avraham Greenbaum, Ph.D.;
Senior Lecturer, Modern Jewish
History, Haifa; University, and
Research Associate, Dinur Institute,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

JEWISH STUDIES

Fred Greenbaum: celler, emanuel

Nathan Greenbaum, M.A.; Lecturer
in Hebrew Literature and Language,
Gratz College; Lecturer in Hebrew,
Temple University, Philadelphia:

DUSHKIN, ALEXANDER MORDECHAI

Cheryl Greenberg*, Ph.D.;
Professor of History, Trinity College,
Hartford, Connecticut: black-jewish

RELATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES

Evelyn Levow Greenberg,

Journalist, Washington, D.C.

Joel Greenberg*, B.A., B.Ed.;
Professor, University of Waterloo,
Canada: donalda, pauline; hirsch,

JOHN STEPHEN; RASKY, HENRY;
SALTZMAN, HARRY; WAXMAN, AL; WAYNE
AND SCHUSTER

Peter Emanuel Gradenwitz, Ph.D.;
Lecturer in Musicology, Tel Aviv
University: ben-haim, paul; dessau,

PAUL; KORNGOLD, ERICH WOLFGANG;
MILHAUD, DARIUS

Michael Graetz, M.A.; Jerusalem:

SYMMACHUS BEN JOSEPH; VEREIN

Bernard Grebanier, Ph.D.;

Emeritus Professor of English,
Brooklyn College of the City
University of New York: behrman,

SAMUEL NATHANIEL; BELASCO, DAVID;
HART, MOSS

Arthur Green, Ph.D., Rabbi;

Moshe Greenberg, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Bible, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: am ha-

AREZ; DECALOGUE; EXODUS, BOOK OF;
EZEKIEL; GINSBERG, HAROLD LOUIS;
HABIRU; HEREM; INCEST; LABOR;
LEVITICAL CITIES; MOSES; NASH
PAPYRUS; OATH; PLAGUES OF EGYPT;

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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

RESURRECTION; SABBATICAL YEAR AND
JUBILEE; SEMITES; SPEISER, EPHRAIM
AVIGDOR; URIM AND THUMMIM

Daniel Greene*, Ph.D.; Historian,
Division of Exhibitions, United
States Holocaust Memorial
Museum, Washington, D.C.:

PHILLIPS, WILLIAM

Jonas C. Greenfield, Ph.D.;
Professor of Ancient Semitic
Languages, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: darius; darius the

MEDE; MALKIEL, YAKOV; PHILISTINES;
WRITING

Larry (Lawrence) R. Greenfield*,

J.D., B.A.; California Director,
Republican Jewish Coalition,
Los Angeles: republican Jewish

COALITION

Ari Greenspan*, DMD; Efrat,
Israel: matzah

Charlotte (Joyce) Greenspan*,

Ph.D.; Independent Scholar,
Alumna of University of California,
Berkeley, California: fields,

DOROTHY

Leonard J. Greenspoon*, Ph.D.;
Professor, Klutznick Chair in
Jewish Civilization, Creighton
University, Omaha: bible, ancient

TRANSLATIONS, SEPTUAGINT

Edward L. Greenstein, B.A.,

B.H.L.; New York: altschul, frank;

ALTSCHUL, LOUIS; AMTER, ISRAEL;
BARRON, JENNIE LOITMAN; BECKER;
BEDACHT, MAX; BEHRMAN, MARTIN;
BIEN, JULIUS; BITTELMAN, ALEXANDER;
BORINSTEIN, LOUIS J.; BRAUDE, MAX A.;
BROIDO, LOUIS; BUBLICK, GEDALIAH; DE
CORDOVA, JACOB; EISENMAN, CHARLES;
HENDRICKS; JAFFA; JOACHIMSEN,
PHILIP J.; LOUISIANA; MADISON, JAMES;
MELTON, SAMUEL MENDEL; NEW YORK
CITY; NEW YORK STATE; PENNSYLVANIA;
RATSHESKY, ABRAHAM CAPTAIN; RICE,
ISAAC LEOPOLD; ROOSEVELT, FRANKLIN
DELANO; ROSENBLATT, SOL ARIEH;
STOKES, ROSE PASTOR

Michael Greenstein*, Ph.D.;
Professor (retired), Toronto,
Canada: Canadian literature

Gideon (M.) Greif*, Ph.D.;
Historian, Director, Polish Desk,
International School for Holocaust
Studies European Department,

Yad Vashem, Jerusalem:

SONDERKOMMANDO, JEWISH

Ilan Greilsammer*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Political Science, Bar-
Ilan University, Ram at Gan

Beth (A.) Griech-Polelle*, Ph.D.;

Associate Professor of Modern
European History, Bowling Green
State University, Bowling Green,

Ohio: LICHTENBERG, BERNHARD

Zeev Gries, Jerusalem

Tobias Grill*: kaminka, armand

Hyman B. Grinstein, Ph.D.;
Professor of American Jewish
History, Yeshiva University, New

York: bluestone, Joseph isaac-,

JACKSON, SOLOMON HENRY

Yehoshua M. Grintz, Ph.D.;
Professor of Biblical Studies,
Tel Aviv University: apocrypha

AND PSEUDEPIGRAPHA; ARK OF THE
COVENANT; ASHKENAZ; ASHKENZAZ;
BALAAM; BARAK; BARUCH; BARUCH,
APOCALYPSE OF; BATH-SHEBA;
BEL AND THE DRAGON; BENAIAH;
BEZALEL; BORSIPPA; ELISHA; ENOCH,
ETHIOPIC BOOK OF; EPHOD; GERAR;
GERIZIM, MOUNT; GOD; HABAKKUK;
HAGGAI; HAMAN; HANANIAH SON OF
AZZUR; HANNAH; HEMAN; HEZEKIAH;
JAAZANIAH, JAAZANIAHU; JAIR; JAIR;
JAMPEL, SIGMUND; JEHOIADA; JEHOIARIB;
JEW; JONATHAN BEN UZZIEL; JUBILEES,
BOOK OF; JUDITH, BOOK OF; MACCABEES,
FIRST BOOK OF; MACCABEES, SECOND
BOOK OF; PROVIDENCE; SOLOMON,
WISDOM OF; SOUL, IMMORTALITY OF;
TEMPLE; TOBIT, BOOK OF; VASHTI;
ZECHARIAH (h. pr.); ZECHARIAH (k.);
ZECHARIAH (prophet); ZECHARIAH
(son of Jeberechiah); ZERAH THE
CUSHITE

Alex Grobman*, Ph.D.; President,
Institute for Contemporary Jewish
Life, Englewood, New Jersey:

HOLOCAUST: AFTERMATH; KLAUSNER,
ABRAHAM J.

Alfred S. Groh*: wilkes-barre and

KINGSTON

David C. Gross*, M.A.; Journalist,

New York: publishing

Jack Gross, Ph.D., M.D.C.M.;
Professor of Experimental Medicine
and Cancer Research, the Hebrew

University- Hadassah Medical
School, Jerusalem: berenblum, isaac

Walter (Shlomoh) Gross, Dr.Phil.;
Journalist, Tel Aviv: weltsch, Robert

Bernard Grossfeld, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Assistant Professor of Hebrew
Studies, the University of Wisconsin,

Milwaukee: bible

Alan J. Grossman*, Director of
Marketing & Communications, UJA
Federation of Northern New Jersey:

BERGEN COUNTY; HUDSON COUNTY;
PATERSON

Avraham Grossman, M.A.;
Instructor in History, the University
of the Negev, Beersheba: abrabanel,

ISAAC BEN JUDAH; BEKHOR SHOR,
JOSEPH BEN ISAAC; BIBLE; ELIEZER OF
BEAUGENCY; KARA, JOSEPH; MENAHEM
BEN HELBO; RASHI; SAMUEL BEN MEIR

Grace Cohen Grossman*, Senior
Curator, Skirball Cultural Center,
Los Angeles: museums

Lawrence Grossman*, Ph.D.;
Editor, American Jewish Year Book,
New York: yeshiva chovevei torah;

YESHIVA UNIVERSITY

Kurt R. Grossmann, Writer, New
York

Mayer Irwin Gruber*, A.B.,
M.H.L., Ph.D., Litt.H.D.; Professor
of Bible and Ancient Near East,
Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Beersheba: havilah;

HIVITES; HONOR; JOB, THE BOOK OF;
MOURNING; OILS; RED HEIFER; SCEPTER;
TIBNI;YEAR

Ruth E. Gruber, B.A.; Journalist,
Writer, correspondent for JTA,
(London) Jewish Chronicle and
others, photographer specializing
on Jewish issues in East- Central
Europe, Italy: czech republic

AND SLOVAKIA; CZECHOSLOVAKIA;
YUGOSLAVIA

Judy Gruen*, M.S. J.; Writer, Los

Angeles: avrutick, Abraham n.;

KAMENETSKY, YAAKOV

Kurt Gruenberger, Dr.Jur.; Haifa:

MOLLER, HANS

Aaron Gruenhut, M.A.; Librarian,
the Jewish National and University

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

91

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Library, Jerusalem: gurwitsch,

AARON; JOEL, KARL; LIEBERT, ARTHUR

Ithamar Gruenwald, Ph.D.;
Lecturer in Jewish Philosophy, Tel
Aviv University: melchizedek; song,

ANGELIC

Irene Grumach, Ph.D.; Jerusalem:

PERIZZITES; RAMSES; SHISHAK;
TIRHAKAH; UZAL

Ralph (E.) Grunewald*, M.A.;
Executive Director, National
Association of Criminal Defense
Lawyers, Washington, D.C.:

LERMAN, MILES; OFFICE OF SPECIAL
INVESTIGATIONS.; SHER, NEAL

Judith Grunfeld-Rosenbaum,

Ph.D.; Educator, London:

DEUTSCHLAENDER, LEO

Kurt Grunwald, Dr.rer.Pol.;
Economist, Jerusalem: Jewish

COLONIAL TRUST

Inger-Lise Grusd, Oslo: eitinger,

LEOS.

Noe Gruss, Ph.D.; Librarian,
Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris:

BEUGNOT, AUGUSTE ARTHUR

Regina Gruter (Grueter)*, Ph.D.;
Head World War II Research and
Archives Unit, Netherlands Red
Cross, The Hague, Netherlands:

WEINREB, FRIEDRICH

Anne Grynberg*, Ph.D., H.D.R.;
Professor of Universities, National
Institute of Oriental Languages and
Civilizations and Sorbonne, Paris,
France: French literature

Shlomo Guberman*, M. Jur.;
Deputy Attorney- General
(Legislation), Retired, Ministry of
Justice, Jerusalem: Israel, state of:

LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEM

Alessandro Guetta*, Professor
Jewish Thought, Institut National
des Langues et Litteratures
Orientales, Paris: alatrini; alatrini,

ANGELO; BARUCH, JACOB BEN MOSES
HAYYIM; BASSANI, GIORGIO; BELFORTE,
SOLOMON; BENAMOZEGH, ELIJAH BEN
ABRAHAM; CALIMANI, SIMONE BEN
ABRAHAM; CASTELNUOVO, ENRICO; DA
VERONA, GUIDO; DANTE ALIGHIERI;
DE BENEDETTI, ALDO; DEBENEDETTI,
GIACOMO; FIORENTINO, SALOMONE;

FUBINI, MARIO; GORNI; ITALIAN
LITERATURE; JEDIDIAH BEN MOSES OF
RECANATI; JOHN OF CAPUA; LEGHORN;
MOMIGLIANO, ATTILIO; MOMIGLIANO,
FELICE; MUSSAFIA, ADOLFO; RIETI

Jacques Yakov Guggenheim,

Jerusalem: baruch, greek

APOCALYPSE OF

Florence Guggenheim- Gruenberg,

Dr.Sc.Nat.; Historian, Zurich:

AARGAU

Terry Guild, Office of Public
Affairs, Brandeis University,
Waltham, Massachusetts

Yehiel G. Gumpertz, M.D.,

Jerusalem: bArAny, Robert; jekuthiel

BEN JUDAH HA-KOHEN

Herman S. Gundersheimer, Ph.D.;
Professor of Art History, Temple
University, Philadelphia: art

HISTORIANS AND ART CRITICS

Yosef Guri, M.A.; Senior Teacher
in Russian Language, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: pechersky,

ALEXANDER

Aron Gurwitsch, Ph.D.; Professor
of Philosophy, the New School for
Social Research, New York: husserl,

EDMUND GUSTAV ALBRECHT

Hans G. Guterbock, Ph.D.;
Professor of Hittitology, the
University of Chicago: hittites

Simeon L. Guterman, Ph.D.;
Professor of History, Yeshiva
University, New York: juster, jean

Oren Gutfeld*, M.A.;
Archaeologist, Institute of
Archaeology, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: hyrcania

Itta Gutgluck, B.A.; Jerusalem:

BREIDENBACH, WOLF

Israel Gutman, B.A.; Historian,
Kibbutz Lehavot ha-Bashan:

PARTISANS

Edwin Emanuel Gutmann, Ph.D.;
Senior Lecturer in Political Science,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

EULAU, HEINZ; FINER, HERMAN; HELLER,
HERMANN; KIRCHHEIMER, OTTO; KOHN,
HANS; LOEWENSTEIN, KARL; ROBSON,
WILLIAM ALEXANDER

Joseph Gutmann, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Art History, Wayne
State University, Detroit: aggadah;

HAGGADAH, PASSOVER; JAFFE, MEIR OF
ULM

Joshua Gutmann, Emeritus
Associate Professor of Jewish
History and Jewish Hellenism, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ACHISH; AHASUERUS; AHIKAR, BOOK
OF; AMAZIAH; ANGARIA; ANGELS
AND ANGELOLOGY; ANTISEMITISM;
ANTONINUS PIUS; ARISTOBULUS OF
PANEAS; ELIJAH; GOD; IDI; OPHIR; URIEL;
WARHAFTIG, ZERAH

Linda Gutstein, B.A.; Journalist,

New York: Bernhardt, sarah; dassin,

JULES; FOX, WILLIAM

Morris A. Gutstein, Ph.D., D.H.L.,
Rabbi; Associate Professor of
Jewish History and Sociology,
the College of Jewish Studies,
Chicago: brith Abraham-, Chicago;

GREENEBAUM; HORNER, HENRY;
MAYER, LEOPOLD; MAYER,
LEVY

Henri Guttel, B.A.; Jerusalem:

JUDEO-PROVENCAL; LADINO; ME-AM
LO'EZ

Louis (Eliahu) Guttman, Ph.D.;
Director, Israel Institute of Applied
Research, Jerusalem

Julius Guttmann, Dr.Phil., Rabbi;
Professor of Jewish Philosophy, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ALEXANDER OF APHRODISIAS

Awni Habash, Ph.D., LL.B.;
Lawyer and Sociologist, Bethlehem
University: Israel, state of:

RELIGIOUS LIFE AND COMMUNITIES

Jacob Haberman, Ph.D., Dr.Jur.,
Rabbi; Attorney, New York:

ABRAHAM BEN MOSES HA-KOHEN HA-
SEPHARDI; ASCETICISM; ASHKENAZI,
SAUL BEN MOSES HA-KOHEN;
BACHARACH, JAIR HAYYIM BEN MOSES
SAMSON; BACHARACH, MOSES SAMSON
BEN ABRAHAM SAMUEL; BELIEF; DASH,
SAMUEL; DELMEDIGO, JOSEPH SOLOMON;
EGER, AKIVA BEN SIMHAH BUNIM; EGER,
SAMUEL BEN JUDAH LOEB; ELIAKIM
GOETZ BEN MEIR; ELIJAH BEN HAYYIM;
ELIJAH BEN LOEB OF FULDA; GRUENHUT,
ELEAZAR; JOSEPH BEN ZADDIK; JUDAH
BEN NISSAN; LICHTENSTADT, BENJAMIN
WOLF BEN JUDAH; LICHTSTEIN,

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ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

ABRAHAM BEN ELIEZER LIPMAN;
LIPSCHUETZ, ISRAEL BEN ELIEZER; LOGIC

Jacob Hirsch Haberman, M.A.,
Rabbi; Librarian, the Jewish
Theological Seminary of America,
New York: ehrentreu, heinrich;

ENOCH BEN ABRAHAM; FRANKFURTER,
MOSES; GEDALIAH, JUDAH; HEILBRONN,
JACOB BEN ELHANAN; HELLER, JEHIEL
BEN AARON; HELLER, JOSHUA BEN
AARON; KAEMPF, SAUL ISAAC; KOERNER,
MOSES BEN ELIEZER PHOEBUS; KRONER,
THEODOR

Joshua O. Haberman*, D.H.L.,
Rabbi; Chairman, Foundation for
Jewish Studies, Washington, D.C.:

HIRSCH, SAMUEL; STEINHEIM, SALOMON
LUDWIG

Abraham Meir Habermann,

Associate Professor of Medieval
Hebrew Literature, Tel Aviv
University: aaron hakiman; abi

ZIMRA, ISAAC MANDIL BEN ABRAHAM;
ABRAHAM BEN ISAAC BEN GARTON;
ABUN; ADELKIND, ISRAEL CORNELIUS;
ADONIM BEN NISAN HA-LEVI; ALAMANI,
AARON HE-HAVER BEN YESHU'AH;
ALHADIB, ISAAC BEN SOLOMON BEN
ZADDIK; ALI; ALVAN BEN ABRAHAM;
AMITTAI; AMITTAI BEN SHEPHATIAH;
AMNON OF MAINZ; ATHIAS, JOSEPH
and IMMANUEL; AZHAROT, AZHARAH;
BAK; BASS, SHABBETAI BEN JOSEPH;
BENJAMIN BEN AZRIEL; BENJAMIN BEN
ZERAH; BERECHIAH BEN NATRONAI HA-
NAKDAN; BERGMANN, JUDAH; BERLIN;
BIBLIOGRAPHY; BIRNBAUM, SOLOMON
ASHER; BLOCH; BOMBERG, DANIEL;
BOOK TRADE; BRODY, HEINRICH; CARMI,
JOSEPH JEDIDIAH; DAVIDSON, ISRAEL;
EISENSTEIN, JUDAH DAVID; EPHRAIM
BEN ISAAC; EPHRAIM BEN JACOB OF
BONN; FRANCES, JACOB BEN DAVID;
GANSO, JOSEPH; GENIZAH; GIKATILLA,
MOSES BEN SAMUEL HA-KOHEN; HAKIM
BI-AMR ALLAH, AL; IBN ALTABBAN, LEVI
BEN JACOB; IBN SASSON, SAMUEL BEN
JOSEPH; JERUSALEM; KALILA AND DIMNA;
KEROVAH; KINAH; LONGO, SAADIAH;
MAARAVOT; MAQAMA; MEIR BEN ELIJAH
OF NORWICH; PIZMON; POETRY; SAHULA,
ISAAC BEN SOLOMON; SAMUEL HA-
NAGID; SANTOB DE CARRION; SIMEON
BAR ISAAC; SINDABAR; SONCINO;
TEHINNAH; TEHINNAH; TEKIATA; WOLF,
JOHANN CHRISTOPH; ZARCO, JUDAH

Joseph Hacker, M.A.; Instructor
in Jewish History, the Hebrew

University of Jerusalem: ibn habib,

JACOB BEN SOLOMON; LERMA, JUDAH

BEN SAMUEL; LEVI; LEVI, SOLOMON BEN
ISAAC; LEVI, ABRAHAM BEN JOSEPH;
LEVI, ISAAC BEN SOLOMON; LEVI, JACOB
BEN ISRAEL; LEVI, SOLOMON BEN ISAAC;
MEDINA, SAMUEL BEN MOSES DE;
MIZRAHI, ELIJAH; SASSON, AARON BEN
JOSEPH

Aviad Hacohen*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer and Dean, Sha'arey Mishpat
Law College; Faculty of Law, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ELON, MENACHEM; PLANNING AND
CONSTRUCTION; PUBLIC AUTHORITY;
RIGHTS, HUMAN; SEPARATION OF
POWERS; TAKKANOT HA-KAHAL

Elisheva Hacohen*, LI.M.;
Advocate, Ministry of Justice,
Jerusalem: mediation

Mordechai Hacohen, Rabbi;
Author, Jerusalem: abramsky,

YEHEZKEL; AMIEL, MOSHE AVIGDOR;
EPSTEIN, BARUCH HA-LEVI; FINKEL,
ELIEZER JUDAH; HUTNER, ISAAC; ISRAEL
MEIR HA-KOHEN; ISRAEL, STATE OF:
RELIGIOUS LIFE AND COMMUNITIES;
KAHANEMAN, JOSEPH; KARELITZ,
AVRAHAM YESHAYAHU; KASOVSKY,
CHAYIM YEHOSHUA; KLUGER, SOLOMON
BEN JUDAH AARON; KOTLER, AARON;
LEIBOWITZ, BARUCH BER; MAISEL, ELIJAH
HAYYIM; MEIR SIMHAH HA-KOHEN OF
DVINSK; MELTZER, ISSER ZALMAN; RATH,
MESHULLAM; SHAPIRA, MEIR; SHKOP,
SIMEON JUDAH; SHVADRON, SHALOM
MORDECAI BEN MOSES; SOLOVEICHIK;
SOLOVEICHIK, HAYYIM; SOLOVEICHIK,
JOSEPH BAER, OF VOLOZHIN; TIKTINSKI;
WASSERMAN, ELHANAN BUNIM;
WEINBERG, JEHIEL JACOB

Shmuel Avidor Hacohen,

Rabbi; Writer, Lecturer, Tel Aviv:

SCHNEERSOHN, MENAHEM MENDEL

Jesaia Hadari, Rabbi; Jerusalem

Amnon Hadary, Ph.D.; Writer
and Researcher, Jerusalem: Jewish

AGENCY; ZIONIST CONGRESSES

Gershon Hadas, B.A., Rabbi;
Kansas City, Missouri: federbusch,

SIMON; KANSAS CITY

Gideon Hadas*, Ph.D.;
Archaeologist, Director of Ein
Gedi Oasis Excavations Delegation,
Kibbutz Ein Gedi, Israel: en-gedi

Pepita Haezrahi, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Philosophy, the Hebrew

University of Jerusalem: bergson,

HENRI LOUIS; BRUNSCHVICG, LEON

Barbara Hahn*, Dr.Phil.; Professor,
Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee: salons

Gerlinde Haid* : mautner, konrad

Abraham Haim, M.A.; Assistant
Lecturer, Department of Middle
Eastern Studies, Tel Aviv University:

ADJIMAN; AKRA; AMASIYA; ANTIOCH;
AYDIN; CAPITULATIONS; CARMONA,
BEKHOR ISAAC DAVID; DEHOK; FONSECA,
DANIEL DE; HIT; ISTANBUL; IZMIT; JUBAR;
KHANAQIN; KUFA; KUFA; MANISSA;
MERSIN; SHAKI, ISAAC; SULEIMAN I;
TOKAT

Andre Hajdu, M.A., Lecturer in
Music, Tel Aviv University and
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

HASIDISM; SZABOLCSI, BENCE

Amos Hakham, B.A.; Researcher,
Jerusalem: kittim

Monika Halbinger*, M.A.; Ph.D.
student; Chair for Jewish History
and Culture, Ludwig-Maximilians-
Universitat, Munich, Germany:

GROSSMANN, KURT RICHARD; MARX,
KARL; ROSENBERG, LUDWIG; ROSENTHAL,
PHILIPP; SPRINGER, AXEL CAESAR;
WEICHMANN, HERBERT; WEIGEL,
HELENE

Elimelech Epstein Halevy, M.A.;
Visiting Senior Lecturer in Aggadah,
Tel Aviv University: aaron; adam;

ALEXANDER THE GREAT; AMALEKITES;
AMRAM; BEZALEL; CAIN; ELI; HAGAR;
ISAIAH; JEROBOAM; JOAB; JONAH, BOOK
OF; JONATHAN; JOSHUA; NOAH

David Weiss Halivni, D.H.L.,
Rabbi; Professor of Rabbinics,
the Jewish Theological Seminary
of America; Adjunct Professor of
Religion, Columbia University, New
York: zucker, moshe

Abraham Solomon Halkin, Ph.D.;
Emeritus Professor of History, the
Jewish Theological Seminary of
America, Jerusalem: aknin, Joseph

BEN JUDAH BEN JACOB IBN; AMERICAN
ACADEMY FOR JEWISH RESEARCH;
AVENDAUTH; FINKEL, JOSHUA; IBN
BARUN, ABU IBRAHIM ISAAC BEN
JOSEPH IBN BENVENISTE; JEDAIAH
BEN ABRAHAM BEDERSI; JUDEO-
ARABIC LITERATURE; SAADIAH GAON;

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

93

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

SPIEGEL, SHALOM; TRANSLATION AND
TRANSLATORS

Hillel Halkin, M.A.; Jerusalem:

AM OLAM; ARVEY, JACOB M.; ATRAN,
FRANK Z.; BAMBERGER, BERNARD JACOB;
ELKUS, ABRAM ISAAC; FALK; FISHER,
MAX M.; FREEHOF, SOLOMON BENNETT;
GREENBERG, HAYIM; GROSSINGER,
JENNIE; HOWE, IRVING; HURWITZ,
HENRY; JEWISH DAILY FORWARD; JEWISH
DAY; JEWISH MORNING JOURNAL;
KAHN, BERNARD; KANE, IRVING;
LEHMAN, HERBERT HENRY; LIEBERMAN,
ELIAS; MAILER, NORMAN; MENORAH
ASSOCIATION AND MENORAH JOURNAL;
NEW YORK CITY; NEWSPAPERS, HEBREW;
RAYNER, ISIDOR; RICE, JAMES P.; ROSE,
ERNESTINE POTOVSKY; ROSENBACH,
ABRAHAM SIMON WOLF; SCHULMAN,
SAMUEL; SHALOM, ISAAC L; SOCIALISM;
SONNEBORN, RUDOLF GOLDSCHMIDT;
STONE, DEWEY D.; SWIG, BENJAMIN
HARRISON; TSUKUNFT; UNITED STATES
LITERATURE; WOLF; YIDISHER
KEMFER

Moshe Hallamish, M.A.; Instructor
in Jewish Philosophy, Bar-Ilan
University, Ram at Gan: hayyim

HAYKL BEN SAMUEL OF AMDUR; JACOB
JOSEPH BEN ZEVI HA-KOHEN KATZ
OF POLONNOYE; JEHIEL MICHAEL OF
ZLOCZOW; JERUSALEM; JOSEPH BEN
SHALOM ASHKENAZI; KORETS, PHINEHAS
BEN ABRAHAM ABBA SHAPIRO OF;
MOSES HAYYIM EPHRAIM OF SUDYLKOW;
REUBEN HOESHKE BEN HOESHKE KATZ;
ZEMAH, JACOB BEN HAYYIM

Morris Halle, Ph.D.; Professor of
Modern Languages, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge:

JAKOBSON, ROMAN

Eileen Hallet Stone*: utah

William W. Hallo, Ph.D.; Professor

of Assyriology and Curator
of the Babylonian Collection,
Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut: akkad; haran;

MESOPOTAMIA

Abraham Halperin, Ph.D.;
Professor of Physics, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: new

BRUNSWICK; NEW JERSEY

Dan Halperin, B.A.; Economist and
Journalist, Jerusalem

Liora R. Halperin*, Ph.D.; Student
Jewish History, University of

California, Los Angeles, California:

ROTH, JOEL

Vladimir Seev Halperin, Ph.D.;
Director of the World ORT Union,
Geneva: ort; syngalowski, aron

Baruch Halpern*, Ph.D.; Chaiken
Family Chair of Jewish Studies;
Professor of History; Classics and
Ancient Mediterranean Studies,
and Religious Studies, Penn State,
University Park, Pennsylvania: david

Israel Halpern, M.A.; Professor
of Jewish History, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Abraham

BEN HAYYIM; ABRAHAM BEN JOSEPH OF
LISSA; CZACKI, TADEUSZ; DEMBITZER,
HAYYIM NATHAN; FORTIS, ABRAHAM
ISAAC; FRENK, EZRIEL NATHAN;
HANNOVER, NATHAN NATA; JAROSLAW;
LEWIN, LOUIS; MEIR BEN SAMUEL OF
SHCHERBRESHIN; SCHIPER, IGNACY

Janice Halpern*, M.D.; Psychiatrist,
University of Toronto, Toronto,
Canada: freud, sigmund

Joseph Halpern, M.A., Reverend;
Educator and Writer, Ramat Gan,
Israel: children's literature

Lipman Halpern, M.D.; Professor
of Neurology, the Hebrew
University-Hadassah Medical
School, Jerusalem: Goldstein, kurt

Nikki Halpern*, Institut Charles V,

Paris: steinbarg, eliezer

Stanley Halpern*: GARY; san diego

Ernest Hamburger, Ph.D.; Political

Scientist, New York: arons, leo;

BAERWALD, MORITZ; BARTHOLDY, JACOB;
ROZIN, JOSEPH

Reuven Hammer, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Department of Rabbinics, Jewish
Theological Seminary of America;
Dean of Jerusalem School and
Director of Seminary of Judaic
Studies, JTS, Jerusalem

Liz Hamui (Halabe)*, Ph.D.;
Professor in Social Science,
Universidad Iberoamericana,
Mexico City: Mexico

Samuel (B.) Hand*, Ph.D.;
Professor Emeritus, University of
Vermont: rosenman, samuel

IRVING

Michael Handelsaltz, B.A.; Theater
Critic, Book Review Editor, Haaretz,
Tel Aviv: Israel, state of: cultural
life

Amy Handelsman*, B.A.; Producer,
Writer, Los Angeles and New York:

RUDNER, RITA; SABAN, HAIM; SANDLER,
ADAM RICHARD; SINGER, BRYAN; STAR,
DARREN; STILLER, BEN; TOBACK, JAMES;
WANAMAKER, SAM

Joelle Hansel*, Ph.D.; Lecturer, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

LUZZATTO, MOSES HAYYIM

Nelly Hansson*, Ph.D.; Executive
Director, Fondation du judaisme
fran^ais, Paris, France: klein,

THEODORE; LEVY, BERNARD-HENRI;
MUSEE DART ET D'HISTOIRE DU
JUDAISME; VEIL, SIMONE

Menahem Haran, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of Bible, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

AMOS; HOLINESS CODE; MENORAH;
NEHUSHTAN; POOR, PROVISION FOR
THE; PRIESTLY VESTMENTS; PRIESTS AND
PRIESTHOOD; PROVERB; SHEWBREAD;
VATKE, WILHELM; WETTE, DE, WILHELM
MARTIN LEBERECHT; WINCKLER,
HUGO

Yuval Harari*, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
Hebrew Literature - Program of
Folklore Studies, Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev, Beersheba:

MAGIC

Israel Harburg, B.A., Rabbi; Lynn,
Massachusetts

Shoshana Hareli, M.A.; Haifa:

MO'EZET HA-POALOT; PIONEER WOMEN

Shulamith Hareven, Writer,

Jerusalem: potok, chaim

Yehoshafat Harkabi, Ph.D.;
Major General (Res.), Israel
Defense Forces; Senior Lecturer
in International Relations and
Middle Eastern Studies, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem

Angela Kim Harkins*, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor of Theology,
Duquesne University, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania: bible, ancient

TRANSLATIONS, LATIN

Franklin T. Harkins*, Ph.D.; Lilly
Fellow and Lecturer in Theology,

94

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume i

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Valparaiso University, Indiana: bible,

ANCIENT TRANSLATIONS, LATIN

Jules Harlow, Rabbi; Director of
Publications, Rabbinical Assembly
of America

Isaac Harpaz, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Agricultural
Entomology, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: avidov, zvl, hannover,

NATHAN NATA

Nisan Harpaz, Chairman, Brit Ivrit
Olamit

Jay Harris'*': band, Arnold; berger,

DAVID; BIALE, DAVID; BOYARIN, DANIEL;
CARLEBACH, ELISHEVA; CHAZAN,
ROBERT; COHEN, SHAYE J. D.

Lucien Harris, M.A.; Hadassah
Medical Organization, Jerusalem:

FEIGENBAUM, ARYEH; MICHAELSON,
ISAAC CHESAR

Monford Harris, D.H.L.; Professor

of Religious Studies, the University
of Toronto: herberg, will

Laszlo Harsanyi, D.L.; Historian,

Budapest: baja; balassagyarmat-,

BODROGKERESZTUR; KOSZEG; LIPSHITZ,
ISRAEL; MISKOLC; NYIREGYHAZA;
PAPA

Michael Harsgor, Ph.D.; Professor,
Aranne School of History, Tel Aviv
University: Portugal

Judah Harstein*, B.Sc; Head of
Jewish Education, World ORT,
London, England: ort

Alexander Hart*, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
University of British Columbia,
Vancouver, Canada: Michaels, anne;

STEINFELD, J.J.

David Hartman, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Director, Shalom Hartman Institute,
Jerusalem

Geoffrey H. Hartman, Ph.D.;
Professor of English and
Comparative Literature, Yale
University, New Haven, Connecticut

Harriet Hartman*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Sociology, Rowan University,
Glassboro, New Jersey: sociology;

STEINEM, GLORIA

Heinz Hartman, M.D.; Physician,

Syracuse, New York: sandmel,

SAMUEL

Louis F. Hartman, L.S.S., L.O.L.;
Professor of Semitic and Egyptian
Languages and Literatures, the
Catholic University of America,
Washington, D.C.: eschatology;

GOD, NAMES OF

Steven Harvey*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Philosophy, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: averroes

Warren Zev Harvey*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Jewish Thought, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

CRESCAS, HASDAI BEN JUDAH; IBN
SHEM TOV, ISAAC BEN SHEM TOV; IBN
SHEM TOV, SHEM TOV; IBN SHEM TOV,
SHEM TOV BEN JOSEPH BEN SHEM TOV;
PHILOSOPHY, JEWISH

Galit Hasan-Rockem, B.A.;
Assistant in Hebrew Literature, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

FABLE

Wendy Haslem*, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
Cinema Studies, University of
Melbourne: deren, maya

Isaac Hasson*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: Jerusalem; jihad;

UMAYYADS

Shlomo Hasson, B.A.; Jerusalem:

AKABA; HADERAH; HAZOR; HOLON;
KIRYAT ONO; LYDDA; MIZPEH RAMON;
NETANYAH; OR AKIVA; PETAH TIKVAH;
RAMLEH; ROSH HA-AYIN; SHARM EL-
SHEIKH, TIRAN ISLAND, and TIRAN
STRAITS; SHEFARAM; SODOM AND
GOMORRAH; 'USIFIYYA; YEHUD;
YEROHAM

■

Theodore Hatalgui, M.A.; the
Jewish National Fund, Jerusalem:

GRANOTT, ABRAHAM; GRANOTT,
ABRAHAM

Susan Hattis Rolef*, Ph.D.;
Senior Researcher in the Knesset
Information Division, The Knesset,
Jerusalem: ahdut ha-avodah-poalei

ZION; ALLON, YIGAL; ALMOGI, YOSEF
AHARON; ALONI, SHULAMIT; AMIT, MEIR;
ARID OR, YORAM; AVNERY URI; BARAK,
EHUD; BARAM, MOSHE; BARAM, UZI;
BARKAT, REUVEN; BAR-LEV, HAIM; BEGIN,
MENAHEM; BEGIN, ZE'EV BINYAMIN;
BEILIN, YOSSI; BEN-AHARON, YITZHAK;
BEN-ELIEZER, BINYAMIN; BEN-GURION,

DAVID; BEN-PORAT, MORDEKHAI;
BENTOV, MORDEKHAI; BERIT SHALOM;
BI-NATIONALISM; BURG, AVRAHAM;
BURG, JOSEPH; COHEN, GEULAH; DAYAN,
MOSHE; DAYAN, YAEL; DEMOCRATIC
MOVEMENT FOR CHANGE; DERI, ARYEH;
EHRLICH, SIMHA; EITAN, RAPHAEL;
ELDAD, ISRAEL; ELIAV, ARIE LOVA;
ESHKOL, LEVI; GAHAL; GALILI, ISRAEL;
GENERAL ZIONISTS; GRUENBAUM,
YIZHAK; GUR, MORDECAI; HACOHEN,
DAVID; HAMMER, ZEVULUN; HAZAN,
YAAKOV; HERUT MOVEMENT; HERZOG,
CHAIM; HILLEL, SHLOMO; HURWITZ,
YIGAEL; IDELSON, BEBA; INDEPENDENT
LIBERAL PARTY; ISRAEL LABOR PARTY;
ISRAEL, STATE OF: POLITICAL LIFE AND
PARTIES; ITZIK, DALIA; JOSEPH, DOV;
KACH; KAPLAN, ELIEZER; KATZAV,
MOSHE; KESSAR, ISRAEL; KHOUSHI,
ABBA; KNESSET; KOL, MOSHE; KOLLEK,
TEDDY; LAHAT, SHLOMO; LAPID, JOSEPH;
LAVON AFFAIR, THE; LAVON, PINHAS;
LEVY, DAVID; LIBAI, DAVID; LIKUD;
LIVNAT, LIMOR; LOPOLIANSKY, URI; LUZ,
KADISH; MAIMON, ADA; MAPAI; MAPAM;
MEIR, GOLDA; MERETZ; MERIDOR, DAN;
MESHEL, YERUHAM; MILO, RONI; NAMIR,
MORDECHAI; NAMIR, ORA; NATIONAL
RELIGIOUS PARTY; NAVON, ITZHAK;
NE'EMAN, YUVAL; NIR-RAFALKES,
NAHUM; NUROCK, MORDECHAI; PATL,
MEIR; PATT, GIDEON; PERES, SHIMON;
PERETZ, AMIR; POALEI AGUDAT YISRAEL;
POALEI AGUDAT YISRAEL; PORUSH,
MENACHEM; RABIN, YITZHAK; RAMON,
HAIM; RAPHAEL, YITZHAK; REMEZ,
MOSHE DAVID; RUBINSTEIN, AMNON;
SAPIR, PINHAS; SHAHAL, MOSHE;
SHALOM, SILVAN; SHAMIR, YITZHAK;
SHARANSKY, NATAN; SHARETT, MOSHE;
SHARON, ARIEL; SHAS; SHAZAR, SHNEUR
ZALMAN; SHEETRIT, MEIR; SHEM-TOV,
VICTOR; SHERF, ZE'EV; SHINUI; SHOHAT,
AVRAHAM BEIGA; SNEH, MOSHE;
SPRINZAK, JOSEPH; TABENKIN, YIZHAK;
TAMIR, SHMUEL; TSABAN, YATR; TSOMET;
WEIZMAN, EZER; YAACOBI, GAD; YAARI,
MEIR; YAARI, MEIR; YADIN, YIGAEL;
YELLIN-MOR, NATHAN; YESHAYAHU-
SHARABI, ISRAEL; ZADOK, HAIM JOSEPH;
ZE'EVI, REHAVAM

G. Eric Hauck, B.A.; Journalist,

New York: lerner, alan jay;

THALBERG, IRVING GRANT; WYLER,
WILLIAM

Yehuda Martin Hausman*, B.A.,
M.A.; Rabbinic Student, Yeshiva
Chovevei Torah, Rabbinic Seminary,
Los Angeles: abrams, elliott;

ABRAMS, ROBERT; ARONSON, ARNOLD;
BOOKBINDER, HYMAN H.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

95

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Meir Havazelet, Ph.D., D.H.L.,
Rabbi; Professor of Rabbinic
Literature and of Bible, Yeshiva
University, New York: abba; hanina

KAHANA BEN HUNA; JACOB HA-KOHEN
BAR MORDECAI; JOSEPH BAR ABBA;
JOSEPH BAR HIYYA; KOHEN-ZEDEK BAR
IVOMAI; MEIR BAAL HA-NES, TOMB
OF; NAHSHON BAR ZADOK; NATRONAI
BAR HILAI; NATRONAI BAR NEHEMIAH;
PALTOI BAR ABBAYE; RABBAH; SAR
SHALOM BEN BOAZ; SHERIRA BEN
HANINA GAON; ZADOK BAR MAR YISHI;
ZEMAH BEN HAYYIM; ZEMAH BEN PALTOI

• • • • •

Shlomoh Zalman Havlin, Rabbi;
Research Assistant, the Institute for
Research in Jewish Law, the Hebrew

University of Jerusalem: aaron

BEN JACOB HA-KOHEN OF LUNEL; ANAV,
JEHIEL BEN JEKUTHIEL BEN BENJAMIN
HA-ROFE; ANAV, JUDAH BEN BENJAMIN
HA-ROFE; ELISHA BEN ABRAHAM;
GERSHOM BEN SOLOMON; HADRAN;
HAGGAHOT; HAGGAHOT MAIMUNIYYOT;
HA-HINNUKH; HANANEL BEN SAMUEL;
HEZEKIAH BEN JACOB; ISAAC BEN
ABRAHAM; ISAAC BEN ABRAHAM OF
NARBONNE; ISAAC BEN ASHER HA-
LEVI; ISAAC BEN JACOB HA-LAVAN OF
PRAGUE; ISAAC BEN JUDAH OF MAINZ;
ISAAC BEN MEIR; ISAAC BEN MERWAN
HA-LEVI; ISAAC BEN MORDECAI; ISAAC
BEN MOSES OF VIENNA; ISAAC BEN
TODROS OF BARCELONA; ISAAC FROM
OURVILLE; JACOB BEN NISSIM IBN
SHAHIN; JUDAH BEN ISAAC; KOKHAVI,
DAVID BEN SAMUEL; KOL BO; LUBETZKY,
JUDAH; MANOAH OF NARBONNE; MEIR
BEN SIMEON HA-METLI; MESHULLAM BEN
JACOB OF LUNEL; PARDO, DAVID SAMUEL
BEN JACOB; PERAHYAH BEN NISSIM;
SAMSON BEN ABRAHAM OF SENS; SARDI,
SAMUEL BEN ISAAC; SCHLETTSTADT,
SAMUEL BEN AARON; SIMHAH BEN
SAMUEL OF SPEYER

Christine (Elizabeth) Hayes*,

Ph.D.; Professor of Religious Studies
in Classical Judaica, Yale University,
New Haven, Connecticut: purity

AND IMPURITY, RITUAL

Saul Hayes, M.A., Q.C.; Executive
Vice President of the Canadian
Jewish Congress; Lecturer in Social
Work, McGill University, Montreal

Yaakov Arie Hazan, Member of
the Knesset; Kibbutz Mishmar ha-
Emek: kibbutz movement

Aviva Hazaz, M.A.; Jerusalem:

HAZAZ, HAYYIM

David Hazony*, M.A.; Editor
in Chief of the Journal Azure,
The Shalem Center, Jerusalem:

BERKOVITS, ELIEZER

Barth Healey, B.A.; Journalist,

New York: friendly, fred w.; jessel,

GEORGE ALBERT

Lee Healey, New York: nichols,

MIKE; ROSE, BILLY; SELLERS, PETER;
STREISAND, BARBRA; TUCKER, SOPHIE;
ZIEGFELD, FLORENZ

Ernest Hearst, Editor, Wiener
Library, London: neo-fascism; neo-
nazism; NEW LEFT

Jacob Heilbrunn*, M.A.; Editorial

Writer, Los Angeles Times \
Washington, D.C.: bell, daniel;

KRISTOL, IRVING; KRISTOL, WILLIAM

Samuel C. Heilman, Ph.D.;
Professor, holder of the Harold
Proshansky Chair in Jewish Studies
Graduate Center of the City
University of New York: feuerstein;

HAREDIM

Joseph Heinemann, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Hebrew Literature, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

AMIDAH; ANTISEMITISM; LEVITICUS
RABBAH; NAHSHON; PREACHING; RED
SEA; ZECHARIAH; ZENTRALE STELLE DER
LANDESJUSTIZVERWALTUNGEN

Dirk Heisserer*, Dr. Phil.; Scientist
of Literature, LMU, Munich: mann,

THOMAS

Petra Heldt*, Ph.D.; Professor
of History of the Church in the
East and the Early Writings of the
Church, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: origen

Leonardo Hellemberg, Managua,

Nicaragua: Nicaragua

Bernard Heller, Ph.D., Rabbi; New

York: adam

Joseph Elijah Heller, Dr.Phil.;
Encyclopaedia Judaica (Germany);
Lecturer in Hebrew, University
College, London: andrade, velosino

JACOB DE; BALMES, ABRAHAM BEN
MEIR DE; BERLIN, DAVID BEN LOEB;
CAMPEN, JOHANNES VAN; CARDOZO,
ISAAC; CARVALHO, MORDECAI BARUCH;
COHN, LEOPOLD; CUENQUE, ABRAHAM
BEN LEVI; DAVID BEN SAUL; DENIS,

ALBERTUS; FRANCK, ADOLPHE; FRANKEL,
ZACHARIAS; FREUDENTHAL, JACOB;
GAFFAREL, JACQUES; GERONDI, MOSES
BEN SOLOMON D'ESCOLA; GERONDI,
ZERAHIAH BEN ISAAC HA-LEVI; HAAS,
SOLOMON BEN JEKUTHIEL KAUFMANN;
HESS, MENDEL; HOECHHEIMER, MOSES
BEN HAYYIM COHEN; ISRAEL BEN
BENJAMIN OF BELZEC; ISRAEL BEN
JONATHAN FROM LECZYCA; JACOB BEN
MORDECAI OF SCHWERIN; KAHANA,
ABRAHAM ARYEH LEIB BEN SHALOM
SHAKHNA; KARAITES; KARGAU,
MENAHEM MENDEL BEN NAPHTALI
HIRSCH; KOENIGSBERGER, BERNHARD;
LANDAUER, MEYER HEINRICH HIRSCH;
LEUSDEN, JOHANN; LUTHER, MARTIN;
MOSES BEN MENAHEM GRAF

Kathryn Hellerstein*, Ph.D.;
Ruth Meltzer Senior Lecturer
in Yiddish and Jewish Studies,
Department of Germanic Languages
and Literatures, University of
Pennsylvania: dropkin, celia;

MARGOLIN, ANNA; MOLODOWSKY, KADIA

Sara O. Heller- Wilensky, Ph.D.;

Associate Professor of Jewish
Philosophy, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan, Tel Aviv University, and
Haifa University: arama, isaac ben

MOSES

Yehuda Heilman, Executive
Director of the Conference of
Presidents of Major American
Jewish Organizations; Secretary
General of the World Conference
of Jewish Organizations, New
York: world conference of Jewish

ORGANIZATIONS

Melila Hellner-Eshed*, Ph.D.;
Lecturer, Jewish Studies, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: zohar

Marilyn Henry*, M.P.A., M.A.;
Journalist, Teaneck, New Jersey:

CONFERENCE ON JEWISH MATERIAL
CLAIMS AGAINST GERMANY

Dana Herman*, B.A., M.A.;
Doctoral Candidate, McGill
University, Montreal, Canada:

JEWISH CULTURAL RECONSTRUCTION
INC.

Jan Herman, Ph.D.; State Jewish

Museum, Prague: benesov Bohemia;

GOLCUV JENIKOV; HERMANUV MESTEC;
HROZNETIN; JOSEPH II; KADAN;
KASEJOVICE; KLATOVY; KOSOVA HORA;
LIBEREC; LITOMERICE; LOUNY; MLADA

96

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

BOLESLAV; MOST; NOVY BYDZOV; PILSEN;
POLNA; PRAGUE; ROUDNICE NAD LABEM;
SOBEDRUHY; TABOR; TEPLICE; TURNOV;
UDLICE; USTEK; VOTICE; ZATEC

Zvi Herman, Rabbi; Former
Member of the Jewish Agency
Executive; Former Managing
Director of the Zim Israel
Navigation Company, Haifa: zim

Zvi Hermon, Dr.Phil., Rabbi;
Adjunct Professor of Criminology
and Corrections, Center for the
Study of Crime, Delinquency,
and Corrections, Southern
Illinois University, Carbondale:

ABRAHAMSEN, DAVID; ALEXANDER,
FRANZ; CRIME; CRIMINOLOGY;
DRAPKIN, ISRAEL; EATON, JOSEPH W.;
FRIEDLANDER, KATE; GLUECK, SHELDON;
GRUENHUT, MAX; GUNZBURG, NIKO;
GUTTMACHER, MANFRED; HENRIQUES;
HURWITZ, STEPHAN; KROSS, ANNA;
LOMBROSO, CESARE; MANNHEIM,
HERMANN; SCHAFER, STEPHEN

Moshe David Herr, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Jewish History, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: age and

THE AGED; AGGADAT BERESHIT;
ALBECK; ANTIGONUS OF SOKHO;
APTOWITZER, VICTOR; AVODAH ZARAH;
BANETH; BAVA MEZIA; BRUELL; BRUELL,
JACOB; CHURCH FATHERS; DAY OF
ATONEMENT; DEUTERONOMY RABBAH;
ECCLESIASTES RABBAH; EDOM; ESAU;
ESTHER RABBAH; EXODUS RABBAH;
FASTING AND FAST DAYS; FESTIVALS;
GENESIS RABBAH; GUTMANN, JOSHUA;
GUTTMANN, MICHAEL; HANANIAH BEN
TERADYON; HANUKKAH; HOFFMANN,
DAVID ZEVI; HOROVITZ, SAUL; JABNEH;
JACOB OF KEFAR SAKHNAYYA; JOSHUA
BEN KORHA; JOSHUA BEN PERAHYAH;
JUDAH BEN BAVA; JUDAH BEN TABBAI;
JUDAH BEN TEMA; LAMENTATIONS
RABBAH; MIDRASHIM, SMALLER;
MIDRESHEI AGGADAH; MINHAG;
MONOGAMY; NUMBERS RABBAH; PIRKEI
DE-RABBI ELIEZER; PROSTITUTION;
ROME; SHAMMAI; TEN MARTYRS, THE;
THEODOR, JULIUS; TRAJAN, MARCUS
ULPIUS; URBACH, EPHRAIM ELIMELECH;
WEISS, ISAAC HIRSCH; YOSE BEN JOEZER
OF ZEREDAH; YOSE BEN JOHANAN HA-
TANNA OF JERUSALEM; YOSE BEN
KISMA; YOSE BEN ZIMRA; ZIEGLER,
IGNAZ; ZUCKERMANDEL, MOSES
SAMUEL

Eli Herscher*, M.A.H.L., Rabbi;
Stephen S. Wise Temple, Los
Angeles: zeldin, isaiah

Lucian-Zeev Herscovici*, M.A.;
Historian; Librarian, Jewish
National and University Library,
Jerusalem: adam ; aderca, felix;

ARTZI, YITZHAK; AXELRAD, AVRAM;
BACAU; BALLY, DAVICION; BALLY,
ISAAC DAVID; BALTAZAR, CAMIL;
BANUS, MARIA; BARANGA, AUREL;
BARASCH, JULIUS; BARLAD; BERLIAND,
SHLOMO MEIR; BLANK, MAURICE;
BOTOSANI; BRAILA; BRESLASU, MARCEL;
BUCHAREST; BUHUSI; BURDUJENI;
BUZAU; C.D.E.; CAJAL, NICOALE; CALIN,
VERA; CAMPULUNG MOLDOVENESC;
CARP, HORIA; CONSTANTA; CRAIOVA;
DARABANI; DOMINIC, ALEXANDRU;
DORIAN, DOREL; DOROHOI; EGALITATEA;
FALTICENI; FERARU, LEON; FOCSANI;
GALATI; GASTON-MARIN, GHEORGHE;
GERTSA; GHELERTER, LUDWIG
LITMAN; GRAUR, CONSTANTIN; GURA-
HUMORULUI; HAIMOVICI, MENDEL;
HARLAU; HASEFER; HEFTER, ALFRED;
HUSI; LAVI, THEODOR; LUCA, B.;
ROMANIA

Leo Hershkowitz, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of History, Queens
College of the City University of
New York: Abrahams, Abraham

ISAAC; ABRAHAMS, ISAAC; BARSIMSON,
JACOB; BROWN, SAUL PARDO; BUSH,
SOLOMON; DE LUCENA; FRANKS, DAVID;
FRANKS, DAVID SALISBURY; FRANKS,
JACOB; GOMEZ; GRATZ; ISAACS, JOSEPH;
JOSEPHSON, MANUEL; KURSHEEDT,
ISRAEL BAER; LEVY, AARON; LEVY, ASSER;
LEVY, HAYMAN; LEVY, MOSES; MYERS,
MORDECAI; NATHAN; NATHAN; NEW
YORK CITY; NOAH, MORDECAI MANUEL;
PACHECO, RODRIGO BENJAMIN MENDES;
PINTO, ISAAC; SALOMON, HAYM; SEIXAS;
WAGG, ABRAHAM

Zvi Yehuda Hershlag, Ph.D.;
Professor of Economic History
and the Economics of Developing
Countries, Tel Aviv University:

BONNE, ALFRED ABRAHAM

Eli Herstein*, Publisher, Yanshuf
Publishing, Zur Moshe, Israel:

SCIENCE FICTION AND FANTASY, JEWISH

Deborah Hertz*, Ph.D.; Wouk
Chair in Modern Jewish Studies,
University of California at San
Diego: mendelssohn-veit-schlegel,

DOROTHEA; VARNHAGEN, RAHEL LEVIN

Arthur Hertzberg, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Associate Adjunct Professor of
History, Columbia University, New

York: ANTISEMITISM; ASSIMILATION;

BARON, SALO WITTMAYER; DEISTS;
FRENCH REVOLUTION; JEWISH IDENTITY;
MONTESQUIEU, CHARLES LOUIS DE
SECONDAT, BARON DE LA BREDE ET DE;
NUMERUS CLAUSUS; ZIONISM

Abel Jacob Her zb erg, Dr.Jur.;

Attorney, Amsterdam: vughT;

WESTERBORK

Avigdor (Yitshaq) Herzog*, M.A.;
Lecturer in Jewish Traditional
Music, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan: adon olam; ahot ketannah;

INDIA; PSALMS, BOOK OF; SCROLLS, THE
FIVE

Chaim Herzog, LL.B.; Major
General (Res.), Israel Defense
Forces; Military Commentator and
Business Executive, Tel Aviv: Israel,

STATE OF: DEFENSE FORCES; SIX-DAY
WAR; YOM KIPPUR WAR

Abraham Joshua Heschel,

Ph.D., Rabbi; Professor of Jewish
Ethics and Mysticism, the Jewish
Theological Seminary of America,
New York

Susannah Heschel*, Ph.D.;
Professor Dartmouth College,
Hanover, New Hampshire: feminism;

GEIGER, ABRAHAM; LILITH

Irene Heskes, Musicologist, New
York: records, phonograph

Moshe Hesky, Dr.Jur.; Former
Adviser, Philatelic Services, Israel
Ministry of Posts; England: stamps

Carolyn Hessel* : Jewish book

COUNCIL, THE

R. (Renate) Heuer*, Dr.Phil.;
Director, Archiv Bibliographia
Judaica, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-
Universitat, Frankfurt, Germany:

REICHER, EMANUEL

Andreas Heusler*, Dr.Phil.,
M.A.; Senior Scholar, Munich
City Archives, Munich, Germany:

MERZBACHER, GOTTFRIED; NEUMEYER,
ALFRED; NEUMEYER, KARL

Viveka Heyman, M.A.; Teacher
in Swedish, Tel Aviv University:

JOSEPHSON; SCANDINAVIAN
LITERATURE

Michael Heymann, Ph.D.; Director
of the Central Zionist Archives,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

97

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Jerusalem: hantke, Arthur; herlitz,

GEORG

Zalman Heyn, Ministry of Labor,

Jerusalem: Israel, state of: labor

Eugene B. Hibshman, B.A., B.H.,
Rabbi; Sioux Falls, South Dakota

Alter Hilewitz, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Principal, Hebrew Teachers Training
College and Hebrew Training
College for Ministers and Rabbis,
Johannesburg, South Africa: ahai;

ELIEZER BEN YOSE HA-GELILI; HOSHAIAH,
RAV

Joe Hillaby*, President Elect, Jewish
Historical Society of England,
Honorary Research Fellow, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

AARON OF YORK; ARCHA; BRISTOL;
BURY ST. EDMUNDS; CANTERBURY;
COLCHESTER; ROBERT OF READING;
WINCHESTER; WORCESTER

Delbert Roy Hillers, Ph.D.;
Professor of Semitic Languages,
Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore: burial; demons,

DEMONOLOGY

Shmuel Himelstein*, Rabbi, Dr.;
Writer, Translator, Editor, Jerusalem:

LICHTENSTEIN, AHARON

Maurice Gerschon Hindus, MS.;

Writer, New York: fischer, louis

Milton Henry Hindus, M.S.;
Professor of English, Brandeis
University, Waltham, Massachusetts:

DAHLBERG, EDWARD; DAVENPORT,
MARCIA; FIEDLER, LESLIE AARON;
FREEMAN, JOSEPH; GOLDEN, HARRY
LEWIS; GOODMAN, PAUL; KAZIN, ALFRED;
KRONENBERGER, LOUIS; KUNITZ,
STANLEY JASSPON; MALTZ, ALBERT;
ORNITZ, SAMUEL BADISCH; ROTH, PHILIP
MILTON; SALINGER, JEROME DAVID;
UNITED STATES LITERATURE

Edith Hirsch, M.A.; Economist and

Teacher, New York: feiler, Arthur;

TIETZ; WERTHEIM

Frederik Jacob Hirsch, B.A.;
Librarian, Haifa: cohen, benjamin;

HARTOG, LEVIE DE; HILLESUM, JEREMIAS;
HOND, MEIJER DE; NEUBAUER, JACOB;
ROEST, MEIJER MARCUS; TUNIS, TUNISIA;
WAGENAAR, LION

Joseph Hirsch, Ph.D., Chaplain,

U.S. Armed Forces, Okinawa:

WIERNIK, PETER

Mark D. Hirsch, Ph.D.; Professor of
History, Bronx Community College,
New York: duberman, martin b.

Richard Hirsch, Rabbi; Hebrew
Union College-Jewish Institute of

Religion, Jerusalem: eisenstein, ira;

ISRAEL, STATE OF: RELIGIOUS LIFE AND
COMMUNITIES; RECONSTRUCTIONISM;
ROSENSTOCK-HUESSY, EUGEN

Alfred Hirschberg, Dr.Jur.; Director
of the Confederacy Israelita de
Brasil, National Director of B'nai
B rith of Brazil, Sao Paulo: klabin;

LAFER, HORACIO

Eliyahu Hirschberg, M.Jur., M.Ph.;

Jerusalem: nawi; nehar pekod; niego,

JOSEPH

Haim Z'ew Hirschberg, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Professor of Jewish History,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

AGGADAH; AHL AL-KITAB; ALAWIDS;
ARABIA; ASHURA; AYYUBIDS; BALAAM;
BENJAMIN; BIBLE; CANAAN; COMMUNITY;
DANIEL; DAVID; ELIJAH; ELISHA; ENOCH;
ESCHATOLOGY; EVE; EZEKIEL; EZRA;
FRANCOS; GOLIATH; GORNI; HABIL;
HADITH; HAKHAM BASHI; HAMAN;
HANIF; HIMYAR; HUD; HUESCA; ISAAC;
ISAIAH; ISHMAEL; ISLAM; ISRAEL,
LAND OF: HISTORY; ISRAELITE; JACOB;
JEREMIAH; JERUSALEM; JETHRO; JIHAD;
JOB, THE BOOK OF; JONAH, BOOK OF;
JOSEPH; JOSHUA; KAKHYA; KAMNIEL, ABU
AL-HASAN MEIR IBN; KORAH; LEBANON;
LEVI DELLA VIDA, GIORGIO; LIBYA; LOT;
MADRID; MAGHREBI-MAARAVI; MILLET;
MIRIAM; MOCHA; MOSES; MUSTA'RAB,
MUSTA'RABS; NEBUCHADNEZZAR;
NIMROD; NOAH; OTTOMAN EMPIRE;
PALACHE; PHARAOH; POTIPHAR;
SALADIN; SAMARITANS; SAMUEL;
SARRAF; SETH; SOLOMON; TARAGAN,
BEN-ZION; TEHERAN; TERAH; TRIPOLI;
TURKEY; UMAYYA IBN ABl AL-SALT

Richard S. Hirschhaut*, B.A.;
International Relations and Judaic
Studies, Project and Executive
Director, Illinois Holocaust Museum
and Education Center; Former
Midwest Director, Anti-Defamation
League: foxman, Abraham

Gertrude Hirschler, B.S.; Editor,

New York: pioneer women

Jehoash Hirshberg*, Ph.D.;

Professor of Musicology, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ALEXANDER, HAIM; AVNI, TZEVI; BEN-
HAIM, PAUL; BUKOFZER, MANFRED;
GELBRUN, ARTUR; GRADENWITZ, PETER
EMANUEL; HARRAN, DON; HAUSER, EMIL;
HOLDHEIM, THEODORE; LOWINSKY,
EDWARD ELIAS; MAAYANI, AMI; MUSIC;
OLIVERO, BETTY; ORGAD, BEN ZION;
SCHIDLOWSKY, LEON; TAL, JOSEF;
TISCHLER, HANS; YELLIN-BENTWICH,
THELMA

Yair Hirshfeld, Ph.D.; Shiloah
Center, University of Tel Aviv

Aron Hirt-Manheimer*, M.A.;
Doctor of Jewish Religious
Education; Editor Reform Judaism
Magazine, Union for Reform
Judaism, New York: wiesel, elie;

YOFFIE, ERIC H.

Philip D. Hobsbaum, L.R.A.M.,
L.G.S.M., Ph.D.; Lecturer in
English Literature, the University of
Glasgow: meyerstein, edward harry

WILLIAM; PINTER, HAROLD; SHAFFER,
SIR PETER; SILKIN, JON; WALEY, ARTHUR;
WESKER, ARNOLD; WOLFE, HUMBERT

Jerome (Jerry) Hochbaum*, Ph.D.;
Executive Vice President, Memorial
Foundation for Jewish Culture, New
York: memorial foundation for

JEWISH CULTURE

Nathan Hochberg, M.Sc;
Agronomist, Tel Aviv: wine and

LIQUOR TRADE

Joseph Hodara, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Latin American History, the
National Autonomous University of

Mexico, Mexico City: cordoba

Sidney B. Hoenig, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Jewish History, Yeshiva
University, New York: belkin,

SAMUEL; REVEL, BERNARD; ZEITLIN,
SOLOMON

Miriam Hoexter*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor (retired), the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: ibAdis

Harold von Hofe, Ph.D.; Professor
of German Literature, the University
of Southern California, Los Angeles:

MARCUSE, LUDWIG

Frederick J. Hoffman, The

University of California, Riverside:

STEIN, GERTRUDE

98

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Shlomo Hofman, D.Litt.; Lecturer
in the History of Music, Tel Aviv
University - Rubin Academy of

Music: KARAITES; SAMARITANS

Menachem Hofnung*, Ph.D.;
Senior Lecturer, Department of
Political Science, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: barak,

AHARON

S.H. Holland: welsh, Arthur l.

Svend Holm-Nielsen, Dr.Theol.;
Professor of Old Testament,
Copenhagen University:

THANKSGIVING PSALMS

J. Edwin Holmstrom, Ph.D.,
C.Eng.; Folkestone, England:

AYRTON, HERTHA; FRANCK, JAMES;
FRENKEL, JACOB ILICH; GABOR, DENNIS;
GOLDSTEIN, EUGEN; HECHT, SELIG;
HERTZ, GUSTAV; INFELD, LEOPOLD;
OPPENHEIMER, J. ROBERT; SEGRE,
EMILIO GINO; SIMON, SIR FRANCIS
EUGENE

Avraham Holtz, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Associate Professor of Modern
Hebrew Literature, the Jewish
Theological Seminary of America,
New York: Patterson, david

Barry W. Holtz*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Jewish Education, Jewish
Theological Seminary of America,
New York: dorph, sheldon;

ETTENBERG, SYLVIA CUTLER; MELTON,
FLORENCE; RAUCH, EDUARDO

Avner Holtzman, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
Department of Hebrew Literature,
Tel Aviv University: Hebrew

LITERATURE, MODERN

Livnat Holtzman*, Ph.D.;
Instructor and Researcher in the
Department of Arabic, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: kalAm

Ari Hoogenboom, Ph.D.; Professor
of History, Brooklyn College of the
City University of New York: unger,

IRWIN

EJ. Hoogewoud*, M.A.; Former
Deputy Curator Bibliotheca
Rosenthaliana, Amsterdam
University Library, The Netherlands:

BEEK, MARTINUS ADRIANUS; BOAS,
HENRIETTE; PRAAG, SIEGFRIED
EMANUEL VAN; PRINS, LIEPMAN PHILIP;
SEELIGMANN, ISAC LEO

Bernard Hooker, B.A., Rabbi;
Kingston, Jamaica: hart, daniel;

STERN, PHILIP COHEN

Doreet Hopp*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer, State Teachers College-
Seminar Hakibbutzim; Tel Aviv
University: yehoshua, avraham b.

Jens Hoppe*, Ph.D.; Historian,
Conference of Jewish Material
Claims against Germany, Office
for Germany, Frankfurt, Germany:

FORCED LABOR; FRANKFURT ON THE
MAIN

Deborah (C.S.) Hopper*, M. A.,

B.Sc; Graduate Student, University
of Victoria, Victoria, Canada: glick,

IRVING SRUL

David Horn, Ph.D.; Professor of
Physics, Tel Aviv University

Samuel Abba Horodezky, Ph.D.;
Historian, Tel Aviv: alashkar,

MOSES BEN ISAAC; ALPHABET, HEBREW,
IN MIDRASH, TALMUD, AND KABBALAH;
ANGELS AND ANGELOLOGY; BARUCH
OF KOSOV; BERECHIAH BERAKH BEN
ELIAKIM GETZEL; BLOCH, ISSACHAR
BAER BEN SAMSON; CALAHORA, JOSEPH
BEN SOLOMON; DAVID BEN AARON
IBN HASSIN; DELACRUT, MATTATHIAS
BEN SOLOMON; ELIJAH; ELIJAH BEN
RAPHAEL SOLOMON HA-LEVI; EPSTEIN,
ABRAHAM MEIR BEN ARYEH LEIB;
EPSTEIN, ARYEH LEIB BEN MORDECAI;
EPSTEIN, ISAAC BEN MORDECAI; FORTI
RAPHAEL HEZEKIAH BEN ABRAHAM
ISRAEL; GENTILI; HAZKUNI, ABRAHAM;
HEILBUT, ELEAZAR LAZI BEN JOSEPH
BEN LAZI; HEILPERN, YOM TOV LIPMAN
BEN ISRAEL; HOESCHEL BEN SAUL;
HOROWITZ, SHABBETAI SHEFTEL BEN
AKIVA; ISAAC BEN ABRAHAM OF POSEN;
ISAAC BEN BEZALEL OF VLADIMIR; ISAAC
BEN SAMSON HA-KOHEN; ISSACHAR
BAER BEN SOLOMON ZALMAN; JACOB
BEN BENJAMIN ZE'EV; JACOB DAVID
BEN ISRAEL ISSAR; JAFFE, ISRAEL BEN
AARON; JEHIEL MICHAEL BEN ELIEZER;
JOSEPH BEN ISAAC HA-LEVI; JOSEPH
BEN MORDECAI HA-KOHEN; JOSEPH
BEN MOSES OF KREMENETS; JOSHUA
HOESCHEL BEN JOSEPH OF CRACOW;
JUDAH BEN ELIEZER; JUDAH LEIB BEN
BARUCH; KLATZKO, MORDECAI BEN
ASHER; KOHEN, ELEAZAR BEN ZE'EV
WOLF; KREMNITZER, JOHANAN BEN
MEIR; LEVY, JUDAH BEN MENAHEM;
LEWIN, JOSHUA HESHEL BEN ELIJAH
ZE'EV HA-LEVI; LEWINSTEIN, JOSEPH
BEN ABRAHAM ABUSH; LIPSCHUETZ;

LIPSCHUETZ, BARUCH ISAAC BEN ISRAEL;
LIPSCHUTZ, SHABBETAI BEN JACOB
ISAAC; LONDON, JACOB BEN MOSES
JUDAH; NAHUM, ELIEZER BEN JACOB;
OBERNIK, JUDAH; PARNAS, HAYYIM
NAHMAN; PERELMANN, JEROHMAN
JUDAH LEIB BEN SOLOMON ZALMAN;
PESANTE, MOSES BEN HAYYIM BEN SHEM
TOV; PINTO, JOSIAH BEN JOSEPH; SAMUEL
BEN ALI; SHAPIRA, JOSHUA ISAAC BEN
JEHIEL

Josef Horovitz, Dr.Phil.;
Encyclopaedia Judaica (Germany);
Professor of Semitic Languages, the
University of Frankfurt; Director of
the School of Oriental Studies, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ABDALLAH IBN SABA'; ABDALLAH IBN
SALAM; BABAD; BARUCH BEN SAMUEL
OF ALEPPO; BRODA; COHN, MESHULLAM
ZALMAN BEN SOLOMON; FRAENKEL-
TEOMIM, BARUCH BEN JOSHUA EZEKIEL
FEIWEL; HELLER, YOM TOV LIPMANN
BEN NATHAN HA-LEVI; ISSAR JUDAH BEN
NEHEMIAH OF BRISK; JACOB KOPPEL
BEN AARON SASSLOWER; KALISCHER,
JUDAH LEIB BEN MOSES; MODAI,
HAYYIM; MORDECAI BEN NAPHTALI
HIRSCH OF KREMSIER; ORNSTEIN, JACOB
MESHULLAM BEN MORDECAI ZE'EV;
PIRKOI BEN BABOI

David Horowitz, Former Governor
of the Bank of Israel, Jerusalem:

KAPLAN, ELIEZER

Rivka Horowitz, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev,
Beersheba

Sara Horowitz* : hillesum, etty;

KARMEL, ILONA; KLEIN, GERDA
WEISSMAN; OSTRIKER, ALICIA

Yehoshua Horowitz, Dr. Phil.;
Educator, Lecturer in Talmud and
Rabbinic Literature, Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev, Beersheba:

AARON BEN MESHULLAM OF LUNEL;
AARON SAMUEL BEN NAPHTALI HERZ
HA-KOHEN; ABOAB, JACOB BEN SAMUEL;
ABRAHAM ABELE BEN ABRAHAM
SOLOMON; ABRAHAM BEN AVIGDOR;
ABRAHAM BEN BENJAMIN ZE'EV BRISKER;
ABRAHAM BEN ISAAC HA-KOHEN OF
ZAMOSC; ABRAHAM BEN MORDECAI
HA-LEVI; ABRAHAM BEN SOLOMON;
ABTERODE, DAVID BEN MOSES ELIAKIM;
AHA OF SHABHA; ALTARAS; ALTSCHUL;
ANATOLI BEN JOSEPH; ANSHEL OF
CRACOW; ARCHIVOLTI, SAMUEL; ARDIT;
ARDIT, EPHRAIM BEN ABRAHAM; ARHA,
ELIEZER BEN ISAAC; ARYEH JUDAH

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

99

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

LEIB BEN EPHRAIM HA-KOHEN; ARYEH
LEIB BEN SAMUEL ZEVI HIRSCH; ASH;
ASHER BEN MESHULLAM HA-KOHEN
OF LUNEL; ASHKENAZI, ZEVI HIRSCH
BEN JACOB; AUERBACH; AUERBACH,
ISAAC EISIG BEN ISAIAH; BABAD, JOSEPH
BEN MOSES; BACHRACH, JUDAH BEN
JOSHUA EZEKIEL; BALBO, MICHAEL BEN
SHABBETAI COHEN; BASSAN, ABRAHAM
HEZEKIAH BEN JACOB; BENJAMIN ZE'EV
BEN MATTATHIAS OF ARTA; BERLIN,
NOAH HAYYIM ZEVI HIRSCH; BERNAYS;
BEZALEL BEN SOLOMON OF KOBRYN;
BIALEH, ZEVI HIRSCH BEN NAPHTALI
HERZ; BIALOBLOCKI, SAMUEL SHERAGA;
BLOCH, HERMANN; BONAFED, DAVID
BEN REUBEN; BOZECCO, BENJAMIN
BEN JUDAH; BRESLAU, ARYEH LOEB BEN
HAYYIM; BRESLAU, JOSEPH MOSES BEN
DAVID; BRIEL, JUDAH BEN ELIEZER;
BRODA, ABRAHAM BEN SAUL; CASE,
JOSEPH BEN ABRAHAM; DAINOW,
ZEVI HIRSCH BEN ZE'EV WOLF; DAVID
BEN BOAZ; DAVID BEN NATHAN OF
LISSA; DAVIDS, AARON ISSACHAR BEN
NAHMAN; DEMBITZER, HAYYIM NATHAN;
DEUTSCH, DAVID BEN MENAHEM
MENDEL; DISKIN, MOSES JOSHUA JUDAH
LEIB; DUSCHAK, MORDECAI; ELIEZER
BEN JOEL HA-LEVI OF BONN; ELIEZER
BEN SAMUEL OF VERONA; EPSTEIN,
JEHIEL MICHAL BEN AARON ISAAC
HALEVI; EPSTEIN, JEHIEL MICHAL BEN
ABRAHAM HALEV; FALK, JACOB JOSHUA
BEN ZEVI HIRSCH; FISCHELS, MEIR
BEN EPHRAIM; FLECKELES, ELEAZAR
BEN DAVID; FRAENKEL, DAVID BEN
NAPHTALI HIRSCH; FRIEDMANN, DAVID
BEN SAMUEL; FULD, AARON BEN MOSES;
GATIGNO; GENIZAH, CAIRO; GEONIC
LITERATURE; GLOGAU, JEHIEL MICHAEL
BEN ASHER LEMMEL HA-LEVI; GRACIAN,
SHEALTIEL BEN SOLOMON; HABERMANN,
ABRAHAM MEIR; HABIBA, JOSEPH;
HALAKHOT GEDOLOT; HALBERSTADT,
ABRAHAM BEN MENAHEM MENKE;
HALBERSTADT, MORDECAI; HALEVI,
JOSEPH ZEVI BEN ABRAHAM; HALEVY,
ISAAC; HANOKH ZUNDEL BEN JOSEPH;
HARIF; HARIF HA-LEVI; HAYYIM BEN
ISAAC "OR ZARUA"; HAYYIM BEN JEHIEL
HEFEZ ZAHAV; HEILPRIN, SAMUEL
HELMANN BEN ISRAEL; HEILPRUN,
ELIEZER LEIZER BEN MORDECAI; HILLEL;
HILLEL (3rd cen.); HILLEL BEN NAPHTALI
ZEVI; HOLLANDER, ISAIAH BEN AARON;
HOROWITZ; HOROWITZ, ABRAHAM BEN
ISAIAH; HOROWITZ, ARYEH LEIB BEN
ELEAZAR HA-LEVI; HOROWITZ, ARYEH
LEIB BEN ISAAC; HOROWITZ, DAVID
JOSHUA HOESCHEL BEN ZEVI HIRSCH
HA-LEVI; HOROWITZ, ISAAC HA-LEVI
BEN JACOB JOKEL; HOROWITZ, ISAIAH
BEN JACOB HA-LEVI; HOROWITZ, ISAIAH

BEN SHABBETAI SHEFTEL; HOROWITZ,
JACOB BEN ABRAHAM; HOROWITZ, JACOB
JOKEL BEN MEIR HA-LEVI; HOROWITZ,
LAZAR BEN DAVID JOSHUA HOESCHEL;
HOROWITZ, MESHULLAM ISSACHAR
BEN ARYEH LEIB HA-LEVI; HOROWITZ,
PHINEHAS BEN ZEVI HIRSCH HA-LEVI;
HOROWITZ, PHINEHAS BEN ISRAEL
HA-LEVI; HOROWITZ, SAMUEL BEN
ISAIAH ARYEH LEIB HA-LEVI; HOROWITZ,
SAUL HAYYIM BEN ABRAHAM HA-LEVI;
HOROWITZ, SHRAGA FEIVEL HA-LEVI;
HOROWITZ, ZEVI HIRSCH BEN HAYYIM
ARYEH LEIBUSH HA-LEVI; HOROWITZ,
ZEVI HIRSCH BEN JOSHUA MOSES AARON
HA-LEVI; HOROWITZ, ZEVI HIRSCH
BEN PHINEHAS HALEVI; HOROWITZ,
ZEVI JOSHUA BEN SAMUEL SHMELKE;
HUSHI'EL BEN ELHANAN; IBN SHOSHAN,
DAVID; ISAAC BENJAMIN WOLF BEN
ELIEZER LIPMAN; JACOB OF MARVEGE;
JAFFE, SAMUEL BEN ISAAC ASHKENAZI;
JEHIEL MICHAEL BEN ABRAHAM MEIR
OF CIFER; JEHIEL MICHAEL BEN JUDAH
LEIB HE-HASID; JESHUA BEN JOSEPH
HA-LEVI; JONATHAN BEN JACOB; JOSEPH
BEN ISSACHAR BAER OF PRAGUE; JOSEPH
BEN JOSHUA MOSES OF FRANKFURT;
JOSEPH BEN MORDECAI GERSHON
HA-KOHEN OF CRACOW; JOSEPH JOSKE
BEN JUDAH JUDEL OF LUBLIN; JOSEPH
SAMUEL BEN ZEVI OF CRACOW; JOSHUA
BEN MORDECAI FALK HA-KOHEN;
JOSHUA BOAZ BEN SIMON BARUCH;
JOSHUA HOESCHEL BEN JACOB; JOSHUA
HOESCHEL BEN JOSEPH OF CRACOW;
JUDAH ARYEH LEIB BEN DAVID; JUDAH
BEN ASHER; JUDAH BEN KALONYMUS
BEN MOSES OF MAINZ; JUDAH LEIB BEN
ENOCH ZUNDEL; JUDAH LEIB BEN HILLEL
OF SCHWERSENZ; KAHANA, JEHIEL ZEVI
BEN JOSEPH MORDECAI; KAMELHAR,
JEKUTHIEL ARYEH BEN GERSHON;
KAPLAN, ALEXANDER SENDER BEN
ZERAH HA-KOHEN; KARA, MENAHEM
BEN JACOB; KARMI; KATZ, NAPHTALI
BEN ISAAC; KIMHI, JACOB BEN SAMUEL;
KIMHI, RAPHAEL ISRAEL BEN JOSEPH;
KIMHI, SOLOMON BEN NISSIM JOSEPH
DAVID; KOHEN, RAPHAEL BEN JEKUTHIEL
SUESSKIND; LANDAU, ISAAC ELIJAH BEN
SAMUEL; LARA, DAVID BEN ISAAC COHEN
DE; LARA, HIYYA KOHEN DE; LEON,
MESSER DAVID BEN JUDAH; LEV, JOSEPH
BEN DAVID IBN; LICHTSTEIN, ABRAHAM
JEKUTHIEL ZALMAN BEN MOSES JOSEPH;
LURIA, DAVID BEN JUDAH; MALBIM, MEIR
LOEB BEN JEHIEL MICHAEL WEISSER;
MASKILEISON, ABRAHAM BEN JUDAH
LEIB; MORDECAI BEN HILLEL HA-KOHEN;
ONDERWIJZER, ABRAHAM BEN SAMSON
HA-KOHEN; PERLES, MOSES MEIR BEN
ELEAZAR; PINELES, HIRSCH MENDEL BEN
SOLOMON; PROVENCAL, ABRAHAM BEN

DAVID; PROVENCAL, JACOB BEN DAVID;
RAGOLER, ABRAHAM BEN SOLOMON;
RAPAPORT, DAVID HA-KOHEN; SAMUEL
BEN AVIGDOR; SAMUEL BEN JACOB OF
KELMY; SCHICK, MOSES BEN JOSEPH;
SHALOM BEN YIZHAK OF NEUSTADT;
SINZHEIM, JOSEPH DAVID BEN ISAAC;
STEINHARDT, JOSEPH BEN MENAHEM;
TANHUM BEN ELIEZER; TEDESCHI,
MOSES ISAAC BEN SAMUEL; TREVES;
TREVES, JOHANAN BEN JOSEPH; TREVES,
JOHANAN BEN MATTATHIAS; VIDAL
YOM TOV OF TOLOSA; VITAL, DAVID BEN
SOLOMON; WEIL, JACOB BEN JUDAH;
WORMS, AARON; WORMS, ASHER ANSHEL;
YEHUDAI BEN NAHMAN; ZAHALON

Rivka G. Horwitz*, Ph.D.; Professor
Emeritus Jewish Philosophy, Ben-
Gurion University of the Negev,
Beersheba: rosenzweig, franZ; ruah

HA-KODESH; SHEKHINAH; THRONE OF
GOD

Elaine Hoter, M.A.; Materials
developer for the Open University,
Tel Aviv: avineri, shlomo; beinart,

HAIM; BIRAN, AVRAHAM; DAN, JOSEPH;
DOTHAN, MOSHE; GREENBERG, MOSHE;
GREENFIELD, JONAS CARL; HARAN
MENAHEM; MALAMAT, ABRAHAM;
NOY, DOV; TADMOR, HAYIM; TALMON,
SHEMARYAHU

Louis Hotz, B.A.; Historian,

Johannesburg: Alexander, Bernard;

BERGTHEIL, JONAS; BRYER, MONTE; CAPE
TOWN; COHEN, SIMON; DURBAN; FRAM,
DAVID; GITLIN, JACOB; GLUCKMAN,
HENRY; HANSON, NORMAN LEONARD;
HARRIS, SIR DAVID; JOHANNESBURG;
KANTOROWICH, ROY; KIBEL, WOLF;
LANGERMANN, MAX; LE ROITH,
HAROLD HIRSCH; MAISELS, ISRAEL
AARON; MICHAELIS, SIR MAX; NATHAN,
MANFRED; NORDEN; OCHBERG, ISAAC;
ORENSTEIN, ALEXANDER JEREMIAH;
OUDTSHOORN; SCHLESINGER, ISIDORE
WILLIAM; SMUTS, JAN CHRISTIAAN;
SOLOMON, BERTHA; SOUTH AFRICAN
LITERATURE

Susannah Howland*, B.A.; Law
student, Southwestern University
School of Law, Los Angeles: kasdan,

LAWRENCE EDWARD; MEYERS, NANCY
JANE; MORRIS, ERROL M.; PAKULA, ALAN
JAY; PENN, ARTHUR; PERRY, FRANK;
RAFELSON, ROBERT; RAPHAELSON,
SAMSON; RITT, MARTIN; SHAPIRO,
ESTHER JUNE; SHAWN, DICK

Benjamin Hrushovski, Associate
Professor of Poetics and

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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Comparative Literature, Tel Aviv
University: prosody, Hebrew

John Huehnergard*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Semitic Philology,
Harvard University: bible, ancient

TRANSLATIONS, ETHIOPIC

Alana Hughes*, Director of
Administration, Charles and Lynn
Schusterman Family Foundation,
Tulsa, Oklahoma: schusterman,

CHARLES AND LYNN

Horace D. Hummel, Ph.D.;
Professor, Department of Exegetical
Theology, Concordia Seminary, St.
Louis, Missouri: bible

Avi Hurvitz, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
Bible and in Hebrew Language, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

PSALMS, APOCRYPHAL

Elazar Hurvitz, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Associate Professor of Bible and
Midrash, Yeshiva University, New
York: chavel, charles ber

Samuel B. Hurwich, M.D., F.A.A.P;
Jerusalem: Zionism

Ariel Hurwitz*: moreshet

Marshall S. Hurwitz, M.A., Rabbi;
Lecturer in Greek and Latin, City
College of the City University
of New York: ezekiel the poet;

HELLENISTIC JEWISH LITERATURE;
PSEUDO-PHOCYLIDES

Samuel J. Hurwitz, Ph.D.; Professor
of History, Brooklyn College of
the City University of New York:

RISCHIN, MOSES

Shmuel Hurwitz, Dr. Ag.; Emeritus
Professor of Agronomy, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem

Abraham Huss, Ph.D., D.I.C.;
Associate Professor of Meteorology,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

CARMI, T.

Boaz Huss*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Beersheba: ashlag,

YEHUDAH

Jehoshua Hutner, Rabbi; Director
of the Encyclopaedia Talmudica and
of Yad Harav Herzog, Jerusalem:

ZEVIN, SOLOMON JOSEPH

Arthur Hyman*, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Distinguished Service Professor
of Philosophy and Dean, Bernard
Revel Graduate School of Jewish
Studies, Yeshiva University, New
York: maimonides; philosophy,

JEWISH; WOLFSON, HARRY AUSTRYN

Avi Hyman*, Dr. Education;
Director, Research, Academic
Technologies, O I SE/ University of

Toronto, Canada: luftspring, sammy;

RUBENSTEIN, LOUIS; UNGERMAN, IRVING;
WEIDER, BEN

Louis Hyman, M.A.; Historian,
Haifa

Semah Cecil Hyman, Former
Minister Plenipotentiary, Ministry
for Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem:

AGRON, GERSHON; JERUSALEM; KISCH,
FREDERICK HERMANN; PILGRIMAGE

Moshe Idel*, Ph.D.; Professor of
Jewish Thought and Kabbalah,
Hebrew University of Jerusalem;
Shalom Hartman Institute,
Jerusalem: Abraham ben Alexander

OF COLOGNE; ABRAHAM BEN ELIEZER
HA-LEVI; ABULAFIA, TODROS BEN JOSEPH
HA-LEVI; ALEMANNO, JOHANAN BEN
ISAAC; ANTINOMIANISM; CARO, JOSEPH
BEN EPHRAIM; DEVEKUT; EIN-SOF;
EMANATION; GABBAI, MEIR BEN EZEKIEL
IBN; GIKATILLA, JOSEPH BEN ABRAHAM;
GOD, NAMES OF; HAYYAT, JUDAH BEN
JACOB; KABBALAH; KANAH AND PELIYAH,
BOOKS OF; LURIA, ISAAC BEN SOLOMON;
SCHOLEM, GERSHOM GERHARD

David Ignatow, Adjunct Professor
of Writing, Columbia University;
Poet-in-Residence, York College of
the City University of New York:

FEARING, KENNETH; GINSBERG,
ALLEN

Shahar Ilan*, Journalist, Haaretz
Newspaper, Jerusalem: Israel, state

OF: RELIGIOUS LIFE AND COMMUNITIES

Tal Ilan*, Ph.D.; Professor, Institute
for Jewish Studies, Free University,
Berlin, Germany: woman: post-
biblical PERIOD

Shulamit Imber*, M.A.;
Pedagogical Director in the
International School for Holocaust
Studies, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem:

HOLOCAUST

Efraim Inbar, Ph.D.; Senior

Lecturer, Department of Political
Science, Bar-Ilan University

Judith Brin Ingber*, B.A.;
Independent Scholar, Dance
Historian, University of Minnesota:

DANCE; LANG, PEARL

Nahman Ingber, M.A.; Instructor in
Poetics and Comparative Literature,
Tel Aviv University: motion

PICTURES

Institute of Jewish Affairs, London

Radu Ioanid* : arad

Miriam Isaacs*, Ph.D.; Long-Term
Visiting Associate Professor, Yiddish
Language and Culture, University
of Maryland, College Park: Yiddish

LITERATURE

Benny Isaacson, Tel Aviv

Shirley Berry Isenberg,

Anthropologist and Author: bene

ISRAEL

Moshe Ishai, Dr.Juris; Former
Ambassador, Tel Aviv: musolino,

BENEDETTO

Benjamin Ish-Shalom*, Ph.D.;
Rector, Beit Morasha of Jerusalem:

KOOK, ABRAHAM ISAAC

Benjamin J. Israel, Former
Secretary of the Bombay Public
Service Commission: bene Israel

Salvator Marco Israel, M.D.;
Maitre de Recherches Hebra'iques,
the Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences, Sofia: Bulgarian

LITERATURE

Joseph Israeli, Kibbutz Afikim: ha-

SHOMER HA-ZA'IR

•

Raphael (Ran) Israeli*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Islamic, Chinese, and
Middle Eastern History, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Israel,

STATE OF: ARAB POPULATION; SADAT,
MUHAMMAD ANWAR

Stanley Isser, M.A.; Lecturer in
History, Queens College of the
City University of New York:

CHRONOLOGY

Israel (Ignacy) Isserles, M.A.,
Advocate; Tel Aviv: lachs, manfred;

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

101

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

MUSZKAT, MARION; SAWICKI, JERZY;
SZER, SEWERYN

Nissim Itzhak, B.A.; Ministry for
Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem: Uruguay

Norman Itzkowitz, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Near Eastern Studies,
Princeton University, New Jersey:

AYALON, DAVID; HEYD, URIEL; LEWIS,
BERNARD

Ruth Ivor, Ph.D.; Former Lecturer
in the History of Comparative
Civilization, the University of
Colorado; Siena, Italy: italiener,

BRUNO

Alfred L. (Lyon) Ivry*, Ph.D.;
Dr.Phil; Professor Emeritus,
New York University, New York:

ALEXANDER OF APHRODISIAS;
ALTMANN, ALEXANDER; BODY AND
SOUL; EMOTIONS; FORM AND MATTER;
IMAGINATION; INTELLECT; MOSES BEN
JOSHUA OF NARBONNE; NATURE; SOUL;
THEMISTIUS

Dafna Izraeli, Ph.D.; Professor
of Sociology, Bar-Ilan University,
Ram at Gan

Edward Jacobs*, Conceptual
Designer, Mishkenot Ltd, Jerusalem:

RISKIN, SHLOMO

Louis Jacobs, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Scholar, London: akedah;

HALAKHAH; HALAKHAH LE-MOSHE
MI-SINAI; HASIDISM; HERMENEUTICS;
JUDAISM; MONTEFIORE, CLAUDE
JOSEPH GOLDSMID; MOSES; PASSOVER;
PEACE; PRAYER; PREACHING; PURIM;
RIGHTEOUSNESS; ROSH HA-SHANAH;
SABBATH; SHAVUOT; SHEMA, READING
OF; SIN; STUDY; SUKKOT; THEOLOGY;
TORAH, READING OF

Thorkild Jacobsen, Dr. Phil.;
Professor of Assyriology,
Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts

Howard Jacobson, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Classics, the University
of Illinois, Urbana: heracles;

ITINERARIUM HIEROSOLYMITANUM or
ITINERARIUM BURDIGALENSE; TITANS

Joshua Jacobson*, D.M.A.;
Professor of Music, Northeastern
University, Boston: choirs

David Jacoby, Ph.D.; Associate

Professor of History, the Hebrew

University of Jerusalem: starr,

JOSHUA

Jonathan Jacoby*: Israel policy

FORUM

Benjamin Jaffe, M.A., M.Jur.;
Writer and official, Jewish
Agency, Jerusalem: almog,

YEHUDA; ARIEL, DOV; ARLOSOROFF,
CHAIM; AVRIEL, EHUD; BARTH, JACOB;
BARZILAI,YEHOSHUA; BEN-AMI, OVED;
BENTOV, MORDEKHAI; BENTWICH;
BERLIGNE, ELIYAHU MEIR; CHELOUCHE;
COHN, HAIM; COMAY, MICHAEL SAUL;
DANIN, YEHEZKEL; DOBKIN, ELIYAHU;
DULZIN, ARYE LEIB; ELATH, ELIAHU;
ELDAD, ISRAEL; FRIENDSHIP LEAGUES
WITH ISRAEL; GLUSKA, ZEKHARYAH;
GRAJEWSKY, PINCHAS; HACOHEN, DAVID;
HARARI, HAYYIM; HESHIN, SHNEUR
ZALMAN; KHOUSHI, ABBA; LOURIE,
ARTHUR; LURIE, ZVI; MAISEL-SHOHAT,
HANNAH; PERSITZ, SHOSHANAH; PINCUS,
LOUIS ARIEH; RECANATI; ROKACH,
SHIMON; SASSON, ELIYAHU; SCOTT,
CHARLES PRESTWICH; SMOIRA, MOSHE;
STERN, JOSEPH ZECHARIAH; TOLKOWSKY,
SHEMUEL; TSUR, JACOB; VALERO; VILNAY,
ZEV

Lee (David) Jaffe*, M.S.; Librarian,
University of California, Santa Cruz,
California: santa cruz

Immanuel Jakobovits, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Chief Rabbi of the British
Commonwealth, London: artificial

INSEMINATION; BIRTH CONTROL;
CASTRATION; CELIBACY; EUTHANASIA;
HOMOSEXUALITY

Oscar Isaiah Janowsky, Ph.D.;
Emeritus Professor of History, City
College of the City University of
New York: gilbert, felix; goldman,

ERIC FREDERICK; KOEBNER, RICHARD;
KUBLIN, HYMAN; LANDES, DAVID SAUL;
PINSON, KOPPEL S.; SCHAPIRO, JACOB
SALWYN

Taeke Jansma, Ph.D.; Professor
of Hebrew and Aramaic, the
State University of Leiden, the
Netherlands

Sara Japhet, M.A.; Instructor in
Bible, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: chronicles, book of

Jack Jedwab*, Ph.D.; Executive
Director, Association for Canadian
Studies, Montreal, Quebec: Quebec

Yeshayahu (A.) Jelinek*, Associate
Professor Retired, Beersheba:

BANSKA BYSTRICA; BARDEJOV;
BRATISLAVA; CESKE BUDEJOVICE; CHEB;
CZECH REPUBLIC AND SLOVAKIA;
CZECHOSLOVAKIA; DOLNI KUBIN;
DUNAJSKA STREDA; GALANTA;
HLOHOVEC; HOLESOV; HRANICE;
HUMENNE; HUNCOVCE; KOMARNO;
KOSICE; KUGEL, HAYYIM; LIBEREC;
LIPTOVSKY MIKULAS; LITOMERICE;
LOEBL, EUGEN; LOSTICE; LUCENEC;
MASARYK, JAN GARRIGUE; MICHALOVCE;
MIKULOV; MORAVIA; NITRA; NOVE
MESTO NAD VAHOM; NOVE ZAMKY;
OSTRAVA; PEZINOK; PIESTANY;
POHORELICE; PRAGUE; PRESOV;
PROSTEJOV; ROUDNICE NAD LABEM;
SLOVAKIA; TABOR; TOPOLCANY; TREBIC;
TRENCIN; TRNAVA; TURNOV; UHERSKE
HRADISTE; UHERSKY BROD; USOV; USTI
NAD LABEM; VOTICE; ZIDOVSKA STRANA;
ZILINA; ZNOJMO

Uffa Jensen*: stahl, friedrich

JULIUS; STOECKER, ADOLF; TREITSCHKE,
HEINRICH VON

Jewish Museum Staff*: Jewish

MUSEUM

Leon A. Jick: Jewish studies

Akira Jindo, Ph.D.; Assistant Editor
of "The Weekly Original Gospel"
and "The Light of My Life"; Staff
Member of Makuya Tokyo Bible
Seminary: makuya

Franklin Jonas, Ph.D.; Instructor
in History, Long Island University,

New York: vladeck, baruch

CHARNEY

Faith Jones*, B.A., M.L.I.S.; Head,
Literature and Languages, Mid-
Manhattan Library, New York:

ELBERG, YEHUDA; KACZERGINSKY,
SZMERKE; MAZE, IDA; SEGAL, ESTHER;
SHUMIATCHER-HIRSCHBEIN, ESTHER;
YUDIKA; ZYLBERCWEIG, ZALMAN

Louis de Jong, Litt.D.; Historian
and Extraordinary Professor
of Contemporary History, the
University of Rotterdam; Director
of the Netherlands State Institute for
War Documentation, Amsterdam

Alfred Joseph, San Salvador: el

SALVADOR

Max Joseph*, B.A.; Screenwriter/
Filmmaker, Los Angeles: archerd,

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ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

ARMY; BENSON, ROBBY; GUBER, PETER;
HALL, MONTY; HALMI, ROBERT; HOWARD,
MOE, SHEMP, and CURLY; INSDORF,
ANNETTE; IRVING, AMY

Norma Baumel Joseph*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor, Concordia
University, Montreal, Canada: bar

MITZVAH, BAT MITZVAH; GOLDSTEIN,
ELYSE; ROBACK, LEA

Alfred Jospe, B nai B rith Hillel
Foundations, Washington, D.C.:

MENDELSSOHN, MOSES; STUDENTS'
MOVEMENTS, JEWISH; UNIVERSITIES

Raphael Jospe*, Ph.D.; Professor;
Researcher; Jewish Philosophy
Lecturer, Bar-Ilan University:

BIBAGO, ABRAHAM BEN SHEM TOV;
FALAQUERA, SHEM TOV BEN JOSEPH IBN;
IBN EZRA, ABRAHAM BEN MEIR; JOSPE,
ALFRED; KAPLAN, MORDECAI MENAHEM;
LOVE; MAIMONIDEAN CONTROVERSY;
PEKARSKY, MAURICE BERNARD;
PHILOSOPHY, JEWISH; RAVITZKY,
AVIEZER; WAGNER, STANLEY M.

Martha Sharp Joukowsky*,

Professor Emerita, Brown
University, Director, Brown
University Petra Great Temple
Excavations, Providence, Rhode
Island: nabateans

Anthony Julius*, M.A., Ph.D.;
Solicitor, London: irving v. lipstadt

Leo Jung, Ph.D., Rabbi; Emeritus
Professor of Ethics, Yeshiva
University, New York: rabbiner-

SEMINAR FUER DAS ORTHODOXE
JUDENTUM

Hans Jungmann, M.D.; London,
England

David Jutan, Histadrut Ha-Ovedim
Ha-Le'ummit, Tel Aviv: histadrut

HA-OVEDIM HA-LE'UMMIT

Jacob Kabakoff, B.A., D.H.L.,
Rabbi; Associate Professor of
Hebrew, the Herbert H. Lehman
College of the City University of
New York: matz, Israel

Menahem Zevi Kaddari, Ph.D.;
Rector and Professor of Hebrew
Language, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: ben ze'ev, judah leib ;

ELIJAH BEN SOLOMON ZALMAN; KOHUT;
LOEW, IMMANUEL; NATONEK, JOSEPH;
RASHI; WIZEN, MOSHE AHARON

David Kadosh, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Assistant Professor of Jewish
Philosophy, Yeshiva University, New

York: ADAM; CATEGORIES; DECALOGUE;
MOSES

Sara Kadosh*, Ph.D.; Director of
JDC Archives, American Jewish
Joint Distribution Committee,
Jerusalem: American Jewish joint

DISTRIBUTION COMMITTEE

Elieser Kagan, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
Hebrew Language and Literature,
Haifa University: lebensohn,

MICAH JOSEPH; LUZZATTO, EPHRAIM;
PAPPENHEIM, SOLOMON; SALKINSON,
ISAAC EDWARD

Saul Kagan, New York: council of

JEWS FROM GERMANY

Joseph Kage, Canada

Arcadius Kahan, Ph.D.; Professor
of Economics, the University
of Chicago: economic history;

LIBERMAN, YEVSEY GRIGORYEVICH

Menahem I. Kahana*, Ph.D.;
Lecturer, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: mekhilta Deuteronomy;

MEKHILTA OF R. ISHMAEL; MEKHILTA
OF R. SIMEON BEN YOHAI; MIDRESHEI
HALAKHAH; SIFRA; SIFRE ZUTA
DEUTERONOMY; SIFRE ZUTA NUMBERS;
SIFREI; SIFREI NUMBERS

Isaac Ze'ev Kahane, Rabbi;
Professor of Talmud and of Jewish
History, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat

Gan: ASHKENAZI, GERSHON; BOSKOVICE;
BRNO; BRUNA, ISRAEL BEN HAYYIM;
CHEB; EYLENBURG, ISSACHAR BAER
BEN ISRAEL LEISER PARNAS; HLADIK,
ABRAHAM; IVANCICE; UHERSKY
BROD

Penuel P. Kahane, Ph.D.;
Former Chief Curator of the
Samuel Bronfman Biblical and
Archaeological Museum, the
Israel Museum, Jerusalem:

ARCHAEOLOGISTS; BARNETT, LIONEL
DAVID; BAUMGARTEL, ELISE J.;
BIEBER, MARGARETE; BORCHARDT,
LUDWIG; DELOUGAZ, PIERRE PINCHAS;
FRANKFURT, HENRI; GHIRSHMAN,
ROMAN; GOLDMAN, HETTY; HANFMANN,
GEORGE MAXIM ANOSSOV; HIRSCHFELD,
GUSTAV; KLEIN, WILHELM; LEHMANN,
KARL; LEVI, DORO; LOEWY, EMANUEL;
WALSTON, SIR CHARLES; WEINBERG,
SAUL S.

Jacqueline Kahanoff, M.A.; Writer,

Tel Aviv: memmi, albert; peguy,

CHARLES-PIERRE

Ezer Kahanov, M.A.; Teacher,
Researcher in Jewish History:

SEPHARDIM

Mo she Kahanovich, Journalist, Tel
Aviv

Ava F. Kahn*, Ph.D.; Historian,
California Studies Center, Berkeley,
California: California; feinstein,

DIANNE GOLDMAN; KAHN, FLORENCE
PRAG; MAGNIN, MARY ANN COHEN

Benjamin Kahn, M.H.L., Rabbi;
International Director of the
B nai B rith Hillel Foundations,
Washington, D.C.: monsky, henry

Catherine (C.) Kahn*, Archivist,
Touro Infirmary Archives, New
Orleans: Louisiana; new Orleans

Gilbert N. Kahn*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Kean University, Union, New Jersey:

HOENLEIN, MALCOLM; LOOKSTEIN,
HASKEL; LOOKSTEIN, JOSEPH HYMAN

Leybl Kahn, M.A.; Bibliographer,

New York: fishman, joshua aaron;

SCHAECHTER, MORDKHE

Lily O. (Okalani) Kahn*, M.A.,
Ph.D.; Lecturer in Hebrew and
Yiddish, University College,
London, England: epstein, melech;

TENENBAUM, JOSHUA; WARSHAVSKY,
YAKIR; YUD, NAHUM

Ludwig W. Kahn, Ph.D.; Professor
of German, Columbia University,
New York: fraenkel, jonas; strich,

FRITZ

Sholom Jacob Kahn, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in English and American
Literature, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: angoff, charles;

MALAMUD, BERNARD

Kathleen Kahrl*: Sacramento
Aryeh-Leib Kalish, Jerusalem:

CHELM; JOLLES, JACOB ZEVI BEN
NAPHTALI; ZEMBA, MENAHEM; ZHOLKVA

Frances R. Kallison, B.A.; San

Antonio, Texas: san antonio

Menachem Kallus*, Ph.D.;
Independent Researcher, Writer and

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

103

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Translator, Alumnus of the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: shabbetai

BEN TZVI HIRSCH OF RASZKOW

Emil Kalo*, Ph.D.; Philosopher,
President of the Organization of
the Jews in Bulgaria "Shalom",
Bulgaria: Bulgaria; Bulgarian

LITERATURE; KOLAROVGRAD;
KYUSTENDIL; NIKOPOL; PETROV, VALERI;
PLEVEN; PLOVDIV; RUSE; STARA ZAGORA;
VARNA; VIDIN; WAGENSTEIN, ANGEL
RAYMOND

Isaac Kalugai, M.Sc; Emeritus
Professor of Chemistry, the
Technion, Haifa: joffe, Abraham

FEODOROVICH

Roger Kamien, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Music, Queens College
of the City University of New York:

SCHENKER, HEINRICH

Stewart Kampel*, B.B.A., M.S.;
Freelance Writer, Editor, East
Northport, New York; Wellington,
Florida: abrams, floyd m.; ace,

GOODMAN; ADLER, HARRY CLAY;
ADLER, RENATA; ADLER, RICHARD;
ADLER, STELLA; ALEXANDER, JASON;
ALLEN, PAUL G.; ALTER, ELEANOR B.;
ARBUS, DIANE; ARNOLD, EVE; AVEDON,
RICHARD; AZENBERG, EMANUEL; BAKSHI,
RALPH; BALLMER, STEVE; BANKERS AND
BANKING; BEN-AMI, JACOB; BENNETT,
MICHAEL; BEN-VENISTE, RICHARD;
BERGER, SAMUEL R.; BERNAYS, EDWARD
L.; BERNSTEIN, CARL; BERNSTEIN,
ELMER; BIALKIN, KENNETH J.; BING,
ILSE; BLANK, ARTHUR M.; BLITZER,
WOLF; BLOCK, H. & R.; BLOCK, HERBERT
LAWRENCE; BLOOMBERG, MICHAEL R.;
BLOOMGARDEN, KERMIT; BLUHDORN,
CHARLES G.; BOCK, JERRY; BOESKY,
IVAN FREDERICK; BOURKE-WHITE,
MARGARET; BREITEL, CHARLES; BRIN,
SERGEY; BROAD, ELI; BRODER, DAVID
SALZER; BRODY, JANE E.; BRUCE, LENNY;
BUSCH, CHARLES; CAHN, SAMMY; CAPA,
CORNELL; CAPA, ROBERT; CAPP, AL;
CARTOONISTS; CHAST, ROZ; CHERTOFF,
MICHAEL; CHOPER, JESSE H.; COHEN, H.
RODGIN; COLEMAN, CY; COPPERFIELD,
DAVID; CRUMB, ROBERT; CULLMAN;
CUTLER, BRUCE; DAVID, LARRY;
DAVIDSON, WILLIAM; DAVIS, MARVIN
H.; DELL, MICHAEL S.; DEPARTMENT
STORES; DILLER, BARRY; DOUGLAS, KIRK;
DYLAN, BOB; EISENSTAEDT, ALFRED;
EISNER, WILL; ELDER, WILL; ELISOFON,
ELIOT; ETTLINGER, MARION; FAIN,
SAMMY; FAIRSTEIN, LINDA A.; FRANK,
ROBERT; FRANKEL, MAX; FREED, ALAN;

FRIEDLANDER, LEE; FRIEDMAN, THOMAS
L.; FUNT, ALLEN; GABLER, MILTON;
GAINES, WILLIAM A.; GELB, ARTHUR;
GOLDBERG, RUBE; GOLDIN, DANIEL
SAUL; GOLDIN, NAN; GOLDWATER,
JOHN L.; GRAHAM, KATHARINE; GRANZ,
NORMAN; GREENBERG, MAURICE R.;
GROSSFELD, ABRAHAM ISRAEL; GROVE,
ANDREW STEPHEN; GURALNIK, DAVID
B.; HALSMAN, PHILIPPE; HARNICK,
SHELDON; HART, KITTY CARLISLE;
HART, LORENZ; HELMSLEY, LEONA;
HERMAN, JERRY; HERSH, SEYMOUR;
HEWITT, DON; HIRSCHFELD, AL; ICAHN,
CARL C; ISAACS, SUSAN; JACOBI,
LOTTE; JACOBS, BERNARD B.; JACOBS,
IRWIN M.; JACOBSON, SYDNEY, BARON;
JOURNALISM; KAEL, PAULINE; KALB,
BERNARD; KALB, MARVIN; KALMAN,
MAIRA; KALMAN, TIBOR; KANE, BOB;
KANE, GIL; KANN, PETER R.; KARMAZIN,
MEL; KAUFMAN, ANDY; KELLERMAN,
FAYE; KELLERMAN, JONATHAN; KERTESZ,
ANDRE; KING, ALAN; KIRBY, JACK;
KISSINGER, HENRY ALFRED; KOPPEL,
TED; KOSNER, EDWARD A.; KRANTZ,
JUDITH; KURTZMAN, HARVEY; KUSHNER,
TONY; LAEMMLE, CARL; LANDESMAN,
ROCCO; LASKY, JESSE L.; LAVIN, LINDA;
LAWYERS; LAZARUS, MEL; LEE, STAN;
LEFRAK, SAMUEL J.; LEIBOVITZ, ANNIE;
LELYVELD, JOSEPH; LEVIN, IRA; LEVITT,
HELEN; LIMAN, ARTHUR L.; LORTEL,
LUCILLE; LOUIS-DREYFUS, JULIA;
LUBITSCH, ERNST; MACKLOWE, HARRY;
MARCUS, BERNARD; MARCUS, STANLEY;
MARKEL, LESTER; MARX BROTHERS;
MASON, JACKIE; MENDES, SAM; MERRICK,
DAVID; MEYEROWITZ, JOEL; MILKEN,
MICHAEL R.; MILSTEIN; NEUWIRTH, BEBE;
NEVINS, SHEILA; NEWTON, HELMUT;
NOVAK, ROBERT; PALTROW, GWYNETH;
PARKER, SARAH JESSICA; PATRICOF,
ALAN; PEARLSTINE, NORMAN; PENN,
IRVING; PLACHY, SYLVIA; PLAIN, BELVA;
POLLACK, MILTON; PRITZKER; PUBLIC
RELATIONS; RAGEN, NAOMI; RAND, AYN;
RANDALL, TONY; RATNER, BRUCE C;
REINHARDT, MAX; REMNICK, DAVID;
RICH, MARC; RICHARDS, MARTIN; RINGL
+ PIT; ROBBINS, HAROLD; ROBERTS, TONY;
ROBINSON, EDWARD G.; RODGERS, MARY;
ROSENTHAL, A.M.; ROSS, LILLIAN; ROSS,
STEPHEN; RUBIN, GAIL; RUDIN; SAKS,
GENE; SAND, LEONARD B.; SCHANBERG,
SYDNEY H.; SCHARY, DORE; SCHECK,
BARRY; SCHENKER, JOEL W; SCHNEIDER,
IRVING; SCHORR, DANIEL; SCHULTZ,
HOWARD; SCHWARTZ, STEPHEN;
SCHWIMMER, DAVID; SHAPIRO, IRVING
SAUL; SHAPIRO, ROBERT; SHEINDLIN,
JUDITH; SHELDON, SIDNEY; SHEVELOVE,
BURT; SHUSTER, JOE; SIEBERT, MURIEL;
SIEGEL, JERRY; SILVERSTEIN, LARRY;

SIMON; SIMONS, JAMES H.; SOKOLOF,
PHIL; SPIEGELMAN, ART; SPIELVOGEL,
CARL; STEEL, DANIELLE; STEIG, WILLIAM;
STEIN, JOSEPH; STEINBERG, SAUL;
STEINHARDT, MICHAEL H.; STERN,
LEONARD; STERNBERG, JOSEF VON;
STIEGLILTZ, ALFRED; STINE, R.L.; STONE,
PETER; STRAND, PAUL; STRAUS, ROGER,
JR.; STYNE, JULE; SUSANN, JACQUELINE;
TAUBMAN, A. ALFRED; TAYMOR, JULIE;
THEATER; TISCH; TISHMAN; TRIBE,
LAURENCE H.; TRILLIN, CALVIN;
TRILLING, DIANA; TUROW, SCOTT;
ULLSTEIN; VESZI, JOZSEF; VOLCKER,
PAUL A.; VORENBERG, JAMES; WALLACE,
IRVING; WARNER; WASSER, DENNIS M.;
WASSERSTEIN, BRUCE; WEEGEE; WEISS,
MELVYN I.; WEISSLER, BARRY and FRAN;
WILDER, BILLY; WILPON, FRED; WINKLER,
IRWIN; WINOGRAND, GARRY; WYNN,
STEVE; ZUCKER, JEFF; ZUCKERMAN,
MORTIMER

Mordechai Kamrat, Ph.D.;
Educator, Jerusalem: ulpanim

Yuval Kamrat, Jerusalem:

ADRAMMELECH; AHIMELECH; ESAU;
GAD; GESHEM, GASHMU; NINEVEH;
SHAPHAN; ZADOK

Yosef Kanefsky*, M.S., Rabbi, B'nai
David-Judea Congregation, Los
Angeles: weiss, avi

Izhak Kanev, M.A.; Director of
the Social and Economic Research
Institute, Tel Aviv: Israel, state

OF: HEALTH, WELFARE, AND SOCIAL
SECURITY

Joshua Kaniel (Mershine), M.A.;
Instructor in Jewish History,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

JERUSALEM; MENAHEM MENDEL OF
SHKLOV

Abram Kanof, M.D.; Physician and
Art Historian; Professor of Pediatrics,
the State University of New York -
Downstate Medical Center at
Brooklyn; Former President of the
American Jewish Historical Society,
New York: hays, daniel peixotto;

HORWITZ, PHINEAS JONATHAN; LEVY,
JONAS PHILLIPS; LEVY, URIAH PHILLIPS;
PASSOVER; SABBATH; SUKKOT

Arvid S. Kapelrud, Theol.D.;
Professor of Biblical Language and
Literature, the University of Oslo:

MOWINCKEL, SIGMUND OLAF PLYTT

E. Kapitaikin: kalik, mikhail

104

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Dana Evan Kaplan*, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Temple Bnai Israel, Albany: reform

JUDAISM

Jacob Kaplan, Ph.D.; Director of
the Museum of Antiquities of Tel
Aviv-Yaffo: chemical crafts and

INDUSTRIES; METALS AND MINING; SALT
TRADE AND INDUSTRY

Joseph Kaplan, M.A., Assistant
in Jewish History, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: aragao,

FERNAO XIMENES DE; ARBUES, PEDRO
DE; ARRABY MOOR; CONTRACTORS;
FALAQUERA; HIRSCHHORN, SAMUEL;
KOLISCHER, HEINRICH; MORTEIRA, SAUL
LEVI; NAHMANIDES; PABLO DE SANTA
MARIA; SENEOR, ABRAHAM

Marion Kaplan*, Ph.D.; Skirball
Professor of Modern Jewish History,
New York University

Mordechai Kaplan, M.Eng.;
Lieutenant Colonel (Res.), Israel
Defense Forces, Tel Aviv: ascoli,

ETTORE; BLOCH, CLAUDE; DASSAULT,
DARIUS PAUL; KLEIN, JULIUS; KREISER,
JACOB GRIGORYEVICH; LAMBERT,
AIME; MEKHLIS, LEV ZAKHAROVICH;
SCHWEITZER, EDUARD VON; SEE,
LEOPOLD; SELIGMAN, HERBERT SPENCER;
SHMUSHKEVICH, YAACOV; SINGER,
JOSEPH; SOMMER, EMIL; VALABREGUE,
MARDOCHEE GEORGES

Steve Kaplan, Ph.D.; Harry S.
Truman Research Center, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

BETA ISRAEL; BOGALE, YONA

Yehiel Kaplan*, Dr.Jur.; Senior
Lecturer in Law, University of Haifa:

PARENT AND CHILD; TAKKANOT;
TORTS

Zvi Kaplan, Encyclopaedia
Hebraica, Jerusalem: abba bar aha;

ABBA BEN ABBA HA-KOHEN; ABBA
YOSE BEN HANIN; AHA BAR HANINA;
AHA BEN JACOB; AHERIM; AIBU; AMMI
BAR NATHAN; AMRAM HASIDA; ANAN;
ANIMALS, CRUELTY TO; ARONSON,
SOLOMON; AVDAN; AVDIMI BAR HAMA;
AVIA; AVIMI; AVIMI BEN ABBAHU; AVIRA;
AZARIAH; BAITOS BEN ZONIN; BAR
MITZVAH, BAT MITZVAH; BAR-ILAN,
MEIR; BATHYRA, SONS OF; BATLANIM;
BAVA BEN BUTA; BEBAI; BEN AZZAI,
SIMEON; BEN BAG BAG; BEN HE HE; BEN
KALBA SAVUA; BEN PETURA; BEN ZIZIT
HA-KASAT; BEN ZOMA, SIMEON; BENAAH;
BERECHIAH; BERLIN, NAPHTALI ZEVI

JUDAH; BEZAH; BLAU, MOSHE; DESSLER,
ELIJAH ELIEZER; ERUV; GORDON,
ELIEZER; GRAJEWSKI, ARYEH LEIB;
HALAFTA; HALAFTA BEN SAUL; HAMA;
HAMA BAR BISA; HAMNUNA; HANA BAR
HANILAI; HANA BEN BIZNA; HANAN THE
EGYPTIAN; HANANIAH; HANANIAH BEN
HAKHINAI; HANANIAH OF SEPPHORIS;
HANINA BAR HAMA; HANINA BAR
PAPA; HANINA BEN ABBAHU; HANINA
BEN ANTIGONUS; HANINA BEN DOSA;
HANINA BEN GAMALIEL; HANINA SEGAN
HA-KOHANIM; HARLAP, JACOB MOSES
BEN ZEBULUN; HELBO; HEZEKIAH;
HIDKA; HIRSCHENSOHN; HIYYA; HIYYA
BAR ABBA; HIYYA BAR AVIN; HUNA BEN
JOSHUA; HUNA OF SEPPHORIS; ILAI;
ISAAC; ISAAC BAR JOSEPH; ISAAC BAR
RAV JUDAH; JOHANAN BEN BEROKA;
JOHANAN BEN GUDGADA; JOSHUA BEN
GAMLA; JOSHUA BEN LEVI; JUDAH BAR
EZEKIEL; JUDAH BAR ILAI; JUDAH BAR
SHALOM; JUDAH BAR SIMEON; JUDAH
BEN HIYYA; JUDAH BEN NAHAMANI;
MEIR BEN SAMUEL OF RAMERUPT;
SONNENFELD, JOSEPH HAYYIM BEN
ABRAHAM SOLOMON; TARFON; TEMPLE
MOUNT; WERTHEIMER, SOLOMON
AARON; ZECHARIAH BEN AVKILUS;
ZEEIRA

Charles I. Kapralik, Dr. iur.;

London: central British fund;

JEWISH SUCCESSOR ORGANIZATIONS

Israel J. Kapstein, Ph.D.; Emeritus
Professor of English Literature,
Brown University, Providence,
Rhode Island: perelman, Sidney

JOSEPH

Samuel E. KarfF, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Lecturer in Jewish Thought and
American Culture, Divinity School,
the University of Chicago: hirsch,

EMIL GUSTAVE

Abraham J. Karp, M.H.L., Rabbi;
Historian, and Visiting Associate
Professor of Jewish History, the
Jewish Theological Seminary of
America, New York: burstein,

ABRAHAM

Alan Karpas, Jerusalem: stamps

Heinrich Karplus, M.D.; Associate
Professor of Forensic Medicine,
the Hebrew University - Hadassah
Medical School, Jerusalem;
Director of the Institute of Forensic
Medicine, Tel Aviv: embalming

Reuben Kashani, Journalist,

Jerusalem: burial; death; maimuna;

MARRIAGE

Asa Kasher, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
Mathematics and Philosophy,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

LEIBOWITZ, YESHAYAHU

Hannah Kasher*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: Abraham; fear of god;

INCLINATION, GOOD AND EVIL; KASPI,
JOSEPH BEN ABBA MARI IBN; LOVE

Aharon Kashtan, Ing., M.A.;
Associate Professor of Architecture
and Town Planning, the Technion,
Haifa: synagogue

Alvin Kass, M.A., M.H.L. Rabbi;
John Jay College of Criminal Justice
of the City University of New York:

ADLER, MORRIS; ARZT, MAX; ASHER,
JOSEPH MICHAEL; COMMUNITY TOKENS;
UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF CONSERVATIVE
JUDAISM

Abraham I. Katsh, Ph.D.; President
Emeritus of Dropsie University,
Philadelphia: kaplan, chaim aron

E. (Ethan) Katsh*, J.D.; Professor
of Legal Studies, University
of Massachusetts at Amherst,
Massachusetts: katsh, Abraham isaac

Jacob Katsnelson, Lecturer in
Climatology, Tel Aviv University;
Director of the Climatology
Division, Israel Meteorological
Service, Bet Dagan, Israel: dew ;

RAIN

Bernard (M.L.) Katz*, M.A., B.L.S.;
Librarian, University of Guelph,
Toronto, Canada: safdie, sylvia

Chava Alkon Katz, Writer,

Jerusalem: Zionism

Dovid Katz*, B.A., Ph.D.; Professor
of Yiddish Language, Literature
and Culture; Director of Research,
Vilnius University, Lithuania: katz,

MENKE; KERLER, DOV-BER

Elena (M.) Katz*, Ph.D., Dr.;
University College, London,
England: shraybman, yekhiel

Elias Katz, Rabbi; Former Rabbi
of Bratislava, Czechoslovakia,
Beersheba: brody, solomon zalman

BEN ISRAEL; ISRAEL MOSES BEN ARYEH

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

105

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

LOEB; JACOB BEN ABRAHAM SOLOMON;
JACOB ISAAC BEN SHALOM; JOSEPH BEN
MOSES PHINEHAS; JOSEPH BEN ZE'EV
WOLF HA-LEVI; JUDAH BEN JACOB HA-
KOHEN

Emily Alice Katz* , M. Phil.; The
Jewish Theological Seminary of
America, Princeton, New Jersey:

ABARBANELL, LINA

Harold E. Katz, M.A., A.C.S.W.;
Executive Director of the Jewish
Community Council, Birmingham,

Alabama

Irving I. Katz, B.A., B.B.A., F.T.A.;
Detroit, Michigan: butzel; Detroit;

FRANKLIN, LEO MORRIS; FRANKS, JACOB;
HERSHMAN, ABRAHAM M.; SOLOMON,
EZEKIEL

Israel J. Katz*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor, University of California
at Davis: American society for

JEWISH MUSIC; GREECE; HEMSI, ALBERTO;
IDELSOHN, ABRAHAM ZVI; LADINO; LIST,
GEORGE HAROLD; SCHINDLER, KURT;
SOLA, ABRAHAM DE; WEISSER, ALBERT;
WERNER, ERIC; WINTERNITZ, EMANUEL;
YASSER, JOSEPH

Jacob Katz, Dr. Phil.; Rector and
Professor of Social Jewish History,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ZIONISM

Katriel Katz, Ambassador, Ministry
for Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem:

SHILOAH, REUBEN

Meir Katz, Ph.D.; Musicologist,

Jerusalem: wieniawski, henri

Nathan Katz*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Dept. of Religious Studies, Florida
International University: india;

KOCHI; MOTA, NEHEMIA

Simha Katz, M.A.; Associate
Editor, Encyclopaedia Judaica, and
former General Associate Editor,
Encyclopaedia Hebraica, Jerusalem:

AXELROD, PAVEL BORISOVICH; BAAL-
MAKHSHOVES; BAKU; BAUSKA; BOGROV,
DMITRI; BORISOV; BUSEL, JOSEPH;
BYKHOV; ELIJAH BEN ABRAHAM; ENGEL,
JOEL; GALICIA; GRUSENBERG, OSCAR
OSIPOVICH; GUENZBURG; GUENZBURG;
HALICZ; HIRSCH, SAMSON RAPHAEL;
ISSERLEIN, ISRAEL BEN PETHAHIAH;
OCTOBRISTS; ORSHANSKI, ILYA
GRIGORYEVICH; STEINBERG, ISAAC
NAHMAN

Steven T. Katz*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Religion, Director, Elie Wiesel
Center for Judaic Studies, Boston
University: agus, jacob b.; holocaust

Nathaniel Katzburg, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of Jewish
History, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat

Gan: halukkah; Hungary; jeremiah

BEN ISAAC; KITTSEE, HAYYIM BEN ISAAC;
KITTSEE, JEHIEL MICHAEL BEN SAMUEL;
KUNSTADT, ISAAC BEN ELIEZER LIPMAN;
ONODY, GEZA; ORTHODOXY; RIVLIN,
YOSEF YIZHAK

Joy Katzen-Guthrie*, B.F.A., B.A.;
Professional Writer and Recording
Artist/Composer/Lyricist/Vocalist/
Pianist/Speaker/Historian/Heritage
Tour Operator: Alaska

H. Jacob Katzenstein, Ph.D.;
Director of the Schocken Library,
Jerusalem: hiram; jezebel; Phoenicia,

PHOENICIANS; SCHOCKEN INSTITUTE

Gideon Katznelson, M.A.; Lecturer
in Modern Hebrew Literature, Tel
Aviv University: lamdan, yizhak;

SHALOM, SHIN; SHOFMAN, GERSHON

Asher Kaufman*, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor, University of Notre
Dame, Indiana: arab league

Edy Kaufman, Ph.D.; Jerusalem:

STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS, JEWISH

Uri (Robert) Kaufmann*, Ph.D.;
Historian, Wissenschaftliche
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leo Baeck
Institut, Heidelberg, Germany:

AARGAU; BASLE; BERNE; BIEL; BLOCH,
ROLF; COHN; DREIFUSS, RUTH; DREYFUS;
FARBSTEIN, DAVID; FEIGEL, SIGI;
FRIBOURG; GENEVA; GOETSCHEL, JULES;
GUGGENHEIM, CAMILLE; GUGGENHEIM,
PAUL; GUGGENHEIM-GRUENBERG,
FLORENCE; HERSCH, JEANNE; LA CHAUX-
DE-FONDS; LAUSANNE; LUCERNE;
SCHACHNOWITZ, SELIG; SCHAFFHAUSEN;
STRECKFUSS, ADOLF FRIEDRICH KARL;
SWITZERLAND; TEITLER, SAMUEL;
ZURICH

Ben G. Kayfetz, B.A.; Executive
Director of National Joint
Community Relations Committee,
Canadian Jewish Congress and B nai
B rith, Toronto: bennett, archie;

CROLL, DAVID ARNOLD; DAVID; DE SOLA;
FEUER, LEWIS SAMUEL; FRANKLIN, SELIM;
FREIMAN; GELBER; GRAUBART, JUDAH
LEIB; HART, AARON; HART, BENJAMIN;

HART, EZEKIEL; HART, SAMUEL; LEWIS,
DAVID; RHINEWINE, ABRAHAM;
SALSBERG, JOSEPH B.; SASKATCHEWAN

Gad Kaynar*, Dr.; Senior Lecturer,
Department of Theater Studies, Tel

Aviv University: Hebrew literature,

MODERN; ISRAEL, STATE OF: CULTURAL
LIFE

Rudolf Kayser, Dr.Phil.; Assistant
Professor of Germanic Language
and Literature, Brandeis University,
Waltham, Massachusetts: adler,

PAUL; BAB, JULIUS; BIEBER, HUGO;
BRUCKNER, FERDINAND; FRANK,
BRUNO; GEIGER, LUDWIG; GERMAN
LITERATURE; GUMPERT, MARTIN; HAAS,
WILLY; HEILBORN, ERNST; HERMANN,
GEORG; HOLITSCHER, ARTHUR; KAHANE,
ARTHUR; KASTEIN, JOSEF; KERR, ALFRED;
KISCH, EGON ERWIN; KORNFELD, PAUL;
LANDSBERGER, ARTHUR; LEONHARD,
RUDOLF; MEHRING, WALTER; MEYER,
RICHARD MORITZ; NEUMANN, ALFRED;
PUBLISHING; REHFISCH, HANS JOSE;
ROTH, JOSEPH; RUBINER, LUDWIG;
SEGHERS, ANNA; WOLFENSTEIN, ALFRED

Stephen Kayser, Ph.D.; Former
Curator of the Jewish Museum, New
York; Los Angeles, California

Chaim S. Kazdan, the Jewish
Teachers' Seminary, New York:

EDUCATION, JEWISH

Hillel Kazovsky*: aberdam, Alfred;

ADLER, JANKEL; ADLIVANKIN, SAMUIL;
AIZENBERG, NINA; ALTMAN, NATHAN;
ANISFELD, BORIS; APPELBAUM, MOSHE;
ART: EASTERN EUROPE; AXELROD,
MEYER; BARCINSKY, HENRYK; BENN;
BERLEWI, HENRYK; BRAUNER, ISAAC;
BRAZ, OSIP; BRAZER, ABRAM; BRODSKII,
ISAAK; CENTERSZWER, STANISLAWA

Nissim Kazzaz*, Ph.D.; Retired
Academic, Omer, Israel: Baghdad ;

IRAQ; MOSUL; ZAKHO

Batya Kedar, Jerusalem:

NETHERWORLD

Benjamin Kedar, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Biblical Studies, Haifa University:

BIBLE

Zvi Kedar, M.A.; Ministry for
Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem

Martha Keil*, Dr.; Institut fur
Geschichte der Juden in Osterreich,
St. Polten, Austria: bankers and

106

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

BANKING; ISSERLEIN, ISRAEL BEN
PETHAHIAH

Jacob Kelemer, Jerusalem: parah;

PEAH

Hermann Kellenbenz, Dr. Phil.;
Professor of Economic and Social
History, the University of Cologne:

BANKERS AND BANKING; COURT JEWS;
SPICE TRADE; TRADE AND COMMERCE

Mark Keller, Rutgers University,

New Brunswick, New Jersey:

DRUNKENNESS

Sharon (Ruth) Keller*, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor, Bible and
Ancient Semitic Languages, The
Jewish Theological Seminary, New
York: egypt

Menachem Kellner*, Ph.D.;
Professor, University of Haifa:

SCHWARZSCHILD, STEVEN SAMUEL

Wolfe Kelman, M.H.L., Rabbi;
Executive Vice President, Rabbinical
Assembly, New York: levy, felix

ALEXANDER; MORGENSTERN, SOMA;
RABBI, RABBINATE

Aaron Kempinski, M.A., Lecturer
in Ancient Near Eastern History and
Archaeology; Tel Aviv University:

LYDIA, LYDIANS

Robert M.W. Kempner, LL.D.;
Jurist and Chief Prosecutor,
Nuremberg War Crimes Trials;
Lansdowne, Pennsylvania: lawyers

Isaiah L. Kenen, LL.B.; Executive
Director of the American-Israel
Public Affairs Committee,
Washington, D.C.: united states of

AMERICA

Sharon Kenigsberg* : long beach

Andreas Kennecke*, Dr. Phil.;
Research Assistant, University
of Potsdam, Germany:

SCHLEIERMACHER, FRIEDRICH

Moshe Kerem, M.A.; Lecturer
in Education, Haifa University;
Kibbutz Gesher ha-Ziv: kibbutz

MOVEMENT

Yitzchak Kerem* , Professor,
Aristotle University, Thessalonika,
Greece; Lecturer and Researcher,
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ALHANATI, DAVID; ANGEL, MARC
D.; ARDITI, ALBERT JUDAH; ARTA;
ATHENS; BELLELI, LAZARUS MENAHEM;
BENSANCHI, MENTESH; CAIMIS, JULIUS;
CANEA; CHIOS; COHEN, JOSEPH ISAAC;
CORCOS, DAVID; CORCOS, STELLA;
CORFU; CUOMOTINI; DALVEN, RACHEL;
DIDYMOTEIKHON; DRAMA; ELAZAR,
DANIEL J.; ELAZAR, YAAKOV; ELIYIA,
JOSEPH; FRANCO, AVRAHAM; FRANCO,
MOSES; GREECE; GREEK LITERATURE,
MODERN; IOANNINA; KASTORIA;
KAVALLA; KORETZ, ZVI; KOS; LARISSA;
MAESTRO, YAAKOV; MATSAS, JOSEPH;
MATSAS, NESTORAS; MOLHO, ISAAC
RAPHAEL; NAUPAKTOS; NEHAMA, JOSEPH;
NOVITCH, MIRIAM; PATRAS; PHLORINA;
RAZON, JACKO; RECANATI, ABRAHAM
SAMUEL; RHODES; SALEM, EMMANUEL
RAPHAEL; SALONIKA; SCHIBY, BARUCH;
SCIAKI, JOSEPH; SEPHARDIM; SERRAI;
TRIKKALA; UZIEL, BARUCH; VEROIA;
VOLOS; WORLD SEPHARDI FEDERATION;
ZANTE

Dov-Ber Kerler*, B.A., Dr.PhiL;
Dr. Alice Field Cohn Chair in
Yiddish Studies, Borns Jewish
Studies Program and Department
of Germanic Studies, Indiana
University, Bloomington; Director
of Indiana University Yiddish
Ethnographic Project, Bloomington:

KATZ, DOVID; KERLER, YOYSEF

Elton J. Kerness, M.S.W.; Executive
Director of the Jewish Community
Council of Eastern Union County,
New Jersey

Anne J. Kershen, M.Phil.; Barnet
Shine Senior Research Fellow and
Director, Centre for the Study
of Migration, Queen Mary and
Westfield College, University of
London: London

Solomon Kerstein, Vice President,
Bloch Publishing Company, New
York: publishing

Margery (Helen) Kerstine*, M.A.;
Archivist, Temple Israel, Memphis:

SAMFIELD, MAX

J. Yeshurun Kesheth, Writer and
Critic, Jerusalem: cahan, yaakov

Carole S. Kessner*, Ph.D.;
Professor, State University of New
York at Stony Brook: eisenstein,

JUDITH KAPLAN; LAZARUS, EMMA;
SYRKIN, MARIE; WEISS-ROSMARIN,
TRUDE

Ruth Kestenberg-Gladstein, Ph.D.;
External Teacher in the History of
the Jewish People, Haifa University:

BASSEVI OF TREUENBERG, JACOB;
FAMILIANTS LAWS; HUSSITES

Geoffrey Khan, Ph.D.; Research
Assistant, Genizah Unit, Cambridge
University Library: genizah, cairo

Dan Kharuv, Ph.D.; Editor, The
Shorter Jewish Encyclopaedia in
Russian, Jerusalem: krimchaks

Herman Kieval, M.H.L., Rabbi;
Visiting Associate Professor
of Practical Theology; Visiting
Assistant Professor of Liturgy,
the Jewish Theological Seminary
of America, New York: barekhu;

BARUKH; KOL NIDREI; NE'ILAH; PESUKEI
DE-ZIMRA

Andreas Kilcher*, Professor,
Universitat Tubingen, Deutsches
Seminar, Tubingen, Germany: ben-

CHORIN, SCHALOM; BENJAMIN, WALTER;
CANETTI, ELIAS; DOEBLIN, ALFRED;
EHRENSTEIN, ALBERT; GOLDSTEIN,
MORITZ; GUNDOLF, FRIEDRICH; HAAS,
WILLY; HESSEL, FRANZ; HILSENRATH,
EDGAR; HONIGMANN, BARBARA; KOLMAR,
GERTRUD; KORNFELD, PAUL; KROJANKER,
GUSTAV; LASKER-SCHUELER, ELSE;
LESSING, THEODOR; MARGUL-SPERBER,
ALFRED; MAUTHNER, FRITZ; MEHRING,
WALTER; MORGENSTERN, SOMA;
MYNONA; REICH-RANICKI, MARCEL

Andreas Kilian*, M.A.; Frankfurt,

Germany: sonderkommando, Jewish

Joseph Kilinghofer

Israel Kimhi*, M.A.; Geographer
and Town Planner, Head of the
Research Division on Jerusalem, The
Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies,
and the Hebrew University School
for Urban and Regional Studies,
Jerusalem: Jerusalem

Arie Kindler, Director of the
Kadman Numismatic Museum,
Tel Aviv: coins and currency;

JUDENPFENNIGE; MERZBACHER; SHEKEL

Stephen D. Kinsey*, M.A.; Middle
School Teacher, J.W. Fair Middle
School, San Jose, California: san jose

Mark Kipnis, M.A.; Scientific
Editor, Jewish Personalities
Division of The Shorter Jewish

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

107

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Encyclopaedia in Russian, Jerusalem:

CRIMEAN AFFAIR; GEKHT, SEMEN
GRIGOREVICH; GOTS; GRULEV, MIKHAIL
VLADIMIROVICH; GUKOVSKY, GRIGORY
ALEKSANDROVICH; KIPEN, ALEKSANDR
ABRAMOVICH; KNUT, DOVID; KOL'TSOV,
MIKHAIL; KOMZET; LOTMAN, YURI
MIKHAILOVICH; LOYTER, EFRAIM
BARUKHOVICH; ZEMLYACHKA, ROZALIYA
SAMOYLOVNA

Aaron Kirschenbaum, Ph.D.,

Rabbi; Associate Professor of Jewish
Law, Tel Aviv University: domicile;

LEGAL MAXIMS; LEGAL PERSON;
MEHILAH; ORPHAN, ORPHANAGE;
SHI'BUDA DE-RABBI NATHAN

Robert Kirschner*, Ph.D.; Los
Angeles, California: herscher,

URI DAVID; HOLOCAUST: SPIRITUAL
RESISTANCE IN THE GHETTOS AND
CONCENTRATION CAMPS; SKIRBALL
CULTURAL CENTER

Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett*,

Ph.D.; Professor of Performance
Studies, and Affiliated Professor
of Hebrew and Judaic Studies,
New York University, New York:

COOKBOOKS, JEWISH

Shimshon Leib Kirshenboim,

Ph.D.; Educator, Jerusalem:

DZIALOSZYCE; KALUSZYN; KATOWICE;
KOLO; KOLOMYYA; KONSKIE; KOVEL;
KREMENETS; KROSNO; KROTOSZYN;
KUTNO; LESKOW; LESSER POLAND;
LIPNO; LODZ; LUBLIN; LUTSK; MINSK
MAZOWIECKI; NAROL; NASIELSK;
OZORKOW; PABIANICE; PEREMYSHLYANY;
PIASECZNO; PLONSK; PODGAITSY;
PODKAMEN; PODVOLOCHISK; PRUZHANY;
PRZEDBORZ; PRZEMYSL; PRZEWORSK;
PRZYSUCHA; RADYMNO; RADZYMIN;
RADZYN; ROGATIN; ROPCZYCE;
RYMANOW; RYPIN; SASOV; SATANOV;
SHARGOROD; SOKOLOW PODLASKI;
STASZOW; STOPNICA; STRYKOW;
SZCZEBRZESZYN; TYKOCIN; WLODAWA;
WOLOMIN; WRONKI; WYSZOGROD;
ZAWIERCIE; ZMIGROD NOWY; ZWOLEN;
ZYCHLIN

Meir Jacob Kister, Ph.D.; Professor
of Arabic Language and Literature,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

HADITH

Menahem Kister*: avot de-rabbi

NATHAN

Melissa (R.) Klapper*, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor of History,

Rowan University, Glassboro, New
Jersey: hassenfeld, sylvia kay

Manfred Klarberg, M.A.;
Department of Humanities,
Footscray College of Technology,
Footscray, Victoria, Australia: aaron

BEN SAMUEL

Traci M. Klass*, Ph.D.; Visiting
Faculty, English, University of
Florida, Wellington, Florida: moss,

CELIA and MARION

Jacob Klatzkin, Dr.Phil.;
Philosopher and Editor in Chief
of the Encyclopaedia Judaica
(Germany); Berlin: armilus;

AUGUSTINE; INFORMERS

Israel Klausner, Ph.D.; Historian
and former Deputy Director of
the Central Zionist Archives,
Jerusalem: ben-ammi, mordecai;

CAZALET, EDWARD; DEMOCRATIC
FRACTION; ELIJAH BEN SOLOMON
ZALMAN; FRIEDLAND, NATAN; GLIKIN,
MOSHE; GROSSMAN, MEIR; JAFFE,
MORDECAI-GIMPEL; KATTOWITZ
CONFERENCE; KRAUSE, ELIYAHU; LIPPE,
KARPEL; MINSK CONFERENCE; MUYAL,
AVRAHAM; NES ZIYYONAH; NETTER,
CHARLES; NEWLINSKI, PHILIPP MICHAEL;
ODESSA COMMITTEE; PINELES, SAMUEL;
SNEERSOHN, HAYYIM ZEVI; VILNA;
WEITZ, NAPHTALI

Joseph Gedaliah Klausner,

Dr. Phil. Emeritus Professor of
Hebrew Literature and of the
Second Temple Period, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Alexander

SUSSKIND BEN MOSES OF GRODNO;
BEN-YEHUDA, ELIEZER; BERNFELD,
SIMON; ESCHATOLOGY; MASIE, AARON
MEIR; USSISHKIN, ABRAHAM MENAHEM
MENDEL

Yehuda Arye Klausner, Ph.D.;
Writer and Scholar, Jerusalem:

ACROSTICS; JUNOSZA, KLEMENS; MEZAH,
JOSHUA HA-LEVI; MICKIEWlCZ, ADAM;
MULDER, SAMUEL ISRAEL; ORZESZKOWA,
ELIZA; PERETZ, ISAAC LEIB

Benjamin J. Klebaner, Ph.D.;
Professor of Economics, City
College of the City University of
New York: lipson, ephraim

Claude Klein, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Law, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem:

LAWYERS

Hilel Klein, M.D.; Jerusalem:

FENICHEL, OTTO

Isaac Klein, Ph.D., Rabbi; Lecturer
in Philosophy, the State University
of New York at Buffalo: hoschander,

JACOB; HYAMSON, MOSES; MINHAGIM
BOOKS; RECANATI; ZAHALON

Jacqueline Klein* : passaicclifton

Joseph Klein, M.H.L., Rabbi;
Lecturer in Biblical Literature,
Clark University, Worcester,
Massachusetts: Worcester

Nancy (H.) Klein*, M.A.; Retired,

Cincinnati: Cincinnati; feinberg,

LOUIS; SCHMIDT, SAMUEL MYER

Robert B. Klein*, M.Ed.; English
Teacher; Freelance Journalist,
Yeshiva High School of Mitzpeh
Ramon, Israel: roth, mark; rudolph,

MARVIN; SAMPRAS, PETE; SCHAYES,
ADOLPH; SCHECKTER, JODY; SCHNEIDER,
MATHIEU; SELIG, ALLAN H.; SHERMAN,
ALEXANDER; SLUTSKAYA, IRINA;
SOLOMON, HAROLD; SPELLMAN,
FRANK; STERN, BILL; STILLMAN,
LOUIS; STRUG, KERRI; SZEKELY, EVA;
TANENBAUM, SIDNEY HAROLD;
ZASLOVSKY, MAX

Rudolf Klein*, Ph.D.; Professor of
Architecture, Tel Aviv University,
The David Azrieli School of
Architecture; Saint Steven
University, Ybl Miklos Faculty of
Architecture, Budapest: baumhorn,

LIPOT; SYNAGOGUE

MaxM. Kleinbaum, M.A.;

American Jewish Congress,
Philadelphia: bergen county

Michael L. Klein-Katz, Rabbi;
Spiritual Leader, Teacher, and
Storyteller, Jerusalem

Heszel Klepfisz, Ph.D., Litt. D.,
Rabbi; Rector of the Instituto
Alberto Einstein; Professor of Judaic
Culture, the University of Panama

Jean (C.) Klerman*, B.A., M.L.S.;
Principal Librarian, Monmouth
County (retired), Co-President,
Jewish Heritage Museum of
Monmouth County, New Jersey:

MONMOUTH COUNTY

Bronia Klibanski, B.A.; Archivist,
Jerusalem: bialystok

108

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Ignacio Klich, Ph.D.; School
of Languages, Faculty of Law,
Languages and Communication,
University of Westminster, London:

ARGENTINA

Barnet David Klien, M.A., Rabbi;
Jerusalem: baraita of 32 rules

Sam Kliger*, Ph.D.; Director
of Russian Jewish Affairs, The
American Jewish Committee, New
York: new york city

Jerome Klinkowitz*, Ph.D.;
Professor of English, University of
Northern Iowa: apple, max

Alan Klugman*: palm springs and

DESERT AREA

Brian Knei-Paz (Knapheis), M.A.;
Instructor in Political Science, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

BELOFF, MAX; BERLIN, SIR ISAIAH

Andrea Knight*, M.A.; Editor,

Toronto, Canada: frum ; grafstein,

JERAHMIEL S.; MORGENTALER, HENRY;
SHARP, ISADOR NATANIEL

Hugo Knoepfmacher, D.Jur.;
Government Official, Washington,

D.C.: NATIONALRAT; NEUZEIT, DIE;
PARLAMENTSKLUB, JUEDISCHER;
PICK, ALOIS; SEIPEL, IGNAZ; STEUSS,
DAVID; SZANTO, SIMON; UNION,
OESTERREICHISCH-ISRAELITISCHE;
VOLKSPARTEI, JUEDISCHE;
ZENTRALSTELLE DER FUERSORGE FUER
KRIEGSFLUECHTLINGE

Harry Knopf, D.iur.Utr.; Advocate,
Tel Aviv: restitution and

INDEMNIFICATION

Ann-Kristin Koch*, M.A.; Ph.D.;
Student, University of Tubingen,
Tubingen, Germany: aichinger,

ILSE; AMERY, JEAN; BROCH, HERMANN;
ELOESSER, ARTHUR; FRIED, ERICH; GOLL,
CLAIRE; GOLL, YVAN; JELINEK, ELFRIEDE;
KLEMPERER, VICTOR; LEWALD, FANNY;
TABORI, GEORG

Lionel Kochan, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
Jewish History, the University of
Warwick, Coventry: kristallnacht

Moshe Kochavi, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Archaeology, Tel Aviv
University: egypt, brook of ; ephrath

David Koenigstein*, M.A.T.,

M.L.S.; Assistant Professor,
Librarian, Bronx Community
College of the City University of
New York: levertov, denise

Barry (Sherman) Kogan*,

M.A.H.L., Ph.D.; Efroymson
Professor of Philosophy and Jewish
Religious Thought, Hebrew Union
College- Jewish Institute of Religion,
Cincinnati: cause and effect

Mendel Kohansky, Theater critic,

Tel Aviv: bernstein-cohen, miriam;

HAIFA MUNICIPAL THEATER; HALEVY,
MOSHE; MERON, HANNA; MESKIN,
AHARON; OHEL; ROVINA, HANNA

Sami Kohen, M.A.; Journalist,
Istanbul

Shira Kohn*, Ph.D.; New York
University: hillman, bessie "bas

SHEVA" ABRAMOWITZ; NATHAN, MAUD

S. Joshua Kohn, D.H.L., Rabbi;

Trenton, New Jersey: naar, david-,

TRENTON

Yehudah Pinhas Leo Kohn, LL.D.;
Jurist and Diplomat, Jerusalem:

BRODETSKY, SELIG; HYDE, THOMAS

Moshe Kol, Minister of Tourism,
Jerusalem: ha-oved ha-ziyyoni

Israel Kolatt, Ph.D.; Senior Lecturer
in Contemporary Jewry, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Israel, state

OF: LABOR

Yehuda Komlosh, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Senior Lecturer in Bible, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: sellin, ernsT;

TARGUM SHENI; WIENER, HAROLD
MARCUS; ZERAH BEN NATHAN OF TROKI

Eva Kondor, Jerusalem:

BAUMGARTEN, SANDOR; BOHM,
HENRIK; FREUND, VILMOS; HAJOS,
ALFRED; HEGEDUS, ARMIN; SEBESTYEN,
ARTUR; STERK, IZIDOR; HUNGARIAN
LITERATURE; JAKAB, DEZSO and KOMOR,
MARCELL; KARINTHY, FERENC; KERTESZ
IMRE; KONRAD, GYORGY; LAJTA, BELA;
MALNAI, BELA; QITTNER, ZSIGMOND;
SPIRO, GYORGY; SZENDE, STEFAN; VAGO,
JOZSEF; VAGO, LASZLO; VANDOR, LAJOS;
VAS, ISTVAN

Milton Ridvas Konvitz, Ph.D.;
Professor Emeritus of Industrial
and Labor Relations and of Law,
Cornell University, New York:

AUERBACH, CARL A.; BICKEL, ALEXANDER
M.; BOTEIN, BERNARD; DERSHOWITZ,
ALAN M.; DWORKIN, RONALD; FEINBERG,
ROBERT; FRIENDLY, HENRY JACOB;
GOLDMAN, PAUL L.; GOLDMAN, SIDNEY;
GOULD, MILTON S.; HELLER, BERNARD;
KAMPELMAN, MAX M.; LEVIN, A. LEO;
PILCH, JUDAH; SHEINKMAN, JACOB;
SILVER, EDWARD S.; WACHTLER, SOL;
WILENTZ, ROBERT N.; YANKOWICH, LEON
RENE; ZUKERMAN, JACOB T.

Lothar Kopf, Ph.D.; the Jewish
National and University Library,
Jerusalem: gershon ben solomon of

ARLES; WEIL, GOTTHOLD

Lionel Koppman, M.A.;
Director, Public Information and
Publications, National Jewish
Welfare Board, New York

Nathan Koren, M.D.; Historian,

Jerusalem: albu, isidor; ballin,

SAMUEL JACOB; MAGNUS, RUDOLPH

Sharon Faye Koren*, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor of Medieval
Jewish Culture, Hebrew Union
College -Jewish Institute of Religion,
New York: shekhinah

Yedidah Koren*: arakhin;

BEKHOROT

William Korey, Ph.D.; Director
of the B'nai B 'rith United Nations
Office, New York: babi yar ;

DISCRIMINATION; EISENMANN, LOUIS;
MITIN, MARK BORISOVICH; PIPES,
RICHARD EDGAR; YAROSLAVSKY,
YEMELYAN; ZINOVIEV, GRIGORI
YEVSEYEVICH

Bertram Wallace Korn, D.H.L.,
Rabbi; Historian, Elkins Park,
Pennsylvania: Alabama ; benjamin,

JUDAH PHILIP; BONDI, AUGUST; BONDI,
JONAS; BUSH, ISIDOR; CRESSON, WARDER;
DAROFF, SAMUEL H.; DROPSIE, MOSES
AARON; FLEISHER; GOTTHEIL, GUSTAV;
GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON; GREENFIELD,
ALBERT MONROE; GUTHEIM, JAMES
KOPPEL; HART, ABRAHAM; HART,
BERNARD; HART, EMANUEL BERNARD;
LEVY, MOSES ELIAS; LINCOLN, ABRAHAM;
LIT; LOUISIANA; MORWITZ, EDWARD;
MOSS, JOHN; PHILADELPHIA; PINNER,
MORITZ; SLAVE TRADE; TOURO, JUDAH;
UNION OF REFORM JUDAISM

Eli Kornreich*, B.A., M.S., M.A.;
President, JCC of Eastern Fairfield
County, Bridgeport, CT: Bridgeport

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

109

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Pawel Korzec, Ph.D.; Research
Associate of the Centre National
de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris:

BOYCOTT, ANTI-JEWISH

David Kotlar, C.E.; Lecturer in
Jewish History, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: mikveh

Gideon Kouts, Israeli
Correspondent and Journalist,
Paris: attali, jacques; badinter,

ROBERT; BENN; BLEUSTEIN-BLANCHET,
MARCEL; DANIEL, JEAN; ELKABBACH,
JEAN-PIERRE; ELKANN, JEAN-PAUL;
FABIUS, LAURENT; FINKIELKRAUT,
ALAIN; FITERMAN, CHARLES; KAHN,
JEAN; KLEIN, THEODORE; KOUCHNER,
BERNARD; KRASUCKI, HENRI; KRIEGEL,
ANNIE; LANG, JACK; LANZMANN,
CLAUDE; MNOUCHKINE, ALEXANDRE;
MOATI, SERGE; MODIANO, PATRICK;
OURY, GERARD; ROULEAU, ERIC;
SCHWARTZENBERG, ROGER-GERARD;
STRAUSS-KAHN, DOMINIQUE; TIM;
ZAFRANI, HAIM; ZIONISM

Santiago Ezequiel Kovadloff,

Licenciado en Filosofia; Writer,
Translator, Professor of Classical
Philosophy, Buenos Aires: Spanish

AND PORTUGUESE LITERATURE

Joel Kraemer, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Assistant Professor of Arabic and
Islamic Studies, Yale University,
New Haven, Connecticut: atomism;

CAIN; EMANATION; FARABl, ABU NASR
MUHAMMAD, AL-; HALLO, RUDOLF;
MICROCOSM; NEOPLATONISM

Helen Kragness-Romanishan,

M.A.; Educator, Wichita, Kansas:

KANSAS

Stefan Krakowski, M.A.; Yad
Vashem, Jerusalem: augustow;

BEDZIN; BELZYCE; BIALA PODLASKA;
BIELSKO; BILGORAJ; BOCHNIA; CHECINY;
CHELM; CHMIELNIK; CHORZOW;
CHRYZANOW; CRACOW; CZESTOCHOWA;
DABROWA GORNICZA; DZIALOSZYCE;
GLIWICE; GORA KALWARIA; GROJEC;
HRUBIESZOW; IZBICA LUBELSKA;
JANOW LUBELSKI; JASLO; JEDRZEJOW;
KALUSZYN; KATOWICE; KIELCE; KONSKIE;
KONSKOWOLA; KRASNIK; KROSNO;
LODZ; LOWICZ; LUBLIN; MAKOW
MAZOWIECKI; MIEDZYRZEC PODLASK;
MINSK MAZOWIECKI; NOWY SACZ;
OPOCZNO; OPOLE LUBELSKIE; OSTROW
MAZOWIECKA; OTWOCK; PARCZEW;
POLAND; PRZYTYK; PULAWY; PULTUSK;
RADOM; RADOMSKO; RADZYN; RZESZOW;

SANDOMIERZ; SANOK; SIEDLCE;
SKARZYSKO-KAMIENNA;SKIERNIEWICE;
SOKOLOW PODLASKI; SOSNOWIEC;
STUTTHOF; SZCZEBRZESZYN; TARNOW;
TOMASZOW LUBELSKI; TOMASZOW
MAZOWIECKI; WARSAW; WEGROW;
WLODAWA; WYSZKOW; ZAMOSC;
ZAWIERCIE; ZELECHOW; ZYRARDOW

Shmuel Krakowsky*

Robin Kramer*: wolf, Alfred

Samuel Noah Kramer, Ph.D.;
Emeritus Research Professor of
Assyriology, the University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia: sumer,

SUMERIANS

William M. Kramer, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Emeritus Professor, California State
University at Northridge

Rachel Kranson*, Ph.D.; History,
Hebrew and Judaic Studies, New
York University: international

LADIES GARMENT WORKERS UNION;
SHAVELSON, CLARA LEMLICH

Jonathan Krasner*, Ph.D.;
Professor, Hebrew Union College-
Jewish Institute of Religion,
Cincinnati, Ohio: gamoran, mamie

GOLDSMITH

Elisabeth Kraus*: mosse

Naftali Kraus, Journalist, Tel Aviv:

HUNGARY; ROMANIA

Adonijahu Krauss, M.A., Rabbi;
Jerusalem: krauss, judah ha-kohen;

KROCH, JACOB LEIB BEN SHEMAIAH

Ernest Krausz, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Sociology, the City University,
London: England; London

Leonard S. Kravitz, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Professor of Midrash and
Homiletics, the Hebrew Union
College- Jewish Institute of Religion,
New York

Yulia Kreinin*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer, Department of
Musicology, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: arom, simha; babbitt,

MILTON; BOTSTEIN, LEON; DORFMAN,
JOSEPH; FELDMAN, MORTON; FOSS,
LUKAS; GLASS, PHILIP; HAUBENSTOCK-
RAMATI, ROMAN; HIRSHBERG,
JEHOASH; JAFFE, ELI; KOPYTMAN, MARK
RUVIMOVICH; LEIBOWITZ, RENE; LIGETI,

GYORGY; REICH, STEVE; ROCHBERG,
GEORGE; ROSEN, CHARLES; SCHNITTKE,
ALFRED; SCHOENBERG, ARNOLD;
TANSMAN, ALEXANDER; THOMAS,
MICHAEL TILSON; VOGEL, WLADIMIR;
WEILL, KURT

Howard (Haim) Kreisel*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Medieval Jewish
Philosophy, Ben-Gurion University

of the Negev, Beersheba: nissim ben

MOSES OF MARSEILLES; PROPHETS AND
PROPHECY; RU'AH HA-KODESH

Benjamin Z. Kreitman: epstein,

LOUIS M.

Getzel Kressel, Writer and
Bibliographer, Holon, Israel: abeles,

OTTO; AGMON, NATHAN; AHDUT HA-
AVODAH; AKAVYA, AVRAHAM ARYEH
LEIB; ALBALA, DAVID; ALKALAI, DAVID;
ASHMAN, AHARON; ATLAS, ELEAZAR;
AUERBACH, ISRAEL; AVI-SHAUL,
MORDEKHAI; BADER, GERSHOM; BAK;
BARBASH, SAMUEL; BARNETT, ZERAH;
BARUCH, JOSEPH MARCOU; BATO,
LUDWIG YOMTOV; BEHAK, JUDAH;
BEILIN, ASHER; BEILINSON, MOSHE;
BEN ELIEZER, MOSHE; BEN-AMITAI,
LEVI; BENEI MOSHE; BEN-YEHEZKI'EL,
MORDEKHAI; BEN-YEHUDA, HEMDAH;
BEN-ZVI, RAHEL YANAIT; BEREGI, ARMIN
BENJAMIN; BERGSTEIN, FANIA; BERTINI,
K. AHARON; BIBAS; BIERER, RUBIN;
BIKKUREI HA-ITTIM; BILU; BODEK, JACOB;
BOSAK, MEIR; BRAUDE, MARKUS; BRILL,
JEHIEL; BROIDES, ABRAHAM; BUSTENAI;
BUXBAUM, NATHAN; CARMOLY, ELIAKIM;
CASTIGLIONI, HAYYIM; CHOMSKY, DOV;
CHURGIN, YAAKOV YEHOSHUA; COEN,
GRAZIADIO VITA ANANIA; COHEN,
ISRAEL; COHN, EMIL MOSES; COWEN,
JOSEPH; CREIZENACH, MICHAEL; DAGON,
BARUKH; DAVAR; DEEDES, SIR WYNDHAM;
DEINARD, EPHRAIM; DELLA TORRE,
LELIO; DOAR HA-YOM; DON-YAHIA,
YEHUDAH LEIB; DUNANT, JEAN HENRI;
DYKMAN, SHLOMO; EDER, MONTAGUE
DAVID; EICHENBAUM, JACOB; EISLER,
EDMUND MENAHEM; ELAZARI-VOLCANI,
YIZHAK; ELIASBERG, MORDECAI; ESRA;
EVEN-SHOSHAN, AVRAHAM; EVER
HADANI; FADENHECHT, YEHOSHUA;
FAHN, REUBEN; FARBSTEIN, DAVID
ZEVI; FARBSTEIN, JOSHUA HESCHEL;
FEDER, TOBIAS; FEITELSON, MENAHEM
MENDEL; FELD, ISAAC; FERNHOF, ISAAC;
FISCHER, JEAN; FISCHMANN, NAHMAN
ISAAC; FLEISCHER, JUDAH LOEB;
FRAENKEL, ISAAC SECKEL; FRANKEL,
NAOMI; FREDERICK I; FRIEDEMANN,
ADOLF; FRIEDMANN, DAVID ARYEH;
GALAI, BINYAMIN; GAMZU, HAYYIM;

110

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

GAON, MOSES DAVID; GAWLER, GEORGE;
GESANG, NATHAN-NACHMAN; GILEAD,
ZERUBAVEL; GILYONOT; GLASNER,
MOSES SAMUEL; GOLDBERG, ABRAHAM;
GOLDENBERG, BAERISH; GOLDENBERG,
SAMUEL LEIB; GOLDHAMMER-SAHAWI,
LEO; GOLDIN, EZRA; GOLDMAN, YA'AKOV
BEN ASHER; GOLDSTEIN, ALEXANDER;
GORDON, DAVID; GORDON, SAMUEL
LEIB; GOREN, NATAN; GOSLAR, HANS;
GOTTLIEB, HIRSCH LEIB; GOTTLIEB,
YEHOSHUA; GRAEBER, SCHEALTIEL
EISIK; GREENBERG, LEOPOLD JACOB;
GROSS, NATHAN; GUEDALLA, HAIM;
GUEDEMANN, MORITZ; GUENZIG,
EZRIEL; GUTTMACHER, ELIJAH; HA-
ASIF; HABAS, BRACHA; HA-BOKER;
HAEZRAHI, YEHUDA; HA-LEVANON;
HALPERN, GEORG GAD; HA-MAGGID;
HA-MELIZ; HAMENAHEM, EZRA; HA-
ME'ORER; HA-MIZPEH; HANNOVER,
RAPHAEL LEVI; HAOLAM; HA-PO'EL
HA-ZATR; HA-SHILO'AH; HA-TEKUFAH;
HAUSNER, BERNARD; HAVAZZELET;
HA-YOM; HA-ZEFIRAH; HA-ZOFEH;
HECHLER, WILLIAM HENRY; HEFER,
HAYIM; HE-HALUTZ; HELLER, JOSEPH
ELIJAH; HELLMAN, JACOB; HELSINGFORS
PROGRAM; HERBST, KARL; HERRMANN,
HUGO; HESS, MOSES; HICKL, MAX;
HODESS, JACOB; HOFFMANN, JACOB;
HOGA, STANISLAV; HORODISCHTSCH,
LEON; HOROWITZ, YA'AKOV; HURWITZ,
SAUL ISRAEL; ISH-KISHOR, EPHRAIM;
ISRAEL, STATE OF: CULTURAL LIFE; JAFFE,
ABRAHAM B.; JANNER, BARNETT, LORD;
JARBLUM, MARC; JUEDISCHER VERLAG;
K. ZETNIK; KADARI, SHRAGA; KADIMAH;
KALEF, YEHOSHUA; KALISCHER, ZEVI
HIRSCH; KAMSON, YA'AKOV DAVID;
KANN, JACOBUS HENRICUS; KAPLAN,
PESAH; KARIV, AVRAHAM YIZHAK; KARU,
BARUCH; KASHER, MENAHEM; KATZ,
BENZION; KATZENELSON, BARUCH;
KATZNELSON, RAHEL; KAZNELSON,
SIEGMUND; KELLNER, LEON; KENAANI,
DAVID; KEREM HEMED; KESHET,
YESHURUN; KESSLER, LEOPOLD; KIMHI,
DOV; KINDERFREUND, ARYEH LEIB;
KIPNIS, LEVIN; KISHON, EPHRAIM;
KLAUSNER, ISRAEL; KLEE, ALFRED;
KLEINMANN, MOSHE; KLUMEL, MEIR;
KOHELETH MUSSAR; KOHEN-ZEDEK,
JOSEPH; KOKESCH, OZER; KORKIS,
ABRAHAM ADOLF; KOVNER, ABBA;
KROCHMAL, ABRAHAM; KROJANKER,
GUSTAV; LANDAU, LEIBUSH MENDEL;
LANDAU, MOSES; LANDAU, SAUL
RAPHAEL; LAUTERBACH, ASHER
ZELIG; LEVI-BIANCHINI, ANGELO;
LEVIN, ALTER ISAAC; LEVNER, ISRAEL
BENJAMIN; LEWINSKY, YOM-TOV;
LEWYSOHN, YEHUDI LEIB LUDWIG;
LICHTENBAUM, JOSEPH; LICHTHEIM,

RICHARD; LIPSON, MORDEKHAI;
LORJE, CHAIM; LUBOSHITZKI, AARON;
LUDVIPOL, ABRAHAM; LUIDOR, JOSEPH;
MACCOBY, HAYYIM ZUNDEL; MAHLER,
ARTHUR; MAIMON, ADA; MARGOLIN,
ELIEZER; MEHLSACK, ELIAKIM BEN
JUDAH HA-MILZAHGI; MEISL, JOSEPH;
MEITUS, ELIAHU; MELTZER, SHIMSHON;
MENDELSOHN, FRANKFURT MOSES;
MICHALI, BINYAMIN YIZHAK; MIESES,
FABIUS; MIESIS, JUDAH LEIB; MIRSKY,
AARON; MOHR, ABRAHAM MENAHEM
MENDEL; MOHR, MEIR; MORDELL,
PHINEHAS; MORDOVTSEV, DANIIL
LUKICH; MOSER, JACOB; NEWSPAPERS
AND PERIODICALS, HEBREW;
NEWSPAPERS, HEBREW; NISSENBAUM,
ISAAC; NOBEL, NEHEMIAH ANTON;
NOSSIG, ALFRED; NUSSENBLATH,
TULO; OFEK, URIEL; OLSCHWANGER,
ISAAC WOLF; OLSVANGER, IMMANUEL;
OMER, HILLEL; OPPENHEIM, DAVID;
OPPENHEIM, HAYYIM; ORLAND, YAAKOV;
OTTENSOSSER, DAVID; OTTOLENGHI,
MOSES JACOB; OVSAY, JOSHUA; OVSAY,
JOSHUA; PAPERNA, ABRAHAM BARUCH;
PENN, ALEXANDER; PENUELI, SHEMUEL
YESHAYAHU; PERI EZ-HAYYIM; PERLMAN,
SAMUEL; PINES, NOAH; POZNANSKY,
MENAHEM; PROBST, MENAHEM MENDEL;
PROTESTRABBINER; RABBI BINYAMIN;
RABINOVITZ, ALEXANDER SISKIND;
RABINOWITZ, YA'AKOV; RABINOWITZ,
ZEVI HA-COHEN; RABINOWITZ, ZINA;
RAWNITZKI, YEHOSHUA HANA; REINES,
ISAAC JACOB; REUVENI, AHARON;
RIMON, JACOB; RINGEL, MICHAEL;
RIVLIN, ELIEZER; ROKACH, ELEAZAR;
ROKEAH, DAVID; ROMANO, MARCO;
ROSEN, ABRAHAM; ROSENFELD,
AHARON; ROTENSTREICH, FISCHEL;
ROTHSCHILD, BARON EDMOND JAMES
DE; RUBIN, SOLOMON; RUBINSTEIN,
ISAAC; RUEBNER, TUVIA; RUELF,
ISAAC; SACERDOTI, ANGELO-RAPHAEL
CHAIM; SACHER, HARRY; SACHS,
SENIOR; SALVENDI, ADOLF; SAN REMO
CONFERENCE; SATANOW, ISAAC;
SCHACH, FABIUS; SCHACHTEL, HUGO-
HILLEL; SCHAECHTER, JOSEPH; SCHALIT,
ISIDOR; SCHAPIRA, NOAH; SCHATZ, ZEVI;
SCHERLAG, MARK; SCHILLER, SOLOMON;
SCHNEIDER, MORDECAI BEZALEL;
SCHNIRER, MORITZ TOBIAS; SCHORR,
NAPHTALI MENDEL; SCHRENZEL, MOSES;
SCHWARZBART, ISAAC IGNACY; SCHWEID,
ELIEZER; SELBSTEMANZIPATION; SENED,
ALEXANDER; SHAANAN, AVRAHAM;
SHALEV, YITZHAK; SHAMI, YITZHAK;
SHAPIRA, HAYYIM NACHMAN; SHAPIRO,
ABBA CONSTANTIN; SHOHETMAN,
BARUCH; SHREIER, FEIWEL; SHURER,
HAIM; SILMAN, KADISH YEHUDA LEIB;
SIMON, JULIUS; SIMON, SIR LEON;

SLUTZKI, DAVID; SMILANSKY, MEIR;
SMOLI, ELIEZER; SOKOLOW, NAHUM;
STAVI, MOSES; STEIN, LEONARD;
STEINMAN, ELIEZER; STERN, MAX
EMANUEL; STRAUSS, ARYEH LUDWIG;
STREIT, SHALOM; STRELISKER, MARCUS;
SUSSMAN, EZRA; TABlB, MORDEKHAI;
TALPIR, GABRIEL JOSEPH; TAUBES,
LOEBEL; TCHERNOWITZ, SAMUEL;
TCHERNOWITZ-AVIDAR, YEMIMAH;
TELLER, ZEVI LAZAR; TEMKIN; TENE,
BENJAMIN; TEVET, SHABBETAI;
TOCHNER, MESHULLAM; TRIWOSCH,
JOSEPH ELIJAH; TRUNK, ISRAEL JOSHUA;
UKHMANI, AZRIEL; UNGERFELD,
MOSHE; VAN PAASSEN, PIERRE; VITKIN,
JOSEPH; WALLACH, MOSHE; WERNER,
SIEGMUND; WISSOTZKY, KALONYMUS
ZE'EV; WOLFFSOHN, DAVID; WOLFOWSKI,
MENAHEM ZALMAN; WOLFSOHN-HALLE,
AARON; WORTSMAN, YECHESKIEL
CHARLES; YAARI, YEHUDAH; YALAN-
STEKELIS, MIRIAM; YEIVIN, YEHOSHUA
HESCHEL; ZAMOSC, DAVID; ZAMOSC,
ISRAEL BEN MOSES HALEVI; ZARCHI,
ISRAEL; ZEITLIN, WILLIAM; ZERUBAVEL,
JACOB; ZIONISM; ZIONIST CONGRESSES;
ZIPPER, GERSHON; ZLOCISTI,
THEODOR

Marie Luise Kreuter*, Dr., Phil.;
Freelancer Researcher, Addisabeba,
Ethiopia: Ecuador

Samson Jacob Kreutner, Former
Director General, Keren Hayesod -
U.I.A., Jerusalem

Max Kreutzberger, Ph.D.; Former
Director of the Leo Baeck Institute,
New York; Ascona, Switzerland: leo

BAECK INSTITUTE

Conny Kristel*, Ph.D.; Senior
Research Fellow, Netherlands
Institute for War Documentation,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands: jong,

LOUIS DE; PRESSER, JACOB

Jelka (J.) Kroger(-Verhorst)*, M.A.;
Art Editor and Researcher, Jewish
Historical Museum, Amsterdam,
The Netherlands: haan, meijer DE;

HAGUE, THE

Frederic Krome*, Ph.D.; Managing
Editor, The American Jewish
Archives Journal and Adjunct
Professor of Judaic Studies and
History, American Jewish Archives,
Cincinnati, Ohio: aaronsohn,

MICHAEL

Simcha Kruger, B.S.; Librarian,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

ill

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

New York: freidus, Abraham

SOLOMON

Mikhail Krutikov*, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Jewish -Slavic Cultural
Relations, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor: estraikh, gennady;

SANDLER, BORIS; WIENER, MEIR

Andreas Kubinyi, Dr. Phil.;
Lecturer in History, Eotvos Lorand
University, Budapest: mendel;

PRAEFECTUS JUDAEORUM; SZERENCSES,
IMRE

Hyman Kublin, Ph.D.; Professor
of History, Brooklyn College of
the City University of New York:

HAZZAN; JAPAN; KOBAYASHI, MASAYUKI;
KOTSUJI, SETSUZO; RIESS, LUDWIG;
TOKYO

Erich Kulka, Historian, Jerusalem:

BRATISLAVA; CZECHOSLOVAKIA; KOSICE;
LOEBL, EUGEN; LONDON, ARTUR;
PRAGUE; SICHER, GUSTAV; UHERSKY
BROD

Otto Dov Kulka, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Modern Jewish History,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

AUSTRIA; ETTINGER, SHMUEL;
THERESIENSTADT

Yuri Kulker, Jerusalem: kushner,

ALEKSANDER SEMENOVICH

Linda S. Kulp*: Atlantic city

M. (Muhammed) Mustafa Kulu*,

M.A.; Research Assistant, Middle
East Technical University, Ankara,
Turkey: bayramic; canakkale; ezine;

KOILA; LAPSEKI; PARIUM

S. (Shirley) Kumove*, Writer
and Yiddish Translator, American
Literary Translators Association,
Texas: perle, joshua

Shifra Kuperman*, Lie. Phil., M.A.;
University of Basel, Switzerland:

BAAL-MAKHSHOVES; EINHORN, DAVID;
NOMBERG, HERSH DAVID; OPATOSHU,
JOSEPH

Ephraim Kupfer, Research Fellow
in Jewish Studies, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: comtino,

MORDECAI BEN ELIEZER; HAMIZ, JOSEPH
BEN JUDAH; IBN YAHYA, DAVID BEN
SOLOMON; ISSACHAR BERMAN BEN
NAPHTALI HA-KOHEN; JACOB BEN ASHER;
JAFFE, MORDECAI BEN ABRAHAM; JONAH

BEN ABRAHAM GERONDI; JOSEPH HA-
KOHEN; JOSEPH HAZZAN BEN JUDAH
OF TROYES; KASPI, JOSEPH BEN ABBA
MARI IBN; LORBEERBAUM, JACOB BEN
JACOB MOSES OF LISSA; MANUSCRIPTS,
HEBREW; MOELLIN, JACOB BEN MOSES;
REISCHER, JACOB BEN JOSEPH; SIKILI,
JACOB BEN HANANEL; TAM IBN YAHYA,
JACOB BEN DAVID; TANHUM BEN JOSEPH
YERUSHALMI; TRANI, JOSEPH BEN
MOSES; YOM TOV BEN ABRAHAM
ISHBILI

Uri K. Kupferschmidt, Ph.D.;
Senior Lecturer, Department of
Middle Eastern History, University
of Haifa

David Kushner*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Middle East History, University of

Haifa: ANTIOCH; AYDIN; ISKENDERUN;
MERSIN

Gilbert Kushner, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Anthropology, the
College at Brockport of the State
University of New York

Ernst Kutsch, Dr. Theol.; Professor
of Old Testament Theology,
Friedrich-Alexander Universitat
zu Erlangen-Nurnberg, Germany:

PASSOVER; SUKKOT

Eduard Yecheskel Kutscher, M.A.;

Professor of Hebrew Philology, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem;
Professor of Hebrew Language,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

ARAMAIC; HEBREW LANGUAGE;
POLOTSKY, HANS JACOB

Raphael Kutscher, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Mesopotamian Languages and
Civilization, Tel Aviv University:

EUPHRATES; MARDUK; TAMMUZ

Cecile Esther Kuznitz*, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor of Jewish
History, Bard College, Annandale-
on-Hudson, New York: Yiddish

LITERATURE; YIVO INSTITUTE FOR
JEWISH RESEARCH

Mindaugas Kvietkauskas*, Ph.D.;
Research Fellow, Lithuanian
Literature, Vilnius University,
Lithuania: katzenelenbogen, uriah;

NAIDUS, LEIB

Gail (S.) Labovitz*, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Rabbinics, University
of Judaism, Los Angeles, California:

STUDY

Frederick R. Lachman, Ph.D.;
Formerly Executive Editor of the
Encyclopaedia Judaica and former
American Correspondent of
Encyclopaedia Judaica Year Books,
New York: bisgyer, maurice; george,

MANFRED; GROSSMANN, KURT RICHARD;
LEVIN, THEODORE; SAXON, DAVID
STEPHEN; STERN-TAEUBLER, SELMA;
THEATER; WALINSKY; ZUCKERMAN, PAUL

Irwin (Jay) Lachoff*, M.A.;
Archivist, Xavier University of
Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana:

LOUISIANA; NEW ORLEANS

Josef J. Lador-Lederer, Dr.Jur.;
Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
Jerusalem: bienenfeld, franz

RUDOLF; ELLENBOGEN, WILHELM;
FRIED, ALFRED HERMANN; KELSEN,
HANS; KLANG, HEINRICH; KUNZ, JOSEF
LAURENZ; LAWYERS; LEMKIN, RAPHAEL;
OFNER, JULIUS; POPPER, JOSEF; REDLICH,
JOSEPH; RODE, WALTHER; STEINBACH,
EMIL; STRISOWER, LEO; VADASZ, LIPOT;
VAZSONYI, VILMOS; WORLD JEWISH
ASSOCIATIONS

Gideon Lahav, B.A.; Ministry of
Commerce and Industry, Jerusalem:

DIAMOND TRADE AND INDUSTRY

Sanford A. LakofF, Ph.D.; Professor
of Political Science, the University of
Toronto: ribicoff, Abraham a.

Anne Marie Lambert, Ministry for
Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem: united

NATIONS

Lars Lambrecht*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Philosophy and Sociology,
University of Hamburg, Germany:

MARX, KARL HEINRICH

Ruth Lamdan*, Ph.D.; Lecturer of
Jewish History, Tel Aviv University:

HANDALI, ESTHER; MALCHI, ESPERANZA

Meir Lamed, Kibbutz Nebt
Mordekhai: aguilar, diego d';

ALTSCHUL, EMIL; ARNSTEIN; AUSPITZ;
AUSTRIA; BLOCH, JOSEPH SAMUEL;
BOHEMIA; BONDI; CECHU-ZIDU, SVAZ;
CHOMUTOV; CHRISTIAN SOCIAL PARTY;
COUDENHOVE-KALERGI, HEINRICH
VON; CZECH, LUDWIG; DOLNI KOUNICE;
ESKELES; FISCHER; FISCHHOFF, ADOLF;
GESELLSCHAFT DER JUNGEN HEBRAEER;
GRAZ; GUTMANN, WILHELM, RITTER
VON; HAINDORF, ALEXANDER;
HALFANUS; HAPSBURG MONARCHY;
HARDENBERG, KARL AUGUST VON;

112

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

HEIMWEHR; HENRY IV; HERMANUS
QUONDAM JUDAEUS; HILSNER CASE;
HIRSHEL, MEYER; HODONIN; HOFER,
ANDREAS; HOHENAU; HOLESOV;
HRANICE; HUNCOVCE; JABLONEC
NAD NISOU; JAKOBOVITS, TOBIAS;
JEITELES; JELLINEK, ADOLF;
JEMNICE; JEVICKO; JINDRICHUV
HRADEC; JUDENBURG; KHUST;
KISCH; KLAGENFURT; KLEMPERER,
GUTMANN; KOHN, THEODOR;
KOJETIN; KOLLONITSCH, LEOPOLD;
KOLODEJE NAD LUZICI; KOMARNO;
KORNFELD, AARON BEN MORDECAI
BAER; KROCHMAL, MENAHEM MENDEL
BEN ABRAHAM; KROMERIZ; KUGEL,
HAYYIM; KULTUSVEREIN; KURANDA,
IGNAZ; KYJOV; LAEMEL, SIMON
VON; LANDAU, EZEKIEL BEN JUDAH;
LANDESJUDENSCHAFT, BOEHMISCHE;
LAZNE KYNZVART; LEATHER INDUSTRY
AND TRADE; LEOPOLD I; LICHTENSTADT,
ABRAHAM AARON; LIEBEN, SALOMON;
LIEBEN, SALOMON HUGO; LITOMERICE;
LOEW-BEER; LOSTICE; LUCENEC;
MAGNUS, MARCUS; MA'OR KATAN;
MARIA THERESA; MARIENBAD;
MAXIMILIAN I; MEISEL, MORDECAI
BEN SAMUEL; MEYER, PAULUS;
MICHALOVCE; MIKULOV; MIROSLAV;
MORAVIA; MORAVSKE BUDEJOVICE;
MORAVSKY KRUMLOV; NACHOD;
NEUDA, ABRAHAM; NITRA; OLOMOUC;
OPAVA; OSOBLAHA; OSTRAVA;
PERNERSTORFER, ENGELBERT; PETSCHEK;
PLACZEK, ABRAHAM; POBEZOVICE NA
SUMAVE; POLNA; PREMYSL OTTOKAR
II; PROSTEJOV; PULKAU; QUETSCH,
SOLOMON; RANSCHBURG, BEZALEL
BEN JOEL; RUDOLF II; SCHUTZBUND,
REPUBLIKANISCHER; SELF-DEFENSE;
SHLOM THE MINTMASTER; SONNENFELS,
ALOYS VON; SPITZER, KARL HEINRICH;
STEINHERZ, SAMUEL; STYRIA; TACHOV;
TEKA; TESCHEN; TEWELES, JUDAH;
THIEBERGER, FRIEDRICH; TREBIC;
TREBITSCH, ABRAHAM; TREST; VEITH,
JOHANN EMANUEL; WINKLER, LEO;
WOLFSBERG; ZNOJMO

Norman Lamm*, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Chancellor, Yeshiva University;
Rosh Hayeshiva, Rabbi Isaac
Elchanan Theological Seminary,
New York: blaser, isaac ; kiddush

HA-SHEM AND HILLUL HA-SHEM;
VOLOZHINER, HAYYIM BEN ISAAC

Zvi Lamm, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
Education, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: Frankenstein, carl

Jacob M. Landau*, Ph.D.; Professor
Emeritus of Political Science,

Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Jerusalem: baer, gabriel; carasso,

EMMANUEL; EGYPT; GALANTE,
ABRAHAM; HEYD, URIEL; IBRAHIM PASHA;
KEMAL MUSTAFA; LEWIS, BERNARD;
MANSURA; MOSSERI; MUBARAK,
MUHAMMAD HUSNI SAID; MUHAMMAD
AL1; SANU', YA'QUB or JAMES; TEKINALP,
MUNIS

Julian J. Landau, M.I.A.; Journalist,

Jerusalem: hoffman, philip e.; Israel,

STATE OF: ARAB POPULATION

Moshe Landau, M.A.; Educator,
Tel Aviv: aguddat ahim; beobachter

AN DER WEICHSEL; BERNSTEIN, ARYEH
LEIB; BLUMENFELD, EMANUEL; BUCHNER,
ABRAHAM; CALMANSON, JACOB;
CENTOS; CHWILA; DMOWSKI,
ROMAN; ENDECJA; FINKELSTEIN,
NOAH; FOLKSPARTEI; GOLDMAN,
BERNARD; GRABSKI, STANISLAW;
GROSS, ADOLF; HALLER'S ARMY;
IZRAELITA; JABLONNA; JELENSKI, JAN;
KIRSCHBAUM, ELIEZER SINAI; KOHN,
ABRAHAM; KRONENBERG; LOEWENSTEIN,
BERNHARD; LOEWENSTEIN, NATHAN;
MAYZEL, MAURYCY; MINORITY BLOC;
MORGENTHAU COMMISSION; NASZ
PRZEGLAD; NEUFELD, DANIEL; NOWY
DZIENNIK; P.P.S.; PRZYTYK; ROSMARYN,
HENRYK; ROZWOJ; SAMUEL COMMISSION;
SEJM; SHABAD, ZEMAH; SHOMER ISRAEL;
STEIGER TRIAL; STERN, ABRAHAM
JACOB; THON, ALBERT; TOZ; UGODA;
WALDMANN, ISRAEL; WOLKOWISKI,
JEHIEL BER; ZBITKOWER, SAMUEL

Yehuda Landau, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Philosophy, Tel Aviv

University

Leo Landman, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Assistant Professor of Rabbinical
Literature, Dropsie University,
Philadelphia: gambling

Hermann Langbein, Vienna:

AUSCHWITZ TRIALS

Lucille Lang Day*, A.B., M.A.,
M.F.A., Ph.D.; Poet and Museum
Director, Hall of Health, Hands-
on Health Museum, Berkeley,
California: falk, marcia

Nicholas de Lange, D.Phil.;
Lecturer in Rabbinics, the
University of Cambridge: lateran

COUNCILS III, IV; MARTIN; NICHOLAS;
ODO OF CHATEAUROUX; SIXTUS IV

Lawrence L. Langer*, Ph.D.;

Professor of English, Emeritus,
Simmons College, Boston: bak,

SAMUEL

Ruth Langer*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Jewish Studies, Boston
College: liturgy

Tzvi Y. Langermann*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Arabic, Bar-Ilan
University, Ram at Gan

Shaoul Langnas, Ph.D.; Jewish
Agency, Tel Aviv: numerus clausus

Doris Lankin, M.Jur.; Legal
Journalist, Jerusalem

Ruth Lapidoth*, Ph.D.; Professor
of International Law, the Hebrew
University, Jerusalem Institute of
Israel Studies: Jerusalem, legal
aspects

Steven Lapidus*, M.A.; Concordia
University, Montreal, Canada:

GOLDBLOOM

Dvora Lapson, B.A.; Instructor in
Dance, the Hebrew Union College
School of Education, New York:

DANCE

Guiseppe Laras, Dr.Jur., Rabbi;
Leghorn, Italy: del vecchio;

MORPURGO, SAMSON BEN JOSHUA
MOSES; PAPO, SAMUEL SHEMAIAH;
SARAVAL; VITAL

Scott (B.) Lasensky*, Ph.D.;

Washington, D.C.: ross, dennis

Daniel J. Lasker*, Ph.D.; Norbert
Blechner Professor of Jewish Values,
Ben-Gurion University of the
Negev, Beersheba: Israeli, isaac ben

SOLOMON; JUDAH, HALEVI ; KARAITES;
PHILOSOPHY, JEWISH

Michael M. Laskier*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Middle Eastern and
North African History, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: agadir;

AGHLABIDS; ALMORAVIDS; ARAB WORLD;
BONE; DEBDOU; DEMNAT; HAFSIDS;
MARRAKESH; MEKNES; MERINIDS;
MOGADOR; MOROCCO; M'ZAB; ORAN;
RYVEL; SA'DIS; SAFI; SALE-RABAT;
TANGIER; TETUAN; WATTASIDS; ZIRIDS;
ZIYANIDS

Egon H.E. Lass* : dothan
Jacob Lassner*, Ph.D., D.H.L.;

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

113

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Professor of Jewish Civilization,
Northwestern University, Evanston,
Illinois: abbasids; halkin, Abraham

SOLOMON

Ted (Theodore) Lauer*, M.A.;
Chairman History Department,
Touro College, New York: touro

COLLEGE

Theodor Lavi, Dr. Phil.; Historian,
Yad Vashem, Jerusalem: antonescu,

ION; ANTONESCU, MIHAI; BACAU;
BARLAD; BESSARABIA; BOTOSANI;
BRAILA; BUHUSI; BURDUJENI; BUZAU;
CHERNOVTSY; CONSTANTA; CRAIOVA;
DARABANI; DOROHOI; FALTICENI;
FILDERMAN, WILHELM; FOCSANI;
GERTSA; HARLAU; HUSI; JASSY;
KISHINEV; LECCA, RADU; MIHAILENI;
MOINESTI; NUMERUS CLAUSUS; PASCANI;
PIATRA-NEAMT; PLOESTI; REVISTA
CULTULUI MOZAIC; ROMAN; ROMANIA;
SCHWARZFELD; SETANESTI; STERN,
ADOLPHE; SULITA; TIRGU NEAMT; TIRGU-
FRUMOS; TRANSNISTRIA; VASLUI

Anthony Lincoln Lavine, M.A.;

Jerusalem: homa; margolies, isaac

BEN ELIJAH; MOSES ZE'EV BEN ELIEZER
OF GRODNO; PERLA, JEROHAM FISCHEL
BEN ARYEH ZEVI; SANDZER, HAYYIM BEN
MENAHEM; SHAPIRO, SAUL BEN DOV

Eric (Jay) Lawee*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor, Humanities, York
University, Toronto, Canada:

ABRABANEL, ISAAC BEN JUDAH;
ABRAHAM BEN JUDAH LEON; ABULRABI,
AARON

Mary Lazar*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor, English, Kent State
University, Ohio: kosinski, jerzy

Moshe Lazar, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Romance Philology,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

LADINO

Gilbert Lazard, D.es L.; Professor of
Iranian Language and Civilization,
Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris: aix-en-

PROVENCE; JUDEO-PERSIAN

Lucien Lazare, Ph.D.; Educator,

Jerusalem: gamzon, Robert; kaplan,

JACOB; LAVAL, PIERRE; LEVI, SYLVAIN;
MANDEL, GEORGES; STRASBOURG;
STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS, JEWISH;
ZIONISM

Arlene Lazarowitz*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of History,

Director, Jewish Studies Program,
California State University, Long
Beach: boxer, Barbara

Paul Lazarus, Dr.Phil., Rabbi;
Historian, Haifa: oppenheim

Hava Lazarus -Yafeh: judeo-arabic

LITERATURE

Hayim Leaf, Ph.D.; Professor of
Hebrew Language and Literature,
Yeshiva University, New York:

CHURGIN, PINKHOS

Abraham Lebanon, M.A.; Teacher
in the Hebrew Teachers' College,
Jerusalem: Damascus; eleazar ben

JAIR; JEBUS, JEBUSITE; MARIAMNE

Arieh Lebowitz*, B.A.;
Communications Director, Jewish
Labor Committee, New York: Jewish

LABOR COMMITTEE; JEWISH SOCIALIST
VERB AND; MORNING FREIHEIT;
WORKMEN'S CIRCLE; YIDISHER KEMFER;
YIDISHES TAGEBLAT

Michael Lecker*, Ph.D. Professor,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

KA'B AL-AH BAR; MUHAMMAD; NADIR,
BANU 1-; QAYNUQA', BANU; QURAYZA,
BANU; WAHB IBN MUNABBIH

Barton G. Lee, M.A., Rabbi;
Chicago: fortas, abe ; goldman,

MAYER CLARENCE; GREENBAUM,
EDWARD SAMUEL

Elaine Leeder*, M.S.W., M.P.H.,
Ph.D.; Professor of Sociology,
Sonoma State University, Rohnert
Park, California: pesotta, rose

Carolyn Leeds*, B.A.; Special
Projects Director, Jewish Federation
of Greater Indianapolis, Indiana:

INDIANAPOLIS

Sidney M. Lefkowitz, Th.D.;
Lecturer in Religion, Jacksonville
University, Florida

Joseph Leftwich, Editor and
Journalist, London: Herman,

DAVID; KAMINSKI or KAMINSKA;
KESSLER, DAVID; MIKHOELS, SOLOMON;
MYER, MORRIS; SCHILDKRAUT,
RUDOLPH; VILNA TROUPE; WEICHERT,
MICHAEL

Israel O. Lehman, D.Phil.; Curator
of Manuscripts and Special
Collections, the Hebrew Union

College - Jewish Institute of
Religion, Cincinnati: vilna

Ruth P. Lehmann, Dipl.O.A.S.,

EL. A.; Librarian of Jews' College,
London: abbreviations; levertoff,

PAUL PHILIP; SIMON, SIR LEON

Grete Leibowitz, Dr.Phil.; Former
editorial staff, Encyclopaedia
Hebraica, Jerusalem: Berliner, emile;

JACOBI, KARL GUSTAV JACOB; JACOBI,
MORITZ HERMANN

Joshua O. Leibowitz, M.D.;
Associate Clinical Professor of
the History of Medicine, the
Hebrew University- Hadassah
Medical School, Jerusalem: amatus

LUSITANUS; ANATOMY; AUERBACH,
LEOPOLD; BARUK, HENRI; BERNHEIM,
HIPPOLYTE; BLOODLETTING; BUERGER,
LEO; HEIDENHAIN, RUDOLF; HENLE,
JACOB; JACOBI, ABRAHAM; ORTA, GARCIA
DE; TELLER, ISSACHAR BAER; WEIGERT,
CARL; WIDAL, FERNAND; WUNDERBAR,
REUBEN JOSEPH; ZACUTUS LUSITANUS

Shnayer Z. Leiman, B.A.; Lecturer
in Jewish History and Literature,
Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut: bernfeld, Siegfried;

COHN, JONAS; KARMAN, MOR; LEVI,
EDWARD H.; MORGENSTERN, LINA; VAN
PRAAGH, WILLIAM

Samuel Leiter, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Professor of Modern Hebrew
Literature, the Jewish Theological
Seminary of America, New York:

BIALIK, HAYYIM NAHMAN

Andre Lemaire*, Ph.D.; Professor
in Oriental Studies, Ecole
Pratique des Hautes Etudes,
Section des sciences historiques
et philologiques, Sorbonne, Paris:

CAQUOT, ANDRE

Carolyn G. (Gray) LeMaster*, B.A.,
M.A.; Butler Center Fellow for the
Arkansas Jewish History Collection,
Butler Center for Arkansas Studies,
Central Arkansas Library System,
Little Rock, Arkansas: Arkansas

Howard M. Lenhoff, Associate
Professor of Biochemistry,
University of California, Irvine

Aron (di Leone) Leoni*, M.S.,
Ph.D., M.A.; Former Representative
of the Italian paper industries at the

European Commission in Brussels.

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CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Consulting Economist (retired).
Historian, State University of Padua,
Milan: pesaro ; pisa, da

Haim Leor, M.Jur.; Secretary of the
Knesset, Jerusalem

Antony Lerman, Researcher,
Institute of Jewish Affairs, London

Anne Lapidus Lerner*, Ph.D.,
M.A., M.H.L., A.B., B.J. Ed.;
Director, Program in Jewish
Women's Studies; Assistant
Professor, Department of Jewish
Literature, Jewish Theological
Seminary, New York: knopf,

BLANCHE WOLF

Bialik Myron Lerner, Ph.D.;
Instructor in Talmud, Tel Aviv
University: abba guryon of sidon;

ABBA SAUL; AKAVYAH BEN MAHALALEL;
ALTAR; ANDROGYNOS; AVTALYON;
SHEMAIAH

Harold Lerner, Ph.D.; Political
Scientist, New York

Loren Lerner*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Concordia University, Montreal,
Canada: borenstein, sam

Natan Lerner, LL.D.; Executive
Director, World Jewish Congress,
Tel Aviv: perlzweig, maurice l.;

TARTAKOWER, ARIEH; WORLD JEWISH
CONGRESS

Ralph Lerner, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Social Sciences, the
University of Chicago: prophets and

PROPHECY; STRAUSS, LEO

Benny Leshem*: Israel, state

OF: HEALTH, WELFARE, AND SOCIAL
SECURITY

Donald Daniel Leslie, D.del'U;
Fellow in Far Eastern History,
Australian National University,
Canberra: chao; redemption

Yaacov Lev*, Ph.D.; Professor, Bar-
Ilan University, Ramat Gan

Chaim Levanon, Eng. Agr.;
Agricultural Engineer and former
Mayor of Tel Aviv: general Zionists

Yehuda Levanon, B.A.; Ministry of
Absorption, Jerusalem

Arye Levavi, M.A.; Ambassador,

Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
Jerusalem

Schneier Zalman Levenberg, Ph.D.;
Jewish Agency Representative and
Writer, Jerusalem: adler, victor;

MARX, KARL HEINRICH; NATANSON,
MARK; SOCIALISM; ZUNDELEVITCH,
AARON

Joseph Levenson, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Instructor in Religion, Oklahoma
City University, Oklahoma:

OKLAHOMA

Marcia (Irene) Leveson*, Ph.D.,
B.Ed.; Assistant Professor (retired),
Honorary Research Fellow,
University of the Witwatersrand
Johannesburg, South Africa:

GORDIMER, NADINE; SOUTH AFRICAN
LITERATURE

Martin Levey, Ph.D.; Professor
of the History of Science, the
State University of New York,
Albany: ibn biklArish, junas ben

ISAAC

Josef Levi*: Florence

L. Levi*: Greece

Leo Levi, D.Sc; Research Fellow
in Jewish Musicology, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: italy

Shlomit Levi, Research Associate,
Israel Institute of Applied Research,
Jerusalem

Yitzhak Levi, Former Managing
Director of the Israel Program for
Scientific Translations, Jerusalem:

INDEPENDENCE DAY, ISRAEL

Curt Leviant, Ph.D.; Associate

Professor of Hebraic Studies,
Rutgers University, New Brunswick,
New Jersey: Arthurian legends;

BURLA, YEHUDA

Dov Levin, Ph.D.; Researcher in the
Institute of Contemporary Jewry,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

KALVARIJA; KEDAINIAI; KRETINGA;
KUPISKIS; MARIJAMPOLE; PLUNGE;
PONARY; SIAULIAI; VIRBALIS

Norman Levin, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Biology, Brooklyn
College of the City University of
New York: gasser, Herbert spencer;

GURWITSCH, ALEXANDER GAVRILOVICH;

SANDGROUND, JACK HENRY; WAKSMAN,
SELMAN ABRAHAM

Samuel Levin, Writer, Translator,
Givat Savyon

Shalom Levin, M.A.; Member of
the Knesset, Tel Aviv: teachers'

ASSOCIATION IN ISRAEL

Ze'ev Levin, Former Ambassador,
Tel Aviv: kenya

Baruch A. Levine*, Ph.D.; Skirball
Professor Emeritus, New York
University: Balaam ; cult; cult

PLACES, ISRAELITE; FIRST FRUITS;
FIRSTBORN; GIBEONITES AND NETHINIM;
KEDUSHAH; SOLOMON, SERVANTS OF

Emily Levine*: warburg, aby

MORITZ

Jonathan D. Levine*: greenberg,

SIDNEY

Joyce Levine*, M.A.; Director,
Educational Technology, U.J.A.
Federation Board of Jewish
Education, Toronto, Canada:

EDUCATION, JEWISH

Michael Levine, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
Dept. of History of Art, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Israel, state

OF: CULTURAL LIFE

Paul (A.) Levine*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Holocaust History, The
Uppsala Programme for Holocaust
and Genocide Studies, Uppsala
University, Sweden: holocaust

Stephen Levine*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Victoria University of Wellington,
New Zealand: new Zealand

Yael Levine*, Ph.D.; Talmud, Bar-
Ilan University, Ramat Gan: eshet

HAYIL

•

Renee Levine Melammed*,

Ph.D.; Professor of Jewish History,
Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies,
Jerusalem: anusim; barazani,

ASENATH; BOTON, ABRAHAM BEN MOSES
DE; WOMAN: MUSLIM WORLD AND SPAIN;
WUHSHA AL-DALLALA

Jacob S. Levinger, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Jewish Philosophy, Tel
Aviv University: ascher, saul; david

BEN ARYEH LEIB OF LIDA; DELMEDIGO,
ELIJAH BEN MOSES ABBA; DINAH; DUBNO,

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115

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

SOLOMON BEN JOEL; DUENNER, JOSEPH
ZEVI HIRSCH; DUKES, LEOPOLD; DURAN,
PROFIAT; GAL1PAPA, HAYYIM BEN
ABRAHAM; GANZFRIED, SOLOMON BEN
JOSEPH; GEIGER, SOLOMON ZALMAN;
GERMANY; GORDON, SAMUEL LEIB;
GUTTMANN, JULIUS; HAI BEN SHERIRA;
HOLDHEIM, SAMUEL

Boris M. Levinson, Ph.D.; Professor
of Psychology, Yeshiva University,
New York: wechsler, david

Robert E. Levinson, Ph.D.; San

Francisco: Alexander, moses-,

CALIFORNIA; GERSTLE, LEWIS; HIRSCH,
SOLOMON; KAHN, JULIUS; MEARS, OTTO;
MEIER, JULIUS; SACRAMENTO; SUTRO,
ADOLPH HEINRICH JOSEPH

Seymour Levitan*, B.A., M.A.;
Translator of Yiddish Poetry and
Fiction, Vancouver, Canada: korn,

RACHEL-HARING; SEGAL, JACOB ISAAC

Isaac Levitats, Ph.D.; the Herzliah
Hebrew Teachers' Seminary,
New York: autonomy; autonomy,

JUDICIAL; BET DIN AND JUDGES; BITTUL
HA-TAMID; CHARITY; CHIEF RABBI,
CHIEF RABBINATE; COMMUNITY;
CONFERENCES; CONSISTORY; DAYYAN;
EDUCATION, JEWISH; EPISCOPUS
JUDAEORUM; FEDERATIONS OF
COMMUNITIES, TERRITORIAL; FINANCES,
AUTONOMOUS JEWISH; FINES;
FRATERNAL SOCIETIES; GABBAI; GEMILUT
HASADIM; HAZAKAH; HEKDESH; HEREM
BET DIN; HEREM HA-IKKUL; HEREM HA-
YISHUV; HEVRAH, HAVURAH; MINORITY
RIGHTS; NASI; OATH MORE JUDAICO or
JURAMENTUM JUDAEORUM; PINKAS;
PRESBYTER JUDAEORUM; PUNISHMENT;
RABBINICAL CONFERENCES; SEMIKHAH;
SHAMMASH; SHEHITAH; SICK CARE,
COMMUNAL; SUMPTUARY LAWS; SYNODS;
TAKKANOT HA-KAHAL; TITLES

Lev Levite, Kibbutz En-Harod
(Me'uhad): borochov, ber

Georges Levitte, Writer, Paris:

AVIGNON; BAYONNE; BESANCON;
BORDEAUX; CAEN; COLMAR; DIJON;
GRENOBLE; LYONS; MULHOUSE; NANCY;
NICE; ROUEN; TOULOUSE

Avital Levy, B.A.; Jerusalem: pica
Richard N. Levy* : central

CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN RABBIS

Richard S. Levy*, Ph.D.; Professor
of History, University of Illinois at

Chicago: lagarde, paul de ; marr,

WILHELM

Louis Lewin, Dr.Phil., Rabbi;
Encyclopaedia Judaica (Germany);
Historian, Breslau: magdeburg;

MANNHEIM

Martin Lewin*, M.S.L.S.; Librarian
(retired) Buffalo and Eric County
Public Library, Buffalo: buffalo

Nathan Lewin*, J.D.; Attorney,
Columbia Law School Adjunct
Faculty, Lewin and Lewin L.L.P,
Washington, D.C.: breyer, Stephen

GERALD; POSNER, RICHARD ALLEN

Yom-Tov Lewinski, Dr.Phil.;
Ethnographer, Tel Aviv: food; games

Tamar Lewinsky*, M.A.; Lecturer,
University of Munich, Germany:

DEMBLIN, BENJAMIN; FOX, CHAIM-LEIB;
FUCHS, ABRAHAM MOSHE; GRYNBERG,
BERL; HEILPERIN, FALK; OLITZKY; PERLOV,
YITSKHOK; WARSHAWSKI, MARK

Albert L. Lewis, M.H.L., Rabbi;
Haddonfield, New Jersey: shofar

Bernard Lewis, Instructor in Films
and Filming, New York University
School of Continuing Education:

WINCHELL, WALTER

Mervyn M. Lewis, M.A.; Jerusalem:

DAVIDSON, SAMUEL

Guenter Lewy, Ph.D.; Professor
of Government, the University of
Massachusetts, Amherst: holocaust:

THE WORLD

Hildegard Lewy, Ph.D.; Visiting
Professor, Hebrew Union College,
Cincinnati, Ohio

Yohanan (Hans) Lewy, Dr.Phil.;
Senior Lecturer in Latin, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

JOHN CHRYSOSTOM

Bent Lexner*, Rabbinical Diploma,
Chief Rabbi, Denmark: besekow,

SAMUEL; FEIGENBERG, MEIR; FOIGHEL, ISI

Gideon Libson*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Law, Head of the Institute for
Research in Jewish Law, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: fiqh; herem

SETAM; LAW, JEWISH AND ISLAMIC LAW

Jacob Licht, Ph.D.; Associate

Professor of Biblical Studies,
Tel Aviv University: Abraham,

APOCALYPSE OF; ADAM AND EVE, BOOK
OF THE LIFE OF; CALENDAR; DAY OF
THE LORD; DEAD SEA SCROLLS; ETHICS;
MENAHEM; SOLOMON, ODES OF

Jonathan Licht, B.A., M.F.A.;
Writer, Jerusalem: aimee, anouk;

ALLEN, WOODY; ALPERT, HERB; ARKIN,
ALAN W; BACALL, LAUREN; BALIN,
MARTY; BLOOM, CLAIRE; BOONE,
RICHARD; BROOKS, MEL; COBB, LEE J.;
CUKOR, GEORGE; DA SILVA, HOWARD;
DIAMOND, I. A. L.; DIAMOND, NEIL;
DOUGLAS, MELVYN; DOUGLAS, MICHAEL;
DREYFUSS, RICHARD; EPSTEIN, JULIUS J.
and PHILIP G.; FALK, PETER; FOGELBERG,
DAN; FORD, HARRISON; FORMAN, MILOS;
FRANKENHEIMER, JOHN MICHAEL;
FRIEDKIN, WILLIAM; GARFUNKEL,
ART; GEFFEN, DAVID; GOLDBLUM,
JEFF; GORDON, MICHAEL; GRANT, LEE;
HAMLISCH, MARVIN; HARRIS, BARBARA;
HAWN, GOLDIE; HENRY, BUCK; HERSHEY,
BARBARA; HIRSCH, JUDD; HOFFMAN,
DUSTIN; HOUSEMAN, JOHN; IAN, JANIS;
KNOPFLER, MARK; LASSER, LOUISE;
LEAR, NORMAN; LEHMAN, ERNEST;
LELOUCH, CLAUDE; LESTER, RICHARD;
LEVINE, JOSEPH E.; LEVINSON, BARRY;
LEWIS, JERRY; LOM, HERBERT; LUMET,
SIDNEY; MAMET, DAVID; MANILOW,
BARRY; MANKIEWICZ, JOSEPH LEO;
MATTHAU, WALTER; MAZURSKY, PAUL;
MIDLER, BETTE; MILLER, ARTHUR;
MIRISCH BROTHERS; MOSTEL, ZERO;
NEWMAN, PAUL; NICHOLS, MIKE; PAPP,
JOSEPH; PATINKIN, MANDY; POLANSKI,
ROMAN; POLLACK, SYDNEY; PRINCE,
HAROLD; REINER, CARL; REINER, ROB;
RYDER, WINONA; SCHISGAL, MURRAY;
SCHLESINGER, JOHN; SEGAL, GEORGE;
SELLERS, PETER; SIDNEY, SYLVIA; SIMON,
PAUL; SONDHEIM, STEPHEN; SPIEGEL,
SAMUEL P.; SPIELBERG, STEVEN; STONE,
OLIVER; STREISAND, BARBRA; WALLACH,
ELI; WELLER, MICHAEL; WILDER, GENE;
WINGER, DEBRA; WINTERS, SHELLEY;
WOLPER, DAVID LLOYD

Albert Lichtblau*, Ph.D.; Historian,
University Professor, Vice Chair
of the Centre for Jewish Cultural
History, University Salzburg,
Austria: sommer, emil; spitzer,

KARL HEINRICH; TODESCO, HERMANN;
VOGELSANG, KARL VON; WOLF, FRUMET

Aaron Lichtenstein, Ph.D.;
Researcher, Baltimore: ashinsky,

AARON MORDECAI HALEV1; HELLER,
THEODOR; HENKIN, JOSEPH ELIJAH;
JEFFERSON, THOMAS; JESURUN; LAGOS;

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ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

LEAO, GASPAR DE; NUNEZ; OPORTO;
PAM, HUGO; PORTUGAL; SCHUR, ISSAI;
SCHWARZ, SAMUEL; TOMAR; WERNER,
HEINZ

Murray (H.) Lichtenstein*,

Ph.D., M. Phil., B.A.; Dr. Professor
Emeritus, Hunter College, City
University of New York: lots;

PROVERBS, BOOK OF; SHINAR; TERAH

David L. Lieber*, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Former President, the University of
Judaism; Los Angeles: banishment;

CENSUS; DIVORCE; DORFF, ELLIOT N.;
JEALOUSY; PILLAR OF CLOUD AND PILLAR
OF FIRE; POVERTY; RANSOM; SABBATICAL
YEAR AND JUBILEE; STRANGERS AND
GENTILES; VORSPAN, MAX

Esther (Zweig) Liebes, B.A.;

Jerusalem: bunin, hayyim isaac;

DAVID OF MAKOW; DOV BAER OF
MEZHIRECH; ELIMELECH OF LYZHANSK;
HANOKH OF ALEKSANDROW; ISAAC
THE BLIND; LOEBEL, ISRAEL; NAHMAN
OF HORODENKA; NAHMAN OF KOSOV;
PRZEDBORZ; RADOSHITSER, ISSACHAR
BAER; RAZA RABBA, SEFER; ROPSHITSER,
NAPHTALI ZEVI; RYMANOWER,
MENAHEM MENDEL; RYMANOWER, ZEVI
HIRSH; SPINKA, JOSEPH MEIR WEISS OF;
WARKA; ZEVI HIRSCH FRIEDMAN OF
LESKO

Hans Liebeschutz, Dr. Phil.,
ER.Hist.Soc; Professor Extraord.
of Medieval Latin Literature, the
University of Hamburg; Emeritus
Reader in Medieval History, the
University of Liverpool: abelard,

PETER; ALBERTUS MAGNUS; ALEXANDER
OF HALES; AQUINAS, THOMAS; CUSA,
NICHOLAS OF; ECKHART, MEISTER;
WILLIAM OF AUVERGNE

Charles S. Liebman, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of Political
Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan: yeshiva university

Seymour B. Liebman, M.A.,
Lecturer in Latin American History,
Florida Atlantic University, Boca
Raton

Pearl J. Lieff, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Sociology, Borough of
Manhattan Community College of
the City University of New York:

COSER, LEWIS A.; EISENSTADT, SAMUEL
NOAH

Chaim Lifschitz, Former Inspector,

Department of Religious Education,
Ministry of Education and Culture,
Jerusalem: cohen, david

Ezekiel Lifschutz, Archivist of the
YIVO Institute for Jewish Research,
New York: alter, victor

B. (Berachyahu) Lifshitz*, Ph.D.;
Faculty of Law, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: asmakhta

David S. Lifson, Ph.D.; Professor
of English and of Humanities,
Monmouth College, Long Branch,
New Jersey: kalich, bertha;

THOMASHEFSKY, BORIS

Jacob Jay Lindenthal, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of History,
Rutgers University, Newark, New
Jersey: blau, peter michael; etzioni,

AMITAI WERNER

Edward T. Linenthal*, Ph.D.;
Professor of History and Editor,
Journal of American History, Indiana
University, Bloomington, Indiana:

BERENBAUM, MICHAEL

Paul Link, M.Sc; Emeritus
Professor of Textiles, Instituto
Superior Tecnologico, Buenos
Aires; Havazzelet Ha-Sharon, Israel:

LAWYERS; LIACHO, LAZARO; POLITICS;
SCHAULSON NUMHAUSER, JACOBO;
SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE LITERATURE;
STEINBRUCH, AARAO

Elias Lipiner, B.A.; Journalist, Tel
Aviv

Edward Lipinski, D.D., D.Bibl.
St.; Professor of Ancient History,
of the History of Semitic Religions,
and of Comparative Grammar of
Semitic Languages, the Catholic
University of Louvain, Belgium:

ALLEGORY; JEREMIAH; LOVE; MALACHI,
BOOK OF; NAHUM; OBADIAH, BOOK OF;
REVELATION; SIGNS AND SYMBOLS; SIN

Sonia L. Lipman, B.A.; Writer,

London: GERTNER, LEVI and MEIR;
MONTEFIORE, JUDITH

Steven (Steve) Lipman*, B.A.,
M.A.; Staff Writer, The Jewish Week,
New York: zlotowitz, Bernard m.

Vivian David Lipman, C.V.O.,
Ph.D.; Former Director of Ancient
Monuments and Historic Buildings,
London: ames; basevi ; bearsted,

MARCUS SAMUEL, FIRST VISCOUNT;
BOARD OF DEPUTIES OF BRITISH JEWS;
BRODIE, SIR ISRAEL; COHEN; COHEN,
ABRAHAM; COHEN, SIR ROBERT WALEY;
DAVIGDOR; DIAMOND, JOHN, BARON;
ENGLAND; EXCHEQUER OF THE JEWS;
EZRA, DEREK, BARON; FINNISTON, SIR
HAROLD MONTAGUE; FRANKLIN; HORE-
BELISHA, LESLIE, LORD; JENKINSON, SIR
HILARY; JEWS' TEMPORARY SHELTER;
JEWS' COLLEGE; JOSCE OF YORK; JOSEPH;
KAYE, SIR EMMANUEL; LASKI; LEVER,
HAROLD, BARON LEVER OF MANCHESTER;
MAGNUS; MANCHESTER; MANCROFT;
MEDINA, SIR SOLOMON DE; MELDOLA,
RAPHAEL; MENDES; MILITARY SERVICE;
MOCATTA; MONTAGU; MONTEFIORE,
SIR MOSES; MONTEFIORE, SEBAG-
MONTEFIORE; NATHAN; NEWCASTLE-
UPON-TYNE; NICHOLAS, EDWARD;
NORWICH; NOTTINGHAM; NUNEZ,
HECTOR; PLYMOUTH; POLITICS; PORTER,
SIR LESLIE; PORTSMOUTH; RAYNE, SIR
MAX, BARON; ROTH, CECIL; ROTHSCHILD;
SALOMONS, SIR DAVID; SAMUEL, EDWIN;
SAMUEL, HAROLD; SAMUEL, HERBERT
LOUIS; SCHIFF, DAVID TEVELE; SCHON,
FRANK, BARON; SEGAL, SAMUEL,
BARON; SHEFFIELD; SILKIN, LEWIS, FIRST
BARON; SILVERMAN, SYDNEY; SINGER,
SIMEON; SOUTHAMPTON; STRAUSS,
GEORGE RUSSELL, BARON; SUNDERLAND;
SWANSEA; TAILORING; TOVEY,
D'BLOISSIERS; VEIL, LEWIS COMPIEGNE
DE; WORCESTER; YOUNG, STUART

Walter Lippmann, Demographer,
Melbourne: Australia

Oded Lipschits*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Archaeology and
Biblical History, Tel Aviv University:

RAMAT RAHEL

Ora Lipschitz, M.A.; Jerusalem:

SINAI, MOUNT

Arye Lipshitz, Writer, Jerusalem:

BEYTH, HANS; FREIER, RECHA

Deborah E. Lipstadt, Ph.D.;
Professor, Modern Jewish History,
University of California at Los
Angeles: holocaust

Sol Liptzin, Ph.D.; Emeritus
Professor of Comparative Literature,
City College of the City University
of New York, Jerusalem: adler,

JACOB; ALTSCHUL, MOSES BEN HANOKH;
AVE-LALLEMANT, FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN
BENEDICT; BASS, HYMAN B.; BECK, KARL
ISIDOR; BEER, MICHAEL; BEER-HOFMANN,
RICHARD; BEHR, ISSACHAR FALKENSOHN;

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

n7

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

BERG, LEO; BERGNER, HERZ; BERMANN,
RICHARD ARNOLD; BERNSTEIN,
HERMAN; BERNSTEIN, IGNATZ; BICKEL,
SOLOMON; BILETZKI, ISRAEL HAYYIM;
BIMKO, FISHEL; BLUMENTHAL, OSKAR;
BOBE-MAYSE; BODENHEIM, MAXWELL;
BOERNE, LUDWIG; BOVE-BUKH; BRAUN,
FELIX; BROCH, HERMANN; BRODER,
BERL; BRYKS, RACHMIL; CALE, WALTER;
CORALNIK, ABRAHAM; CZERNOWITZ
YIDDISH LANGUAGE CONFERENCE;
DEUTSCH, BABETTE; DLUZHNOWSKY,
MOSHE; DONATH, ADOLPH; EDELSTADT,
DAVID; ESSELIN, ALTER; FINEMAN,
IRVING; FISHMAN, JACOB; GERMAN
LITERATURE; GLANTZ, JACOB; GLANZ-
LEYELES, AARON; GODINER, SAMUEL
NISSAN; GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG
VON; GOLDBERG, BEN ZION; GOLDBERG,
ISAAC; GOLDENE KEYT, DI; GOLDFADEN,
ABRAHAM; GOLOMB, ABRAHAM;
GORDON, MIKHL; GREENBERG,
ELIEZER; GROPER, JACOB; GURSHTEIN,
AARON; HALKIN, SHMUEL; HALPER,
ALBERT; HALPERN, MOYSHE-LEYB;
HEILPERIN, FALK; HEIMANN, MORITZ;
HEYSE, PAUL; HIRSCHBEIN, PERETZ;
HIRSCHFELD, GEORG; HITZIG, JULIUS
EDUARD; HOFMANNSTHAL, HUGO VON;
HOFSTEIN, DAVID; HURST, FANNIE;
ICELAND, REUBEN; IMBER, SAMUEL
JACOB; IN-ZIKH; IZBAN, SHMUEL; JUDAH,
SAMUEL BENJAMIN HELBERT; KAHAN,
SALOMON; KAHLER, ERICH; KALISCH,
DAVID; KARPELES, GUSTAV; KATZ,
ALEPH; KAUFMANN, FRITZ MORDECAI;
KAYSER, RUDOLF; KESTEN, HERMANN;
KHALYASTRE; KIPNIS, ITZIK; KLEIN,
JULIUS LEOPOLD; KOENIGSBERG, DAVID;
KOL MEVASSER; KOMPERT, LEOPOLD;
KOREFF, DAVID FERDINAND; KUH,
EPHRAIM MOSES; KULBAK, MOYSHE;
KURTZ, AARON; LATTEINER, JOSEPH;
LEE, MALKE; LESSING, THEODOR; LEVIN,
MEYER; LEWISOHN, LUDWIG; LIPINER,
SIEGFRIED; LISSAUER, ERNST; LITVAKOV,
MOSES; LITVIN, A.; LOCKER, MALKE;
LORM, HIERONYMUS; LUBLINSKI,
SAMUEL; LUDWIG, EMIL; LUDWIG,
REUBEN; LUKACS, GEORG; MANGER,
ITZIK; MANI LEIB; MANN, THOMAS;
MARGOSHES, SAMUEL; MARINOFF, JACOB;
MASLIANSKY, ZVI HIRSCH; MAUTHNER,
FRITZ; MAYZEL, NACHMAN; MESTEL,
JACOB; MIESES, MATTHIAS; MILLER,
SHAYE; MOLODOWSKY, KADIA; MOMBERT,
ALFRED; MUEHSAM, ERICH; NADEL,
ARNO; NADIR, MOYSHE; NEUMANN,
ROBERT; NIGER, SHMUEL; NISSENSON,
AARON; OLITZKY; OPATOSHU, JOSEPH;
OSTROPOLER, HERSHELE; PARKER,
DOROTHY; PERSOV, SHMUEL; RABOY,
ISAAC; RAVITCH, MELECH; RIVKIN,
BORUCH; ROBERT, LUDWIG; ROCHMAN,

LEIB; RODENBERG, JULIUS; ROLNICK,
JOSEPH; ROSENBLATT, H; ROSSIN,
SAMUEL; RUBINSTEIN, JOSEPH;
SALTEN, FELIX; SAMUEL, MAURICE;
SAPHIR, MORITZ GOTTLIEB; SAPHIRE,
SAUL; SARASOHN, KASRIEL HERSCH;
SCHNITZLER, ARTHUR; SCHWARTZ,
ISRAEL JACOB; SCHWARZ, LEO WALDER;
SCHWARZMAN, ASHER; SEGALOWITCH,
ZUSMAN; SFARD, DAVID; SHAMRI, ARIE;
SIMON, SHLOME; STERNBERG, JACOB;
SUSMAN, MARGARETE; TABACHNIK,
ABRAHAM BER; TEIF, MOSHE; TEITSH,
MOYSHE; TKATCH, MEIR ZIML;
TOLLER, ERNST; TORBERG, FRIEDRICH;
ULIANOVER, MIRIAM; UNTERMEYER,
LOUIS; VARNHAGEN, RAHEL LEVIN;
WALDEN, HERWARTH; WALDINGER,
ERNST; WEIDMAN, JEROME; WEINPER,
ZISHE; WEINREICH, MAX; WEISS, ERNST;
WEISSENBERG, ISAAC MEIR; WERFEL,
FRANZ; WIENER, LEO; WIHL, LUDWIG;
WOLFSKEHL, KARL; YAKNEHAZ;
YARMOLINSKY, AVRAHM; YEZIERSKA,
ANZIA; YIDDISH LITERATURE; YIVO
INSTITUTE FOR JEWISH RESEARCH;
YUNGE, DI; YUNG-VILNE; ZUNSER,
ELIAKUM; ZWEIG, ARNOLD

Joanna Lisek*, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
Wroclaw University Polish
Philological Institute, Department
of Jewish Study; Study for the
Animators of Culture and
Librarians, Wroclaw, Poland: grade,

CHAIM

Dora Litani-Littman, M.A.;
Researcher, Jerusalem: aderca,

FELIX; BALTAZAR, CAMIL; BANUS,
MARIA; BARANGA, AUREL; BLECHER,
MARCEL; CHILDREN'S LITERATURE;
DOBROGEANU- GHEREA, CONSTANTIN;
GALACTION, GALA; GURIAN, SORANA;
ODESSA; PANA, SAS, A; PORUMBACU,
VERONICA; RELGIS, EUGEN; ROMANIAN
LITERATURE; ROMAN-RONETTI, MOISE;
RUDICH, MAYER; SANIELEVICI, HENRIC;
SEBASTIAN, MIHAIL; TZARA, TRISTAN;
VORONCA, ILARIE; WALD, HENRI

Stefan Litt*, Ph.D.; Fellow, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

BOAS

Robert Littman*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Classics, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii: Hawaii

Meir Litvak, Ph.D.; Department of
Middle Eastern History and African
Studies, Tel Aviv University

Yosef Litvak, M.A.; Researcher,

Ministry of Absorption, Jerusalem:

HOLOCAUST, RESCUE FROM; ISRAEL,
STATE OF: ALIYAH

Emanuel Litvinoff, Writer and
Editor, London: Russia

Jacob Liver, Ph.D.; Professor of
Bible, Tel Aviv University: david,

DYNASTY OF; DEBORAH; GEDALIAH
GENEALOGY; HOSHEA; JEHOIACHIN
JEHOIAKIM; JERUSALEM; JONATHAN
KING, KINGSHIP; KORAH; MANASSEH;
MISHMAROT AND MAAMADOT;
SHESHBAZZAR

Linda Livna, Ben-Gurion
University, Beersheba: ben-gurion

UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV

Eliezer Livneh: van vriesland,

SIEGFRIED ADOLF

Amira Liwer*, B.A., M.A.; Research
student, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: zadok ha-kohen

RABINOWITZ OF LUBLIN

Darrell B. Lockhart*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of Spanish,
University of Nevada, Reno:

GOLOBOFF, GERARDO MARIO;
GRUNBERG, CARLOS MOISES; KOVADLOFF,
SANTIAGO; MUNIZ-HUBERMAN,
ANGELINA; RAWET, SAMUEL; ROSENCOF,
MAURICIO; ROZENMACHER, GERMAN;
SATZ, MARIO; SCLIAR, MOACYR; SHUA,
ANA MARIA; SNEH, SIMJA; STEIMBERG,
ALICIA; TIEMPO, CESAR; VERBITSKY,
BERNARDO; WECHSLER, ELINA

Amanda Lockitch*, B.A., M.A.;
Theatre, University of Toronto,
Canada: sherman, jason

Raphael Loewe, M.A.; Lecturer
in Hebrew, University College,
London: ainsworth, henry; Andrew

OF SAINT- VICTOR; BACON, ROGER; BECK,
MATTHIAS FRIEDRICH; BECK, MICHAEL;
BERNARD, EDWARD; BIBLE; BIBLIANDER,
THEODOR; BODLEY, SIR THOMAS;
BOSHAM, HERBERT DE; BROUGHTON,
HUGH; CALLENBERG, JOHANN HEINRICH;
CAPITO, WOLFGANG FABRICIUS; CASTELL,
EDMUND; COCCEIUS, JOHANNES;
COWLEY, SIR ARTHUR ERNEST;
CUDWORTH, RALPH; DANBY, HERBERT;
EGIDIO DA VITERBO; ERPENIUS, THOMAS;
ETHERIDGE, JOHN WESLEY; FOREIRO,
FRANCISCO; HEBRAISTS, CHRISTIAN;
IMBONATI, CARLO GUISEPPE; NICHOLAS
DE LYRE; SCHILLER-SZINESSY, SOLOMON
MAYER

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ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Ayala Loewenstamm, M.A.; the
Academy of the Hebrew Language,
Jerusalem: abu al-faT; abu al-hasan

OF TYRE; AL-ASATlR; AMRAM DARAH;
BABA RABBAH; DUSTAN; MARKAH;
PENTATEUCH, SAMARITAN; SAMARITANS

Samuel Ephraim Loewenstamm,

Ph.D.; Professor of Bible, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ELKANAH; EWALD, HEINRICH GEORG
AUGUST; JEDAIAH; JEDUTHUN; JESSE

Kurt Loewenstein, Tel Aviv:

FOERDER, YESHAYAHU; LANDAUER,
GEORG; MOSES, SIEGFRIED; SENATOR,
DAVID WERNER

Rudolf Loewenthal, Ph.D.;
Historian, Bethesda, Maryland: ai

TTEN; CANTON; CHINA; HANGCHOW;
HARBIN; HONG KONG; KADOORIE;
KAIFENG; MONGOLIA; NINGSIA; PEKING;
SCHERESCHEWSKY, SAMUEL ISAAC
JOSEPH; YANG-CHOU

David Samuel Loewinger, Dr. Phil.,
Rabbi; Scholar, Former Professor
at the Jewish Theological Seminary
of Hungary; the Jewish National
and University Library, Jerusalem:

HELLER, BERNAT; IBN GAON, SHEM TOV
BEN ABRAHAM; LANDAUER, SAMUEL;
LONZANO, MENAHEM BEN JUDAH DE;
MAGYAR ZSIDO SZEMLE; MANUSCRIPTS,
HEBREW

Julie Simon Loftsgaarden*,

B.A. Print Journalism; Reporter/
Journalist; CBS News Corp.; Austin,
Texas: klein, gerda weissmann and

KURT

Zvi Loker*, M.A.; Ambassador
(retired); Director, Even Tov
Archives, Jerusalem: albahari,

DAVID; DOHANJ, JULIJE; DUBROVNIK;
ELDAR, REUVEN; EVENTOV, YAKIR;
FREIBERGER, MIROSLAV/SALOM; HAJIM,
JISRAEL; KADELBURG, LAVOSLAV; KAMHI,
LEON; KIS, DANILO; LEVI, MORITZ; LIVNI,
HILLEL; LJUBLJANA; MADAGASCAR;
MANDL, SAADIA; MARIBOR; MAURITIUS;
MONASTIR; NIS; NOVI SAD; OFNER,
FRANCIS-AMIR; OSIJEK; PAVELIC, ANTE;
PIJADE, MOSA; RIJEKA; ROTEM, CVI;
SARAJEVO; SENTA; SKOPLJE; SOMBOR;
SPLIT; SUBOTICA; TISMA, ALEKSANDAR;
TRAVNIK; VARAZDIN; YUGOSLAVIA;
ZAGREB; ZEMUN; ZENICA; ZRENJANIN

Massimo Longo Adorno*, Ph.D.;
Historical Researcher, University
of Messina, Italy: azeglio, massimo

TAPARELLI, MARCHESSE D'; BACHI,
ARMANDO; CARPI, LEONE; DELLA
SETA ALESSANDRO; FLORENCE;
GUASTALLA, ENRICO; MODENA, ANGELO;
OTTOLENGHI, GIUSEPPE; PUGLIESE,
EMANUELE; RASSEGNA MENSILE DI
ISRAEL, LA; ROMANIN JACUR, LEONE;
ROMANIN, SAMUELE; SCHANZER, CARLO;
SEGRE, ROBERTO; VESSILLO ISRAELITICO;
VOLTERRA, VITO; WOLLENBORG, LEONE

Peter Longreich* : himmler,

HEINRICH

Haskel Lookstein*, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Congregation Jeshurun, Principal,

Ramaz School, New York:

HOLOCAUST: THE WORLD; MARGOLIES,
MOSES ZEVULUN

Max Loppert, B.A.; Music Critic,
Financial Times, London: abravanel,

MAURICE; ANCONA, MARIO; BABIN,
VICTOR; BERGER, ARTHUR VICTOR;
BROWNING, JOHN; CHAGRIN, FRANCIS;
CHERKASSKY, SHURA; COSTA, SIR
MICHAEL; DICHTER, MISHA; DOBROVEN,
ISSAY ALEXANDROVICH; DORATI, ANTAL;
DU PRE, JACQUELINE; DUSHKIN, SAMUEL;
FELDMAN, MORTON; FLEISHER, LEON;
FRANKEL, BENJAMIN; GOLSCHMANN,
VLADIMIR; GRAF, HERBERT; GRAF,
HERBERT; GRAFFMAN, GARY; HERRMANN,
BERNARD; HORENSTEIN, JASCHA;
JACOBS, ARTHUR; KENTNER, LOUIS;
KERTESZ, ISTVAN; KIRCHNER, LEON;
KOSHETZ, NINA; KURZ, SELMA; LEAR,
EVELYN; LEVINE, JAMES; LEWENTHAL,
RAYMOND; LONDON, GEORGE;
MATZENAUER, MARGARETE; MERRILL,
ROBERT; PASTA, GUIDITTA; PAULY, ROSA;
PERAHIA, MURRAY; PREVIN, ANDRE;
QUELER, EVE; REIZENSTEIN, FRANZ;
RESNIK, REGINA; RETI, RUDOLF; ROLL,
MICHAEL; ROSE, LEONARD; ROSEN,
CHARLES; ROSENSTOCK, JOSEPH;
ROSENTHAL, HAROLD; ROSENTHAL,
MORIZ; RUBINSTEIN, ARTUR; RUDEL,
JULIUS; RUDOLF, MAX; SADIE, STANLEY;
SANDERLING, KURT; SCHOENE, LOTTE;
SILLS, BEVERLY; SOLOMON; SOLTI, SIR
GEORG; SPIVAKOVSKY, TOSSY; STEIN,
ERWIN; THOMAS, MICHAEL TILSON;
WEINSTOCK, HERBERT; WEISSENBERG,
ALEXIS; ZUKOFSKY, PAUL

Netanel Lorch, M.A.; Lieutenant
Colonel (Res.), Israel Defense
Forces; Former Ambassador,
Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
Jerusalem: Bolivia; cuba; eytan,

WALTER; FISCHER, JEAN; HOCHSCHILD,
MAURICIO; SHALTIEL, DAVID; WAR OF
INDEPENDENCE

Giora Lotan, Dr.Jur.; Former
Director General of the National
Insurance Institute, of the Ministry
of Social Welfare, and of the
Ministry of Labor, Jerusalem:

KARMINSKI, HANNAH; OLLENDORFF,
FRIEDRICH

Arthur Lourie, LL.B., M.A.; Deputy
Director General of the Ministry for
Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem: England

Misha Louvish, M.A.; Writer
and Journalist, Jerusalem: aliyah;

CAPITO, WOLFGANG FABRICIUS; GUR,
MORDECAI; ISRAEL, STATE OF: ALIYAH;
ISRAEL, STATE OF: HISTORICAL SURVEY;
ISRAEL, STATE OF: POLITICAL LIFE AND
PARTIES; KOLLEK, THEODORE; MA'BARAH;
MALBEN; MAPAI; RAFI; STOCKADE AND
WATCHTOWER; ZIONIST CONGRESSES

William (Ze'ev) Low, Ph.D.;
Professor of Physics, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem; former
Director of Jerusalem College of
Technology: technology and

HALAKHAH

Malcolm F. Lowe*, Ecumenical
Theological Research Fraternity in
Israel: new testament

Steven (Mark) Lowenstein*, Ph.D.;
Levine Professor of Jewish History,
University of Judaism, Los Angeles:

BREUER, JOSEPH; NEW YORK CITY;
SCHWAB, SHIMON

Ernst Gottfried Lowenthal, Dr.rer.
Pol.; Berlin and London: philo

VERLAG; PRESS

Zdenko Lowenthal, M.D.; Professor
of the History of Medicine, the
University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia:

BIHALJI MERIN, OTO; DAVICO, OSCAR;
DEBRECENJI, JOZEF; ERLICH, VERA STEIN;
GLID, NANDOR; GOTTLIEB, HINKO; JUN-
BRODA, INA; KONFINO, ZAK; LEBOVIC,
DJORDJE

Heinz Lubacz, Waltham,

Massachusetts: marcuse, Herbert

Benjamin Lubelski: kallir, meier

Lisa (Jane) Lubick-Daniel*,

Masters in Public Policy; McLean,
Virginia: eizenstat, stuart

Roy Lubove, Ph.D.; Professor of
Social Welfare and History, the
University of Pittsburgh: bernstein,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

119

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

LUDWIG BEHR; BILLIKOPF, JACOB; BOGEN,
BORIS DAVID; EPSTEIN, ABRAHAM;
FRANKEL, LEE KAUFER

Steven Luckert*, Ph.D.; Curator
of the Permanent Exhibition,
United States Holocaust Memorial
Museum, Washington, D.C.: voyage

OF THE ST. LOUIS

Stefan Lutkiewicz, B.A.; Jerusalem:

HIRSZFELD, LUDWIK

Edythe Lutzker, M.A.; Writer, New

York: haffkine, waldemar mordecai

Jacob Lvavi (Babitzky),

Agricultural Engineer, Tel Aviv:

BIROBIDZHAN

Klara Maayan, M.A.; Tel Aviv:

RZESZOW

Hyam Maccoby, M.A.; Librarian
and Lecturer, Leo Baeck College,
London

John Macdonald, Ph.D.; Professor
of Hebrew and Semitic Languages,
the University of Glasgow, Scotland:

PENTATEUCH, SAMARITAN;
SAMARITANS

Peter Machinist, B.A.; New Haven,
Connecticut: leviathan

Robert B. MacLeod, Ph.D.;
Professor of Psychology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York: katz,

DAVID

David M. Maeir, M.D.; Director,
Shaare Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem

Z. (Ze'ev) A. Maghen*, Ph.D.;
Senior Lecturer in Middle East
History and Persian Language, Bar-
Ilan University, Ramat Gan: hadith;

MEDINA; YAHUD; YAHUD

Shaul Magid* , Ph.D.; Jay and Jeanie
Schottenstein Professor of Modern
Judaism, Indiana University,
Bloomington, Indiana: schachter-

SHALOMI, ZALMAN

Shulamit S. Magnus*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor in Jewish
Studies and History, Chair, Program
in Jewish Studies, Oberlin College,

Ohio: WENGEROFF, PAULINE EPSTEIN

Raphael Mahler, Dr. Phil.; Emeritus
Professor of Jewish History, Tel Aviv

University: balaban, meir ; janow

LUBELSKI; LECZNA; LUBACZOW

Joseph Maier, Ph.D.; Professor
of Sociology, Rutgers University,
Newark, New Jersey: durkheim,

EMILE; JOSEPH ISSACHAR BAER BEN
ELHANAN

J.F. Maillard, Agrege de l'Universite,
Chercheur, Centre National de
la Recherche Scientifique, Paris:

RAPHAEL, MARK

Jacob Maimon, Jerusalem:

ALPHABET, HEBREW

Emmanuelle Main*: pesher; stern,

MENACHEM; YANNAI, ALEXANDER

Yitzchak Mais*, Historian, Museum
Consultant, Jerusalem and New
York: arad, yitzhak-, museum of

JEWISH HERITAGE: A LIVING MEMORIAL
TO THE HOLOCAUST; STERN, DAVID

David Maisel, M.A.; Jerusalem:

COHEN; FEKETE, MICHAEL; SHENHAR,
YITZHAK

Jacob J. Maitlis, Dr. Phil.; Scholar,
London: mayse-bukh

Donald J. Makovsky, M.A.;
Assistant Professor of History,
Forest Park Community College, St.
Louis, Missouri: Missouri

Yona Malachy, D.en D.;
Research Fellow, the Institute for
Contemporary Jewry, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: blackstone,

WILLIAM E.; ECKARDT, ROY A.;
PROTESTANTS; ZIONISM

Abraham Malamat, Ph.D.;
Professor of Ancient Jewish and
Biblical History, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: aram,

ARAMEANS; ARAM-DAMASCUS;
DAMASCUS; EXILE, ASSYRIAN; MARI

Irving Malin, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of English, City College
of the City University of New York:

SVETLOV, MIKHAIL; TRILLING, LIONEL

Michael Malina*, A.B., L.L.B.;
Harvard Law School, Scarsdale,
New York: berman, julius

Frances Malino*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Jewish Studies and History,
Wellesley College, Maryland:

ALLIANCE ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE;
HOURWITZ, ZALKIND

Myriam M. Malinovich, Ph.D.;

Acting Assistant Professor of
Philosophy, San Diego State College,
California: kojeve, Alexandre;

PERELMAN, BARON CHAIM

Nadia Malinovich*, Ph.D.,
Adjunct Professor, Institut d'Etudes
Politiques de Paris, France: herstein,

LILLIAN; STEIMER, MOLLY

Risa Mallin*, B.A.; Retired
Executive Director, Arizona
Jewish Historical Society, Phoenix,
Arizona: Arizona; phoenix

Aharon Maman*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Hebrew, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: abbreviations; bar-asher,

MOSHE; BLAU JOSHUA; HAYYUJ, JUDAH
BEN DAVID; KADDARI, MENACHEM ZEVI;
LINGUISTIC LITERATURE, HEBREW;
SARFATTI, GAD B.

Peter (M.) Manasse*, Editor, 20th
Century Biographical Encyclopedia
of Jews in the Netherlands, Menasseh
ben Israel Institute /University of
Amsterdam, the Netherlands: van

RAALTE, EDUARD ELLIS

Arnold Mandel, L.es L.; Writer and

Critic, Paris: arega, leon; bloch-

MICHEL, JEAN; CREMIEUX, BENJAMIN;
IKOR, ROGER; SARRAUTE, NATHALIE;
SPERBER, MANES

Meir Mandel, Ing.Agr., I.A.N.;
Kibbutz Kiryat Anavim: gordonia

Bernard Mandelbaum, D.H.L.,
Rabbi; Chancellor, Professor of
Homiletics, and Associate Professor
of Midrash, the Jewish Theological
Seminary of America, New York

Jane Mandelbaum*: passaic-clifton

Charles (H.) Manekin*, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor of Philosophy,
University of Maryland: belief;

CATEGORIES

Daniel Mann*, B.A., M.A.; Retired
Jewish Communal Worker and
Educator: farband; labor Zionist

ALLIANCE

Jacob Mann, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Jewish History and
Talmud, the Hebrew Union

120

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

College-Jewish Institute of Religion,
Cincinnati, Ohio: aaron ben Joseph

HA-KOHEN SARGADO; ABRAHAM BEN
ISAAC HA-KOHEN BEN AL-FURAT

Giora Manor*, Dance Reviewer and
Writer; Founder and first editor of
the Israel Dance Review: agadati,

BARUCH; MARKOVA, ALICIA; ZEMACH,
BENJAMIN

Yohanan Manor, Ph.D.; Head,
Information Department, World
Zionist Organization, Jerusalem:

ANTI-ZIONISM, CONTEMPORARY

Menahem Mansoor, Ph.D.;
Professor of Hebrew and Semitic
Studies, the University of Wisconsin,
Madison: essenes; hassideans

Hugo Mantel, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Associate Professor of Jewish
History, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan: odenathus and zenobia;
sanhedrin

Daniela Mantovan*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of Yiddish
Language and Literature,
Hochschule fur Judische Studien,
Heidelberg, Germany: der nister

Haim Maor*, Professor, Artist,
Curator and Art Lecturer, Ben-
Gurion University of the Negev,
Beersheva: art: modern erez Israel;

ISRAEL, STATE OF: CULTURAL LIFE

Yitzhak Maor, Ph.D.; Historian,
Kibbutz Ashdot Ya'akov (Ihud):

AN-SKI, S.; KHARKOV CONFERENCE;
KIRSHON, VLADIMIR MIKHAILOVICH;
LATVIA; LUNTS, LEV NATANOVICH;
MINSKI, NIKOLAI MAXIMOVICH;
SOBOL, ANDREY MIKHAILOVICH;
VOLYNSKI, AKIM LEVOVICH; ZASLAVSKY,
DAVID

Moshe Ma'oz*, Professor Emeritus
of Islamic and Middle Eastern
Studies, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: asad, hafez al-; syria

Evasio de Marcellis, M.A.; Teacher
in the Department of Ancient Near
Eastern Studies, Tel Aviv University:

EGYPT; GELB, IGNACE JAY

Frederick J. Marchant*, Ph.D.;
Professor of English and Director
of Creative Writing and the Poetry
Center, Suffolk University, Boston:

PINSKY, ROBERT

Julius J. Marcke, J.D.; Professor
of Law and Law Librarian, New
York University School of Law:

CAHN, EDMOND NATHANIEL; CARDOZO,
BENJAMIN NATHAN; COHEN, BENJAMIN
VICTOR; FRANK, JEROME NEW; FREUND,
ERNST; FREUND, PAUL ABRAHAM;
FUCHSBERG, JACOB D.; GARMENT,
LEONARD; LAWYERS; LEVY, MOSES;
PFEFFER, LEO; REDLICH, NORMAN;
RODELL, FRED M.; SHULMAN, HARRY;
WECHSLER, HERBERT; WYZANSKI,
CHARLES EDWARD, JR.

David Marcus*, Ph.D.; Professor of
Bible, Jewish Theological Seminary,
New York: ezra and nehemiah,

BOOKS OF

Jacob Rader Marcus, Ph.D.,

Rabbi; Professor of American
Jewish History, the Hebrew Union
College- Jewish Institute of Religion,
Cincinnati, Ohio: American Jewish

ARCHIVES; UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA

Joseph Marcus, M.D.; Jerusalem:

KANNER, LEO; SPITZ, RENE A.

Marcel Marcus, M.A., Rabbi;
Communal Rabbi of Berne, Lecturer
at the University of Berne

Simon Marcus, Dr.rer.Pol;
Historian, Jerusalem: Albania;

ALTARAS, JOSEPH; ARTA; ASAEL, HAYYIM
BEN BENJAMIN; ATHENS; BEIRUT;
BULGARIA; CANEA; CAREGAL, HAYYIM
MOSES BEN ABRAHAM; CHALCIS; CHIOS;
CORFU; CORINTH; CRETE; CYPRUS;
DANON, ABRAHAM; DIDYMOTEIKHON;
DRAMA; DURAZZO; EDIRNE; FAITUSI,
JACOB BEN ABRAHAM; GAGIN, SHALOM
MOSES BEN HAYYIM ABRAHAM;
GAL1PAPA, ELIJAH MEVORAKH;
GARMISON, SAMUEL; GHERON, YAKKIR
MORDECAI BEN ELIAKIM; GHIRON;
GOTA, MOSES ZERAHIAH BEN SHNEUR;
GRAZIANO, ABRAHAM JOSEPH SOLOMON
BEN MORDECAI; GREECE; HABIB, HAYYIM
BEN MOSES BEN SHEM TOV; HABIB,
MOSES BEN SOLOMON IBN; HABILLO,
ELISHA; HAMON; HANDALI, JOSHUA BEN
JOSEPH; HAYYIM ABRAHAM RAPHAEL
BEN ASHER; HAYYIM JUDAH BEN HAYYIM;
HAZZAN; HAZZAN, ISRAEL MOSES BEN
ELIEZER; IBN EZRA, SOLOMON BEN
MOSES; IBN JAMIL, ISAAC NISSIM; IBN
VERGA, JOSEPH; IOANNINA; ISTRUMSA,
HAYYIM ABRAHAM; JAVETZ, BARZILLAI
BEN BARUCH; KALAI, MORDECAI BEN
SOLOMON; KALAI, SAMUEL BEN MOSES;
KAPUZATO, MOSES HA-YEVANI; KASABI,

JOSEPH BEN NISSIM; KASTORIA; KAVALLA;
KOLAROVGRAD; KORONE; KOS; KRISPIN,
JOSHUA ABRAHAM; KYUSTENDIL;
LARISSA; LEVI BEN HABIB; MODON;
MUSSAFIA, HAYYIM ISAAC; NAUPAKTOS;
NIKOPOL; NIS; OCHRIDA; PACIFICO,
DAVID; PATRAS; PHLORINA; PLEVEN;
PLOVDIV; RETHYMNON; ROMANIOTS;
RUSE; SAMOKOV; SERRAI; SOFIA; SPARTA;
STARA ZAGORA; THEBES; TRIKKALA;
VARNA; VEROIA; VIDIN; VOLOS;
YUGOSLAVIA; ZANTE

Eliezer Margaliot, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Scholar and Teacher, Jerusalem:

AHAI BEN JOSIAH; OSTROGORSKI, MOSES

Mordecai Margaliot, Ph.D.;
Professor of Geonic and Midrashic
Literature, the Jewish Theological
Seminary of America, New York:

AHA; DOSA BEN SAADIAH; HAI BAR
RAV DAVID GAON; HAI BEN NAHSHON;
HALAKHOT KEZUVOT; HALAKHOT
PESUKOT

David Margalith, M.D.; Former
Lecturer in the History of Medicine,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

COHN, TOBIAS BEN MOSES; FALAQUERA,
NATHAN BEN JOEL

Judith Margies*, Executive
Director, Oregon Jewish Museum,
Portland, Oregon: Oregon;

PORTLAND

Jill Margo* : wolfensohn, james

DAVID

Julius Margolinsky, Journalist,

Copenhagen: adler, david baruch;

BALLIN, JOEL; BRANDES, LUDWIG ISRAEL;
COPENHAGEN; DENMARK; GLUECKSTADT,
ISAAC HARTVIG; HAMBRO, JOSEPH;
HANNOVER, ADOLPH; JACOBSEN,
ARNE EMIL; JACOBSON, LUDVIG
LEVIN; NATHANSON, MENDEL LEVIN;
SALOMONSEN, CARL JULIUS; SIMONSEN,
DAVID JACOB

Peter (S.) Margolis*, M.A.; the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem;
Gratz College, Philadelphia:

STRASSFELD, MICHAEL; STRASSFELD,
SHARON

Rebecca E. Margolis*, Ph.D.;
Professor of History, Humanities
and Religious Studies, Vanier
College, Montreal, Canada:

MIRANSKY, PERETZ; RAVITCH, MELECH;
WASSERMAN, DORA AND BRYNA; WILDER,
HERTZ EMANUEL; WOLOFSKY, HIRSCH

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

121

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Yitzhak Margowsky, B.A.;

Jerusalem: war and warfare

Marin Marian (-Balasa)*, Dr.Phil;
Principal Senior Researcher,
Musicologist, Writer, Romania
Academy of Sciences, Romania:

BRAUNER, HARRY; CARP, PAULA;
SULITEANU, GHISELA; VICOL, ADRIAN

Jonathan Mark*, B.A.; Associate
Editor, The Jewish Week, New York:

SCHNEERSOHN, MENACHEM MENDEL

Zvi Mark*, Ph.D.; Lecturer, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: nahman of

BRATSLAV

Shimon Markish, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer, Geneva University,
Geneva, Switzerland: Erasmus of

ROTTERDAM

Eugene Markovitz, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Adjunct Professor of American
History, Seton Hall University,
South Orange, New Jersey: mendes

Arthur Marmorstein, Ph.D.;
Professor of Bible and Talmud,
Jews' College, London: angels and

ANGELOLOGY

Jose Martinez (Delgado)*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor, Granada
University, Spain: gikatilla, moses

BEN SAMUEL HA-KOHEN

Yehuda Marton, Dr. rer Pol.;
Journalist, Jerusalem: alba iulia;

AMIGO; ARAD; BAIA-MARE; BEZIDUL
NOU; BISTRITA; BORSA; BRASOV;
CAMPULUNG MOLDOVENESC; CAREI;
CHERNOVTSY; CLUJ; DARABANI;
DEJ; DEUTSCHKREUTZ; DOROHOI;
ENDRE, LASZLO; FAGARAS; FRANKEL,
LEO; FRIEDMANN, ABRAHAM; GURA-
HUMORULUI; JAMBOR, FERENC-IOSEF;
KASZTNER, REZSO RUDOLF; KISTARCSA;
KOMOLY, OTTO; LEVAI, JENO; LUGOJ;
MARGHITA; MARTON, ERNO JECHEZKEL;
MATTERSDORF, JEREMIAH BEN ISAAC;
MUENZ, MOSES BEN ISAAC HA-LEVI;
MUKACHEVO; NASAUD; NASNA; ORADEA;
ORSOVA; PANET, EZEKIEL BEN JOSEPH;
RADAUTI; RAPOPORT, BENJAMIN ZE'EV
WOLF HA-KOHEN BEN ISAAC; REBREANU;
REGHIN; SADGORA; SALAMON, ERNO;
SALONTA; SATU-MARE; SCHUECK, JENO;
SCHWERIN-GOETZ, ELIAKIM HA-KOHEN;
SEINI; SIBIU; SIGHET; SIMLEUL-SILVANIEI;
SIRET; SOMREI SABAT; SUCEAVA; SZTOJAY,
DOME; TALMACIU; TAM, JACOB BEN
MEIR; TARGU-MURES; TIMISOARA;

TISZAESZLAR; TRANSYLVANIA; TURDA; UJ
KELET; VATRA-DORNEI; VISEUL-DE-SUS;
WERFEL, FRANZ; WOLF, FRUMET

Martin E. Marty, Ph.D.; Professor
of Modern Church History, the
University of Chicago: niebuhr,

REINHOLD; TILLICH, PAUL JOHANNES

Will Maslow, A.B., J.D.; General
Counsel, American Jewish
Congress, New York: pekelis,

ALEXANDER HAIM

Daniel M. Master*: dothan

J. Rolando (Roly) Matalon*,

M.H.L., Rabbi; Congregation
B'nai Jeshurun, New York: meyer,

MARSHALL T.

Lidia Domenica Matassa* , B.A.;
School of Religions, Trinity College,
Dublin, Ireland: delos; elephantine;

MAGDALA; SAMARITANS

Maritha Mathijsen*, Ph.D.;
Professor Dutch Literature,
University of Amsterdam, The
Netherlands: bruggen, carry van;

MULISCH, HARRY; VROMAN, LEO

Jurgen Matthaus*, Ph.D.; Historian,
United States Holocaust Memorial
Museums Center for Advanced
Holocaust Studies, Washington,

D.C.: FINAL SOLUTION

Amihai Mazar*, Ph.D.;
Professor, Eleazar Sukenik Chair
in Archaeology, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Jerusalem-,

REHOV, TEL

Benjamin Mazar, Dr. Phil.; Pro-
Rector, former President and
Professor of Archaeology and
of Jewish History, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: en-gedi;

LEBO-HAMATH

Michel Mazor, Dr.Jur.; Author,

Paris: centre de documentation

JUIVE CONTEMPORAINE

Y. (Yaakov) Mazor*, M.A.;
Associated Researcher, Jewish
Music Research Centre, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: feidman,

GIORA; HASIDISM

David P. McCarthy, Ph.D.;
Professor, Hebrew and Semitic
Studies, University of Wisconsin

Keren R. McGinity*, Ph.D.;
Historian, Brown University,
Newton, Massachusetts: antin,

MARY; CHESLER, PHYLLIS

Blake McKelvey, Ph.D.; City
Historian of Rochester, New York:

ROCHESTER

Michael Meckler*, Ph.D.;
Permanent Fellow, Center for
Epigraphical and Palaeographical
Studies, the Ohio State University:

COLUMBUS

Meir Medan, M.A.; Chief Scientific
Secretary of the Academy of the
Hebrew Language, Jerusalem:

ABRAHAM HA-BAVLI; ACADEMY OF THE
HEBREW LANGUAGE; KLAUSNER, JOSEPH
GEDALIAH; LAWAT, ABRAHAM DAVID BEN
JUDAH LEIB; LEVITA, ELIJAH

Sheva Medjuck*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Sociology, Mount Saint Vincent
University, Halifax, Canada:

ATLANTIC CANADA

Elliott Hillel Medlov, B.A., Rabbi;
Highland Park, New Jersey: samuel

HA-KATAN; SIMEON BEN PAZZI

Rafael Medoff*, Ph.D., Director,
The David S. Wyman Institute for
Holocaust Studies, Gratz College,
Melrose Park, Pennsylvania:

GOLINKIN, NOAH; KOOK, HILLEL; WAR
REFUGEE BOARD

Meron Medzini, Ph.D.; Author,
Journalist, Senior Lecturer, School
for Overseas Students, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: histadrut-,

ISRAEL, STATE OF: ALIYAH; ISRAEL, STATE
OF: DEFENSE FORCES; ISRAEL, STATE OF:
HISTORICAL SURVEY; KEREN HAYESOD;
POLLARD AFFAIR

Moshe Medzini, Journalist and
Writer, Jerusalem: novomeysky,

MOSHE; RUTENBERG, PINHAS; ZIONISM

Matti Megged, M.A.; Critic and
Lecturer in Modern Hebrew
Literature, Haifa University and
the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: aloni, nissim;

ALTERMAN, NATHAN; GOURI, HAIM;
YIZHAR, S.

Michal Meidan*, Ph.D.; Candidate,
Research Fellow and Lecturer, Asia
Centre France, Paris, University of
Haifa: china

122

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Levi Meier*, Ph.D., Rabbi; Jewish
Chaplain/Clinical Psychologist,
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los
Angeles: hospitals

Richard Meier, Bach.Arch.;
Professor of Architecture, the
Cooper Union for the Advancement
of Science and Art, New York:

SYNAGOGUE

Alexander Meijer, M.D.; Lecturer
in Child Psychiatry, the Hebrew
University- Hadassah Medical
School, Jerusalem: tramer, moritz

Daphne Meijer(-Sangary)*, M.A.;
Journalist, Nieuw Israelietisch
Weekblad, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands: dutch literature

Edmund Meir, Dr. Phil.; Historian,

Jerusalem: darmstadt; hymans, paul

Ephraim Meir*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Philosophy, Bar-Ilan University,

Ramat Gan: buber, martin; derrida,

JACQUES; EXISTENTIALISM; HESCHEL,
ABRAHAM JOSHUA; LEIBOWITZ,
YESHAYAHU; LEVINAS, EMMANUEL;
LYOTARD, JEAN-FRANCOIS; ROSENSTOCK-
HUESSY, EUGEN; ROSENZWEIG, FRANZ;
WITTGENSTEIN, LUDWIG

Isaac Meiseles, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
Talmud, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan

Joseph Meisl, Dr.Phil.;

Encyclopaedia Judaica (Germany);
Historian and former Director of
the Central Archives for the History
of the Jewish People, Jerusalem:

BERLIN; DUBNOW, SIMON

Pnina Meislish, B.A.; Ramat Gan:

HALBERSTAM; MEISELS, UZZIEL BEN ZEVI
HIRSCH

Abraham Melamed*, Ph.D.;
Professor, University of Haifa:

ABRABANEL, JUDAH; ASHKENAZI, SAUL
BEN MOSES HA-KOHEN; KING, KINGSHIP

Uri Melammed*, Ph.D.; Researcher,
The Historical Dictionary Project
of the Academy of the Hebrew
Language, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem and the Hebrew Language
Academy, Jerusalem: tibbon, ibn

Bent Melchior, Chief Rabbi of
Denmark, Copenhagen: Denmark;

FISCHER, JOSEF

Julian Louis Meltzer, Executive
Vice Chairman, Yad Chaim
Weizmann, Rehovot, Israel:

MARKS, SIMON, BARON; OPPENHEIMER,
HILLEL REINHARD; REICHERT, ISRAEL;
ROSENHEIM, MAX, BARON; SELA,
MICHAEL; THORN, SIR JULES; WOLFSON,
SIR ISAAC

Adam (David) Mendelsohn*,

B.A., M.A.; Brandeis University,
Boston: aaron, Israel; abramowitz,

DOV BAER; ADLER, JOSEPH; ADLER,
LIEBMAN; ALBUM, SIMON HIRSCH; ALPER,
MICHAEL; AMATEAU, ALBERT JEAN;
BLACK, ALGERNON DAVID; BRUCKMAN,
HENRIETTA; COHEN, MARY MATILDA

Ezra Mendelsohn, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Contemporary Jewry and in
Russian Studies, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: laserson,

MAX; POLAND; SOCIALISM, JEWISH;
WOLFE, BERTRAM DAVID

Oskar Mendelsohn, M.A.;
Historian, Retired Teacher, Oslo:

BENKOW, JO; NORWAY; SCANDINAVIAN
LITERATURE; TAU, MAX; WERGELAND,
HENRIK ARNOLD

Paul Mendes-Flohr*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Modern Jewish
Thought, the Franz Rosenzweig
Minerva Research Center for
German- Jewish Literature and
Cultural History, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: cohen,

ARTHUR A.; ROTENSTREICH, NATHAN

Richard Menkis*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor, University of British
Columbia, Canada: abramowitz,

HERMAN; BECKER, LAVY M.; BELZBERG,
SAMUEL; CASS, SAMUEL; DIAMOND,
JACK; FEINBERG, ABRAHAM L.; FELDER,
GEDALIA; FINESTONE, SHEILA; GORDON,
NATHAN; GRAUBART, Y.L.; HOROWITZ;
JACOBS, SOLOMON; JOURNALISM;
KAHANOVITCH, ISRAEL ISAAC; LAWYERS;
ONTARIO; POLITICS; PRESS; PRICE,
ABRAHAM A.; RHINEWINE, ABRAHAM;
SASKATCHEWAN; SLONIM, REUBEN;
STERN, HARRY JOSHUA; TREPMAN,
PAUL

Itshak Meraz, M.A.; Jerusalem

Chen Merchavya, Ph.D.; Historian,

Jerusalem: razim, sefer ha

Peretz Merhav, Historian of the
Labor Movement, Kibbutz Bet Zera:

HA-SHOMER HA-ZATR

Irwin L. Merker, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of History, Rutgers
University, Newark, New Jersey:

COHEN, ROBERT; EHRENBERG, VICTOR
LEOPOLD; FUKS, ALEXANDER; GLOTZ,
GUSTAVE; HIRSCHFELD, HEINRICH OTTO;
KATZ, SOLOMON; LEVY, PAUL; POSENER,
GEORGES HENRI; SAMTER, ERNST; STEIN,
ARTHUR; STEIN, HENRI

Yohanan Meroz, Ministry for
Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem:

AUSTRIA; BELGIUM; DENMARK; ITALY;
NETHERLANDS, THE

Joseph Mersand, Ph.D.; New

York: chayefsky, paddy-, hecht, ben;

KAUFMAN, GEORGE SIMON; MILLER,
ARTHUR; ODETS, CLIFFORD; RICE, ELMER
LEOPOLD; SHAW, IRWIN; WOUK, HERMAN

Daniel M. Metz* : sarphati, samuel-,

WERTHEIM, ABRAHAM CAREL

Bruce M. Metzger, Ph.D.; Professor
of New Testament Language and
Literature, Princeton Theological
Seminary, New Jersey: Esther,

ADDITIONS TO THE BOOK OF;
MANASSEH, PRAYER OF; SONG OF THE
THREE CHILDREN AND THE PRAYER
OF AZARIAH; SUSANNA AND
THE ELDERS

Baruch Mevorah, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Jewish History, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ASSEMBLY OF JEWISH NOTABLES;
BAIL, CHARLES-JOSEPH; CLOOTS, JEAN
BAPTISTE DU VAL-DE-GRACE, BARON DE;
GREGOIRE, HENRI BAPTISTE; HOLBACH,
PAUL HENRI DIETRICH, BARON D';
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE; SACY, ANTOINE
ISAAC SILVESTRE DE

Herrmann M. Z. Meyer, M.A.;
Scholar and Advocate, Berlin;
Jerusalem: incunabula; Jerusalem-,

MAP MAKERS; SONCINO GESELLSCHAFT
DER FREUNDE DES JUEDISCHEN BUCHES

Ilya Meyer*, B.Ed.; Translator,
Transtext Ab, Gothenburg,
Sweden: brick, daniel; gondor,

FERENC; JAKUBOWSKI, JACKIE; MALMO;
NARROWE, MORTON; SCANDINAVIAN
LITERATURE; STOCKHOLM; SWEDEN

Isidore S. Meyer, M.A., Rabbi;

Historian, New York: adams,

JOHN; AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORICAL
SOCIETY; FRIEDENBERG, ALBERT MARX;
FRIEDMAN, LEE MAX; KOHLER, MAX
JAMES; LYONS, JACQUES JUDAH; MONIS,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

123

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

JUDAH; MONTEFIORE, JOSHUA; SIMSON;
WATTERS, LEON LAIZER

Michael A. Meyer*, Ph.D.; Adolph
S. Ochs Professor of Jewish
History, Hebrew Union College-
Jewish Institute of Religion,
Cincinnati, Ohio: adler, lazarus

LEVI; BEER, BERNHARD; BRILLING,
BERNHARD; GELBER, NATHAN
MICHAEL; HEBREW UNION COLLEGE-
JEWISH INSTITUTE OF RELIGION;
HOCHSCHULE FUER DIE WISSENSCHAFT
DES JUDENTUMS; INSTITUTUM
JUDAICUM DELITZSCHIANUM;
JUEDISCH-LITERARISCHE
GESELLSCHAFT; LEBRECHT,
FUERCHTEGOTT; LOEWENSTEIN,
LEOPOLD; OESTERREICHISCHE
NATIONALBIBLIOTHEK; SILBERNER,
EDMUND

Thomas Meyer*, Ph.D.; Writer,
Rosenzweig Minerva Research
Center for German-Jewish
Literature and Cultural History,
Jerusalem: cassirer, ernst

Torben Meyer, Editor, Copenhagen:

BORCHSENIUS, POUL; NATHANSEN,
HENRI; WELNER, PINCHES

Carol Meyers*, Ph.D., Mary Grace
Wilson Professor, Duke University,
Durham, North Carolina:

MANDRAKE; WOMAN: BIBLE PERIOD

Eric M. Meyers*, A.B., M.A.,
Ph.D.; Bernice and Morton Lerner
Professor of Judaic Studies; Director
for Jewish Studies, President, The
American Schools of Oriental
Research, Duke University, Durham,
North Carolina: meron; sepphoris

Reuven Michael, M.A.; Kibbutz

Afikim: bauer, bruno-, cassel, paulus

STEPHANUS;DEUTSCH-ISRAELITISCHER
GEMEINDEBUND; FREDERICK II;
FREDERICK II OF HOHENSTAUFEN;
JACOBY, JOHANN; JUDE, DER; JUEDISCHE
FREISCHULE; KATZENELLENBOGEN;
KOENIGSBERG; RINDFLEISCH; SAXONY;
SCHUDT, JOHANN JAKOB; SIMON, JAMES

Werner Michaelis, Ph.D.; Professor
of New Testament History, the
University of Berne: moses,

ASSUMPTION OF

Henry (D.) Michelman*, B.A.,
M.H.L., Rabbi; New York: goldfarb,

ISRAEL; SYNAGOGUE COUNCIL OF
AMERICA, THE

Dan Michman*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Modern Jewish History and
Chair, Finkler Institute of Holocaust
Research, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan; Chief Historian, Yad
Vashem, Jerusalem: Amsterdam;

ASSCHER, ABRAHAM; COHEN, DAVID;
NETHERLANDS, THE

Jozeph Michman (Melkman)*,

Ph.D.; Formerly Director-General
of Yad Vashem; head of the
Department of Culture, Ministry
of Education and Culture; Founder
and Chairperson of the Institute
for Research on Dutch Jewry, Beth
Julian, Herzliya, Israel: Amsterdam;

ASSCHER, ABRAHAM; BERGEN-
BELSEN; BERNSTEIN, PEREZ; BOAS;
DENAZIFICATION; FELIX LIBERTATE;
JUDENRAT; KAPO; LEHREN; LEMANS,
MOSES; LEPROSY; MUSSERT, ANTON
ADRIAAN; NATIONAL SOCIALISM;
NETHERLANDS, THE; SEYSS-INQUART,
ARTHUR; SZALASI, FERENC; ZACUTO,
MOSES BEN MORDECAI

Ed Mickelson*: Edmonton

Dushan Mihalek*, M.A., Ph.D.;
Director of Israeli Music Center,
Tel Aviv: bardanashvili, josef; ben-

SHABETAI, ARI; MUSIC; YUGOSLAVIA

Eugene Mihaly, Ph.D.; Rabbi;
Professor of Midrash and of
Homiletics, the Hebrew Union
College- Jewish Institute of Religion,
Cincinnati: guttmann, Alexander

Jacques K. Mikliszanski, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Professor of Halakhic
Literature, the Hebrew College,
Boston: elisha ba'al kenafayim; issur

GIYYORA; LEVI, ISRAEL; MASSEKHET;
SIMCHONI, JACOB NAFTALI HERTZ;
TCHERNOWITZ, CHAIM

Attilio Milano, Ph.D.; Historian,
Hod Ha-Sharon, Israel: abenafia,

JOSEPH; ABRABANEL; ACQUI; ALGHERO;
AMBRON, SHABBETAI ISAAC; ANAU;
ANCONA; AQUILA; AQUILEIA; ASCOLI
PICENO; ASTI; BARI; BASILEA, SOLOMON
AVIAD SAR-SHALOM; BASSANO;
BENEVENTO; BERNARDINO DA SIENA;
BOLOGNA; BONAVOGLIA, MOSES
DE' MEDICI; BONDAVIN, BONJUDAS;
BRINDISI; CANTARINI; CAPUA; CASES;
CATANIA; CATECHUMENS, HOUSE OF;
CESENA; CIVIDALE; COLOGNA, ABRAHAM
VITA; CONEGLIANO; CORCOS, HEZEKIAH
MANOAH HAYYIM THE YOUNGER;
COSENZA; CREMONA; DIENCHELELE;

FAENZA; FANO; FARAJ BEN SOLOMON
DA AGRIGENTO; FERRARA; FINALE
EMILIA; FINZI; FORLI; GALLICO; GENOA;
GORIZIA; ILFA; IMOLA; ITALY; LEGHORN;
LOMBARDY; LUCCA; LUGO; MAGINO,
MEIR; MANTINO, JACOB BEN SAMUEL;
MILAN; PAUL IV; PAVIA; PIACENZA;
PIERLEONI; PISA; SAN DANIELE DEL
FRIULI; VENOSA; VITERBO

Jonathan Milgram*, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor of Talmud
and Rabbinics, Jewish Theological
Seminary; New York

Jacob Milgrom, D.H.L.,
Rabbi; Associate Professor of
Near Eastern Languages, the
University of California, Berkeley:

ABOMINATION; ALTAR; ANOINTING;
BLOOD; BLOODGUILT; DESECRATION;
'EGLAH ARUFAH; FASTING AND FAST
DAYS; FORGIVENESS; HALLAH; KIPPER;
LEVITICUS, BOOK OF; NAZIRITE

Jose Maria Millas-Vallicrosa,

Ph.D.; Professor of Hebrew Studies,
the University of Barcelona: ramon

LULL

Rochelle L. Millen*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Religion, Wittenberg
University, Springfield, Ohio:

KADDISH

Irwin (J.) Miller*, Author;
Historian and Founding President,
The Jewish Historical Society
of Lower Fairfield County,
Connecticut: Stamford

Louis Miller, M.B.; Chief
National Psychiatrist, Ministry of
Health, Jerusalem: erikson, erik

HOMBERGER; FEDERN, PAUL; FERENCZI,
SANDOR; FREUD, ANNA; GREENACRE,
PHYLLIS; GRINKER, ROY RICHARD Sr.;
HITSCHMANN, EDWARD; HOFF, HANS;
HOFFER, WILLI; KARDINER, ABRAM;
KLEIN, MELANIE REIZES; KOMAROVSKY,
MIRRA; KRIS, ERNST; KUBIE, LAWRENCE;
LEWIS, SIR AUBREY JULIAN; MALZBERG,
BENJAMIN; MASSERMAN, JULES HYMEN;
MENTAL ILLNESS; MINKOWSI, EUGENE;
NUNBERG, HERMAN; RADO, SANDOR;
RANK, OTTO; REDL, FRITZ; REDLICH,
FREDERICK C; REIK, THEODOR;
ROTHSCHILD, FRIEDRICH SALOMON;
SACHS, HANNS; SCHILDER, PAUL
FERDINAND; STEKEL, WILHELM; STENGEL,
ERWIN; TAUSK, VIKTOR; WINNIK, HENRY
ZVI; ZILBOORG, GREGORY

Marc Miller*, Ph.D.; Associate

124

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Professor of Jewish Studies, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia:

EDELSTADT, DAVID; ENTIN, JOEL;
FALKOWITSCH, JOEL BAERISCH;
FEIGENBAUM, BENJAMIN; GINZBURG,
ISER; GISER, MOSES DAVID; GLASMAN,
BARUCH; GLICK, HIRSH; GODINER,
SAMUEL NISSAN; GORIN, BERNARD;
GOTTLIEB, JACOB; GROSS, NAPHTALI;
GURSHTEIN, AARON; HELLER, BUNIM;
HIRSCHKAHN, ZVI; HORONTCHIK, SIMON;
HOROWITZ, BER; ICELAND, REUBEN;
JANOVSKY, SAUL JOSEPH; LATTEINER,
JOSEPH; LERER, YEHIEL; LIBIN, Z.; LICHT,
MICHAEL; LITVINE, M.; LUDWIG, REUBEN;
LUTZKY, A.; RABON, ISRAEL; ROSENFELD,
MORRIS; SWEATSHOP POETRY; TEPPER,
KOLYA; VINCHEVSKY, MORRIS; WEINPER,
ZISHE;YUNGE, DI

Samuel Aaron Miller, Ph.D.,
F.R.I.C.; Chemical Consultant;
President of the British Zionist
Federation, London: abel, emil; abir,

DAVID; ABRAHAM, MAX; AERONAUTICS,
AVIATION, AND ASTRONAUTICS;
ANDRADE, EDWARD NEVILLE DA
COSTA; ASKENASY, PAUL; BACHARACH,
ALFRED LOUIS; BAEYER, ADOLF VON;
BAMBERGER, EUGEN; BARD, BASIL
JOSEPH ASHER; BERGMANN, ERNST
DAVID; BERGMANN, MAX; BERLINER,
EMILE; BIKERMAN, JACOB JOSEPH;
BLAU, FRITZ; BLOCH, KONRAD; BOHR,
NIELS HENRIK DAVID; BORSOOK,
HENRY; BRAUDE, ERNEST ALEXANDER;
CALVIN, MELVIN; CARO, HEINRICH;
CARO, NIKODEM; CHAIN, SIR ERNEST
BORIS; COHEN, ERNST JULIUS; COHN,
EDWIN JOSEPH; COPISAROW, MAURICE;
DEUEL, HANS ERWIN; DONATH, EDUARD;
DROSDOFF, MATTHEW; DUSHMAN,
SAUL; ESTERMANN, IMMANUEL; FAJANS,
KASIMIR; FARKAS, LADISLAUS; FEIGL,
FRITZ; FLEISCHER, MICHAEL; FODOR,
ANDOR; FOX, SIR JOHN JACOB; FRANK,
ALBERT RUDOLPH; FREIDLINA, RAKHIL
KHATSKELEVNA; FRUMKIN, ALEKSANDR
NAUMOVICH; FUNK, CASIMIR;
GERHARDT, CHARLES FREDERIC;
GOLDBERG, ALEXANDER; GOLDSCHMIDT,
GUIDO; GOLDSCHMIDT, HANS;
GOLDSTEIN, SIDNEY; GOMBERG, MOSES;
GREENBERG, DAVID MORRIS; HABER,
FRITZ; HANDLER, PHILIP; HAVURAH;
HEIDELBERGER, MICHAEL; HEILBRON,
SIR IAN MORRIS; HERZOG, REGINALD
OLIVER; HEVESY, GEORGE CHARLES DE;
HIRSHBERG, YEHUDAH; ISAACS, JACOB;
JACOBSON, PAUL HENRICH; JOLLES,
ZVI ENRICO; KAZARNOVSKI, ISAAC
ABRAMOVICH; KREBS, SIR HANS ADOLF;
LADENBURG, ALBERT; LANDSTEINER,
KARL; LEVENE, PHOEBUS AARON

THEODOR; LEVI, GIORGIO RENATO; LEVI,
MARIO GIACOMO; LIEBEN, ADOLPH;
LIEBERMANN, CARL THEODOR; LIPMAN,
JACOB GOODALE; LIPMANN, FRITZ
ALBERT; LIPPMANN, EDMUND OSKAR
VON; LIPPMANN, EDUARD; LOEB,
JACQUES; LOEB, MORRIS; LOEWE, LUDWIG
and ISIDOR; LONDON, FRITZ; MAGNUS,
HEINRICH GUSTAV; MARCKWALD,
WILLY; MARCUS, SIEGFRIED; MEYER,
VICTOR; MEYERHOF, OTTO; MICHAELIS,
LEONOR; MOISSAN, HENRI; NAQUET,
ALFRED JOSEPH; NEUBERG, GUSTAV
EMBDEN CARL; NEUBERGER, ALBERT;
OPPENHEIMER, CARL; PANETH,
FRIEDRICH ADOLF; PERUTZ, MAX
FERDINAND; PICK, ERNST PETER;
RABINOWITCH, EUGENE; ROGINSKI,
SIMON ZALMANOVICH; RONA, PETER;
ROSENHEIM, OTTO; RUMPLER, EDUARD;
SCHOENHEIMER, RUDOLF; SCHWARZ,
DAVID; SERBIN, HYMAN; SHAPIRO,
ASCHER HERMAN; SILVERSTEIN, ABE;
SINGER, JOSEF; STEINMETZ, CHARLES
PROTEUS; STERN, KURT GUNTER;
SZWARC, MICHAEL; TRAUBE, ISIDOR;
WALLACH, OTTO; WARBURG, OTTO
HEINRICH; WEIGERT, FRITZ; WEIZMANN,
CHAIM; WILLSTAETTER, RICHARD;
ZUCROW, MAURICE JOSEPH

Matityahu Mine: marshak, samuel

YAKOVLEVICH

Sergio Itzhak Minerbi*, Ph.D.;
Former Ambassador to Belgium,
Luxembourg and the E.E.C.;
Visiting Professor at the University
of Haifa: don ati, angelo; European

COMMUNITY, THE; HOLOCAUST: THE
WORLD; ITALY; ROME; VATICAN

Charles B. Mintzer, Writer, New

York: raisa, rosa

Victor A. Mirelman*, Ph.D.; Rabbi;
Professor of Jewish History, River
Forest, Illinois: benardete, mair jose;

BRIE, LUIS HARTWIG; BUENOS AIRES;
DIEZ MACHO, ALEJANDRO; JOSEPH,
HENRY; KAPLAN, ISAAC; LATIN AMERICA;
LEVY, ISIDORE; MIRELMAN; RAPOPORT,
SOLOMON JUDAH LEIB; ROMAN, JACOB
BEN ISAAC

Irwin Mirkin, B.A.; Communal
Worker and Writer, Los Angeles:

GOLDIN, HYMAN ELIAS

Dan Miron, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Modern Hebrew
Literature, Tel Aviv University:

FEIERBERG, MORDECAI ZE'EV; SADAN,
DOV

Aharon Mirsky, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Hebrew Literature,
the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: al-harizi, judah ben

SOLOMON

David Mirsky, M.A., Rabbi;
Dean and Professor of English
and Hebrew Literature, Yeshiva
University, New York: histadrut

IVRIT OF AMERICA

Samuel Kalman Mirsky, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Professor of Rabbinics,
Yeshiva University, New York: Elijah

BEN SOLOMON ZALMAN

Moshe Mishkinsky, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in the History of Jewish
Labor Movements, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem; Senior
Lecturer in Jewish History, Tel
Aviv University: abramowitz, emil;

ABRAMOWITZ, GRIGORI; AGUDAT HA-
SOZYALISTIM HA-IVRIM; AMSTERDAM,
ABRAHAM MEIR; ARONSON, GRIGORI;
BROSS, JACOB; BUND; COMMUNISM;
DASHEWSKI, PINHAS; DOBIN, SHIMON;
EINAEUGLER, KAROL; EISENSTADT,
ISAIAH; ESTHER; FRUMKIN, BORIS
MARKOVICH; GHELERTER, LUDWIG
LITMAN; GORDON, ABRAHAM;
GOZHANSKY, SAMUEL; GROSSER,
BRONISLAW; GUREVICH, MOSHE; HA-
EMET; HERSCH, PESACH LIEBMAN;
INDEPENDENT JEWISH WORKERS
PARTY; JEWISH SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC
PARTY; JEWISH SOCIALIST WORKERS'
PARTY; KAHAN, BARUCH MORDECAI;
KOPELSON, ZEMAH; KREMER, ARKADI;
KURSKY, FRANZ; LEKERT, HIRSCH;
LESTSCHINSKY, JOSEPH; LIBER, MARC;
LIEBERMANN, AARON SAMUEL; LITWAK,
A.; LUMINA; LVOVICH, DAVID; MEDEM,
VLADIMIR; MIKHALEVICH, BEINISH;
MILL, JOSEPH SOLOMON; MUTNIK,
ABRAHAM; PAT, JACOB; PESAHSON, ISAAC
MORDECAI; PORTNOY, JEKUTHIEL; RAFES,
MOSES; RATNER, MARC BORISOVICH;
ROSENTHAL, PAVEL; SHULMAN, VICTOR;
TSHEMERISKI, ALEXANDER; UNITED
JEWISH SOCIALIST WORKERS' PARTY;
VOZROZHDENIYE; WECHSLER, MAX;
WEINSTEIN, AARON; ZIONIST SOCIALIST
WORKERS' PARTY; ZYGELBOJM, SAMUEL
MORDECAI

Richard Mitten, Ph.D.; Historian,
Freelance Writer, Vienna: waldheim

AFFAIR

Beverly Mizrachi, M.A.;
Sociologist, Jerusalem: ben-david,

JOSEPH; BROOKNER, ANITA

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

m

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Rachel Mizrahi*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil:

SAFRA

Zalmen Mlotek*, M.F.A.; Artistic
Director, National Yiddish Theater-
Folksbiene, New York: Yiddish

THEATER FOLKSBIENE

Baruch Modan, M.D.; Tel Ha-
Shomer, Israel: sickness

H.D. Modlinger: schmelkes, isaac
judah

Arnaldo Dante Momigliano,

D.Litt., F.B.A.; Professor of History,
University College, London:

CLASSICAL SCHOLARSHIP, JEWS IN;
HELLENISM

Sidney Monas, Ph.D.; Professor of
History and of Slavic Languages, the
University of Texas, Austin: shestov,

LEV

Shelomo Morag, Ph.D.; Professor
of Hebrew Linguistics, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

PRONUNCIATIONS OF HEBREW

William L. Moran, Ph.D.; Professor
of Assyriology, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts: el-

AMARNA; PHOENICIA, PHOENICIANS

Shmuel Moreh, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Modern Arabic Language and
Literature, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: alceh, matilde;

BASRI, MEER; DARWlSH, SHALOM;
IBRAHIM IBN SAHL AL-ANDALUSl
AL-ISRATLI; ISRAEL, STATE OF: ARAB
POPULATION; MARHAB AL-YAHUDl IBN
AL-HARITH; MlKHATL, MURAD; NOM,
IBRAHIM; OBADYA, ABRAHAM; ORIENTAL
LITERATURE; PRESS; SAMUEL IBN
ADIYA; SHAMOSH, YIZHAK; SHASHU,
SALIM

Simha Moretzky, Journalist, Bat
Yam, Israel: bat yam

Michael L. Morgan*, Ph.D.;
Chancellor s Professor Philosophy
and Jewish Studies, Indiana
University, Bloomington, Indiana:

FACKENHEIM, EMIL

Susan (Weissglass) Morgan*,

B.A.; Public Relations Consultant,
Jewish Community Federation of
Richmond, Richmond, Virginia:

RICHMOND; VIRGINIA

Aryeh Morgenstern, B.A.; Teacher,

Netanyah

Goldie Morgentaler*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of English,
University of Lethbridge, Alberta,
Canada: rosenfarb, chava;

SHAYEVITSH, SIMKHA-BUNIM

Yehuda Moriel, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
Talmud, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan: education, Jewish

Bonnie J. Morris*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Women's Studies, George
Washington University, Washington,

D.C.: HASIDISM

*

Richard B. Morris, Ph.D.; Professor
of History, Columbia University,
New York: levy, Leonard williams

Larry Moses* , B.A., M.A.; M.S.W.;
The Wexner Foundation, Ohio:

WEXNER, LESLIE H.

Rafael Moses, M.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Social Work, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: hartmann,

HEINZ; LOEWENSTEIN, RUDOLPH
MAURICE

Wolf Moskovitz: krimchak

LANGUAGE

Robert Moskowitz* : passaic-

CLIFTON

Andrea Most*, M.A., Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor of American
Literature, University of Toronto,
Canada: spewack, bella

Gloria Mound, Researcher, Ibiza:

IBIZA and FORMENTERA

Andrew Muchin*, B.A;
Freelance Writer and Director
of the Wisconsin Small Jewish
Communities History Project,
Wisconsin Society for Jewish
Learning, Milwaukee, Wisconsin:

WISCONSIN

Arno Muenster*, Dr. Phil.; Professor
of Modern and Contemporary
Philosophy, Universite de Picardie-
Jules Verne, Amiens, France: bloch,

ERNST

James Muilenburg, Ph.D.; Emeritus
Professor of Old Testament, San
Francisco Theological Seminary, San
Anselmo, California: budde, karl

FERDINAND REINHARD; BUHL, FRANZ
PEDER WILLIAM MEYER

Stefan Muller-Doohm*, Dr.Phil.;
Professor, University of Oldenburg,
Germany: adorno, theodor w.

Aviva Muller-Lancet, L.es L.;
Curator of Jewish Ethnography, the
Israel Museum, Jerusalem:

BUKHARA

Robert A. Mullins*, Ph.D.;

Assistant Professor of Hebrew Bible
and Ancient Near Eastern History,
Azusa Pacific University, Azusa,
California: beth-shan

Lewis Mumford, Professor of
Humanities, Stanford University,
California; Professor of City and
Regional Planning, the University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia:

ROSENFELD, PAUL

Suessmann Muntner, M.D.,
Visiting Professor of the History of
Medicine, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: abt, isaac Arthur-,

ASAPH HA-ROFE; AVERROES; BAGINSKY,
ADOLF ARON; BAMBERGER, HEINRICH
VON; BLOCH, IWAN; BUCKY, GUSTAV;
COHNHEIM, JULIUS; CYON, ELIE
DE; DAMESHEK, WILLIAM; DE LEE,
JOSEPH B.; DONNOLO, SHABBETAI;
EDINGER, LUDWIG; ERLANGER,
JOSEPH; FINKELSTEIN, HEINRICH;
FRIEDEMANN, ULRICH; FRIGEIS,
LAZARO DE; FROEHLICH, ALFRED;
GOLDBERGER, JOSEPH; HAJEK, MARKUS;
HERZ, MARCUS; HIRSCH, AUGUST;
HIRSCH, RACHEL; JACOB HA-KATAN;
JADASSOHN, JOSEF; KAPOSI, MORITZ;
KATZENELSON, JUDAH LEIB BENJAMIN;
KISCH, BRUNO ZECHARIAS; ROLLER,
CARL; KOPLIK, HENRY; KRISTELLER,
SAMUEL; KRONECKER, HUGO; LASSAR,
OSCAR; LEVINSON, ABRAHAM; LOEB,
LEO; MACHT, DAVID I.; MAIMONIDES;
MEDICINE; MEYERHOF, MAX; MUNK,
HERMANN; PAGEL, JULIUS LEOPOLD;
PLAUT, HUGO CARL; POLITZER, ADAM;
PREUSS, JULIUS; REMAK; ROMBERG,
MORITZ HEINRICH; RUFUS OF SAMARIA;
SACHS, BERNARD; SCHICK, BELA;
SENATOR, HERMANN; STARKENSTEIN,
EMIL; STEINACH, EUGEN; STERN, LINA
SOLOMONOVNA; STILLING, BENEDICT;
TRAUBE, LUDWIG; UNNA, PAUL GERSON;
VALENTIN, GABRIEL GUSTAV; WECHSLER,
ISRAEL; ZONDEK

Museum of San Juan Staff* , San

Juan, Puerto Rico: Puerto rico

126

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Alan E. Musgrave, Ph.D.; Professor
of Philosophy, the University of
Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand:

POPPER, SIR KARL

David N. Myers*, Ph.D.; Professor,
University of California, Los
Angeles: ellenson, david harry

Jacob M. Myers, Ph.D.; Professor
of Old Testament, the Lutheran
Theological Seminary, Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania: nehemiah

Jody Myers*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Religious Studies, California State

University, Northridge: berg, philip;

HAGGADAH, PASSOVER; NEW MOON

Shlomo Na'aman, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Social History, Tel Aviv
University: lassalle, Ferdinand

Israel T. Naamani, Ph.D.; Professor
of Political Science, the University of
Louisville, Kentucky

Jose Luis Nachenson, Ph.D.;
Director of Research and
Publications, Institute for Cultural
Relations Israel-Latin America,
Spain, and Portugal, Jerusalem:

GRINSPUN, BERNARDO; ISAACSON, JOSE;
PORTUGAL

Ada Nachmani: ihud habonim

•

Amikam Nachmani*, Ph.D.;
Professor of International Relations,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

TURKEY

Jacob Nacht, Dr. Phil.; Scholar, Tel

Aviv: isru hag

•

Amos Nadan*, Ph.D., Senior
Researcher, The Moshe Dayan
Center for Middle Eastern and
African Studies, Tel Aviv University:

GAZA STRIP

Mordekhai Nadav, Ph.D.; Head
of the Department of Manuscripts
and Archives, the Jewish National
and University Library; Lecturer
in Jewish History, the University
of the Negev, Beersheba: pinsk;

PUKHOVITSER, JUDAH LEIB; TROKI

Pamela S. Nadell*, Ph.D.; Professor
of History and Jewish Studies,
American University, Washington,

D.C.: ASKOWITH, DORA; JONAS, REGINA;
NATIONAL FEDERATION OF TEMPLE

SISTERHOODS; SCHECHTER, MATHILDE
ROTH; SEMIKHAH; WOMAN; WOMEN'S
LEAGUE FOR CONSERVATIVE JUDAISM

Ludwig Nadelmann, M.A., Rabbi;
Lecturer in the Reconstructionist
Rabbinical College, Philadelphia

Judah Nadich, D.H.L., Rabbi; New

York: Eisenhower, dwight david

Micah H. Naftalin*, B.A., J.D.;
National Director (CEO), Union
of Councils for Jews in the Former
Soviet Union, Washington, D.C.:

UCSJ

Gerard Nahon, Ph.D.; Charge de
Recherches au Centre National de
la Recherche Scientifique, Paris:

REINACH

Iehiel Nahshon, B.A.; Ministry of
Education, Hod ha-Sharon, Israel:

SAPHIR, JACOB

Noemi Hervits de Najenson, Ph.D.;

Pedagogical Center, No'ar Vehalutz,
Jerusalem: grinspun, Bernardo;

ISAACSON, JOSE; PORTUGAL

Reuven Nail, LL.B.; Ministry
for Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem:

PORTUGAL

Uri Naor, Dr.Phil.; Ministry
for Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem:

SELBSTWEHR

Yaakov Naparstek*, M.D.; Professor
and Chairman of Medicine,
Hadassah-Hebrew University
Medical Center, Jerusalem: medicine

Daniel C. Napolitano*, M.A.;
Director, Division of Education,
United States Holocaust Memorial
Museum, Washington, D.C.:

HOLOCAUST

Albert Nar: greek literature,

MODERN

Shulamit Nardi, M.A.; Assistant to
the President of Israel, Jerusalem:

ENGLISH LITERATURE; KOPS, BERNARD;
PRESIDENT OF ISRAEL; RAPHAEL,
FREDERIC

Bezalel Narkiss, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in the History of Art, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ARK; BIBLE; DAVID; GOLDSMITHS AND
SILVERSMITHS; HAGGADAH, PASSOVER;

ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS, HEBREW;
ITALIA, SHALOM; JOEL BEN SIMEON;
JOSEPH HA-ZAREFATI; SHIVVITI; TEMPLE

Morton Narrowe, M.H.L., Rabbi;
Chief Rabbi of Sweden, Stockholm

Abraham Nasatir, Ph.D.; Professor
of History, San Diego State College,
California

Yaacov Nash, B.A.; Ministry of
Police, Tel Aviv: crime

Susan Nashman Fraiman*, M.A.;

Lecturer in Art History, Emunah
Teacher s College, Jerusalem:

SABBATH

Ellis Nassour, M.A.; New York:

SELZNICK

John Alfred Nathan, B.A., LL.B.; Tel

Aviv: BENSAUDE

Pnina Nave, Ph.D.; Visiting
Professor of Jewish Studies,
Heidelberg University: bendemann,

EDUARD JULIUS FRIEDRICH; BERGNER,
ELISABETH

Joseph Naveh, Ph.D.; Research
Fellow in West-Semitic Epigraphy,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem;
Jerusalem District Archaeologist,
Department of Antiquities,
Jerusalem: alef; alphabet, Hebrew;

AYIN; BET; DALET; GIMMEL; HE; HET;
KAF; KOF; LACHISH OSTRACA; LAMED;
MEM; NUN; PE; RESH; SADE; SAMEKH;
SHIN; TAV; TET; VAV; YAVNEH-YAM, LEGAL
DOCUMENT FROM; YOD; ZAYIN

Yitzhak Navon, Ministry for
Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem: ceylon

Shmoyl Naydorf*: boraisha,

MENAHEM

Joseph Nedava, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Political Science,
University of Haifa: ben-horin,

ELIAHU; BERIT HA-BIRYONIM; TEHOMI,
AVRAHAM; VON WEISL, ZE'EV

Joshua Leib Ne'eman, Lecturer
in Bible Cantillation, the Rubin
Academy of Music, Jerusalem: beer,

AARON; BIRNBAUM, ABRAHAM BAER;
BLINDMAN, YERUHAM; BLUMENTHAL,
NISSAN; DEUTSCH, MORITZ; FRIEDMANN,
MORITZ; GEROVICH, ELIEZER MORDECAI
BEN ISAAC; GLANZ, LEIB; GOLDSTEIN,
JOSEF; HENLE, MORITZ; HERSCHMAN,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

127

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

MORDECHAI; JAPHET, ISRAEL MEYER;
JASSINOWSKY, PINCHAS; KARNIOL,
ALTER YEHIEL; KIRSCHNER, EMANUEL;
KOHN, MAIER; KOUSSEVITZKY, MOSHE;
KWARTIN, ZAVEL; MINKOWSKI, PINCHAS;
MOROGOWSKI, JACOB SAMUEL;
NOWAKOWSKI, DAVID; SPIVAK, NISSAN

Yuval Ne'eman*, Ph.D.; Founder
and Director of the School of
Physics and Astronomy at Tel Aviv
University; President of Tel Aviv
University and director of its Sackler
Institute of Advanced Studies;
Director of the Center for Particle
Theory at the University of Texas,
Austin; Founder and Chairman of
the Israeli Space Agency; Scientific
Director of the Soreq facility, Israel:

PHYSICS

Sharon Ne'emani, Magen David
Adorn, Tel Aviv

Avraham Negev, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Classical Archaeology,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

AVEDAT

Joseph Nehama, Historian,

Salonika: Athens; carasso,

EMMANUEL; SALEM, EMMANUEL
RAPHAEL

Andre Neher, Dr. Phil., M.D.,
Rabbi; Professor of Jewish History
and Philosophy, the University of
Strasbourg and Tel Aviv University:

AMADO LEVY-VALENSI, ELIANE; ETHICS

Renee Neher-Bernheim, Ph.D.;

Research Fellow in Jewish History,
University of Strasbourg and Tel
Aviv University: gordin, jacob; louis

David Neiman, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Associate Professor of Theology,
Dean of the Academy for Higher
Jewish Learning, Boston: c ana an,

CURSE OF

Joseph Neipris, D.S.W.; Senior
Teacher in Social Work, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: adler-

RUDEL, SALOMON; CASPARY, EUGEN;
COHEN, WILBUR JOSEPH; FRIEDLANDER,
WALTER; FUERTH, HENRIETTE;
GINSBERG, MITCHELL L; INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE OF JEWISH COMMUNAL
SERVICE; LEVY, SAM SAADI; PERLMAN,
HELEN HARRIS; SCHOTTLAND, CHARLES
IRWIN; STEIN, HERMAN D.

Mordkhai Neishtat, Journalist,

Tel Aviv: baazov, herzl;

BABALIKASHVILLI, NISSAN; GEORGIA;
MAMISTABOLOB, ABRAHAM; MOUNTAIN
JEWS; QUNAYTIRA, AL-

Leon Nemoy, Ph.D.; Scholar in
Residence, Dropsie University,
Philadelphia: aaron ben Elijah;

AARON BEN JUDAH KUSDINI; ANAN
BEN DAVID; ASZOD; BASlR, JOSEPH
BEN ABRAHAM HA-KOHEN HARO'EH
AL-; CHWOLSON, DANIEL; DAVID BEN
HUSSEIN, ABU SULEIMAN; DAVID BEN
SOLOMON; HASAN BEN MASHIAH; IBN
AL-HITI, DAVID BEN SEADEL; ISAIAH BEN
UZZIAH HA-KOHEN; ISRAEL HA-DAYYAN
HA-MAARAVI; JACOB BEN SIMEON;
JAPHETH AL-BARQAMANI; JESHUA BEN
JUDAH; KARAITES; KIRKISANl, JACOB
AL-; MALIK AL-RAMLl; MALINOWSKI,
JOSEPH BEN MORDECAI; MENAHEM
BEN MICHAEL BEN JOSEPH; MORDECAI
BEN NISAN; MOSES BEN SAMUEL OF
DAMASCUS; NAHAWENDl, BENJAMIN
BEN MOSES AL-; PINSKER, SIMHAH;
POSNANSKI; SAHL BEN MAZLIAH

* * ■

HA-KOHEN ABU AL-SURRl; SAHL IBN
FADL; SALMON BEN JEROHAM; SAMUEL
BEN DAVID; SAMUEL BEN MOSES AL-
MAGHRIBI; SAUL BEN ANAN; TAWRIZI,
JUDAH MEIR BEN ABRAHAM

Moshe Nes El*, Ph.D.; Researcher,
Freelancer, Amilat, Jerusalem:

BERDICHEVSKY SCHER, JOSE; BERMAN
BERMAN, NATALIO; CHAMUDES REITICH,
MARCOS; CHILE; COHEN GELLERSTEIN,
BENJAMIN; COLOMBIA; COSTA RICA;
FAIVOVICH HITZCOVICH, ANGEL;
HONDURAS; LIBEDINSKY TSCHORNE,
MARCOS; SCHAULSON BRODSKY, JORGE;
SCHAULSON NUMHAUSER, JACOBO;
TEITELBOIM VOLOSKY, VOLODIA

Sara Neshamith, M.A.; Kibbutz
Lohamei ha-Gettabt: brzeziny;

POLAND

Amnon Netzer*, Ph.D.; Professor
Emeritus of Iranian Studies, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ABADAN; ABBAS I; ABBAS II; AHWAZ;
AMINA; BABAI BEN FARHAD; BABAI
BEN LUTF; BUSHIRE; EMRANI; GILAN;
HAMADAN; IRAN; ISFAHAN; JUDAH BEN
ELEAZAR; KASHAN; KAZVIN; KERMAN;
KHOMEINI; KHURASAN; KURDISTAN;
LAR; MAZANDARAN; MESHED; MIZRAHI,
HANINAH; NADER SHAH; NAHAVAND;
PAHLAVI, MOHAMMAD REZA SHAH;
PAHLAVI, REZA SHAH; RASHID AL-
DIN; RIZAIEH; SA'D AL-DAWLA AL-SAFl
IBN HIBBATALLAH; SHAHIN; SHIRAZ;
SHUSHTAR; TABRIZ; TEHERAN; YEZD

Gideon Netzer*, Ph.D.;
International Expert in Counter
Terrorism and Conflict Crisis
Management, National Defense
of the I.D.S. College, Israel: Israel,

STATE OF: DEFENSE FORCES

Nissan Netzer, M.A.; Former
Scientific Secretary, the Academy of
the Hebrew Language, Jerusalem:

GIKATILLA, ISAAC IBN; MOSES BEN HA-
NESIAH

Shlomo Netzer*, Ph.D.; Modern
East European Jewish History,
Tel Aviv University: bedzin;

BIELSK PODLASKI; BRZESC KUJAWSKI;
BRZEZINY; HARTGLAS, MAXIMILIAN
MEIR APOLINARY; JEWISH HISTORICAL
INSTITUTE, WARSAW; LESKOW

Michael J. (John) Neufeld*,

B.A., M.A., Ph.D.; Museum
Curator, National Air and Space
Museum, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C.: Auschwitz,

BOMBING CONTROVERSY

Siegbert Neufeld, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Ramat Hen, Israel: lewin, adolf;

TYKOCINSKI, HAYYIM

Jacob Neusner*, Ph.D.; Research
Professor of Theology, Bard College,
Annandale-on-Hudson, New

York: babylonia; bokser, baruch

M.; COHEN, NATHAN EDWARD; KLEIN,
PHILIP; LOTAN, GIORA; SELF-HATRED,
JEWISH; ZAMARIS; ZURI, JACOB SAMUEL

Gidi (Gideon) Nevo*, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor, The Ben-Gurion
Research Institute, Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev, Beersheba:

MIRON, DAN

Joseph Nevo*, Ph.D.; Professor of
Middle East History, University
of Haifa: abdullah ibn hussein;

AKABA; HUSSEIN; HUSSEINI, HAjJ AMIN
AL-; JORDAN, HASHEMITE KINGDOM OF;
TRANSJORDAN

Dika Newlin, Ph.D.; Professor of
Music, North Texas State University,
Denton: bloch, ernest; mahler,

GUSTAV; MENDELSSOHN, FELIX;
MEYERBEER, GIACOMO

Aryeh Newman, M.A.; Lecturer
in English, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: desecration;

INDEPENDENCE DAY, ISRAEL; SACRILEGE;
YOM HA-ZIKKARON

128

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

David Newman, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer, Department of Geography
and Environmental Development,
Chairman, Urban Studies Program,
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev,
Beersheba: gush emunim; Israel,

STATE OF: ALIYAH; PEACE MOVEMENTS,
RELIGIOUS.

Isaac Newman, B.A., Rabbi;

London: Esther, fast of

Sara (Joanne) Newman*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of English,
Kent State University, Ohio: broner,

ESTHER M.

Hugh Nibley, Ph.D.; Professor of

History and Religion, Brigham
Young University, Provo, Utah:

JERUSALEM

Eliezer Niborski*, M.A.; Editing
Collaborator of the Index to Yiddish
Periodicals, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: dluzhnowsky, moshe;

ESSELIN, ALTER; SIEMIATYCKI, CHAIM

Miriam Nick, B.A.; Curator of
the Museum of Ethnography and
Folklore, Haaretz Museum, Tel Aviv:

DRESS

Maren (Ruth) Niehoff*, Dr.; Senior
Lecturer, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: philo judaeus

Eduard Nielson, Dr.Theol.;
Professor of Theology, Copenhagen
University, Denmark: pedersen,

JOHANNES

Shemuel Niger (Charney), Writer
and Critic, New York: asch, sholem ;

BORAISHA, MENAHEM

Annegret Nippa*, Dr., PD;
University Lecturer; Institut fur
Ethnologie, Universitat Leipzig;
Leipzig, Germany: Dresden

Yeshayahu Nir, Ph.D.; Professor,
Institute of Communications, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

BAR-AM, MICHA; GIDAL, TIM;
PHOTOGRAPHY

Nurit Nirel, M.A.; Ministry of
Labor, Jerusalem: Israel, state of:

LABOR

Mordechai Nisan, Ph.D.; Academic
Director, Preparatory Program,
Rothberg School for Overseas

Students, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: gulf war

David Niv, M.A.; Editor and
Historian, Jerusalem: ausubel,

NATHAN; BEN-YOSEF, SHELOMO; BETAR;
FRIZZI, BENEDETTO; HELPERN, MICHAEL;
IRGUN ZEVAT LE'UMMI; KATZENELSON,
YOSEF; LOHAMEI HERUT ISRAEL; RAZIEL,
DAVID; STERN, AVRAHAM

Izhak Noam, Eilat, Israel: elath

Mona Nobil, B.A.; Netanyah

Eric Nooter, Ph.D.; AJDC
Historian, New York

Anita Norich*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor, University of Michigan:

GLANZ-LEYELES, AARON; GREENBERG,
ELIEZER; IN-ZIKH; MUKDONI, A.; SINGER,
ISRAEL JOSHUA

Abraham Novershtern: Yiddish

LITERATURE

Anita Novinsky, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
History, Sao Paulo University, Brazil

Dov Noy, Ph.D.; Senior Lecturer in
Folklore and in Hebrew and Yiddish
Literature, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: abbreviations;

ABRACADABRA; ABSALOM; ADALBERG,
SAMUEL; ADEN; AFGHANISTAN;
AFIKOMAN; ALEF; ANGEL OF DEATH;
ANIMAL TALES; APOSTASY; ASS; ELIJAH;
EVIL EYE; FOLKLORE

Mendel Nun, Kibbutz Ein Gev

Perry E. Nussbaum, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Jackson, Mississippi: Mississippi

David Obadia, Rabbi; Member of
the Rabbinical Council of Jerusalem:

ABENDANAN; ABI-HASIRA; ATTAR, JUDAH
BEN JACOB IBN; BEN ZAQEN; BENAIM;
BERDUGO; ELBAZ

John M. O'Brien, Ph.D.; Professor
of Medieval History, Queens College
of the City University of New York:

MAXIMUS, MAGNUS CLEMENS

Aryeh Oded, Ph.D.; Department of
Middle East and African Studies, Tel
Aviv University

Bustanay Oded, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
Jewish History, Haifa University:

AHAB; AMMON, AMMONITES;
ARPAD; BAALIS; BENJAMIN; CANAAN,

LAND OF; CAPHTOR; CARCHEMISH;
CHEDORLAOMER; CHEMOSH; CUSHAN-
RISHATHAIM; CYPRUS; EGLON; EVIL-
MERODACH; GEZER CALENDAR;
GOLIATH; HEZEKIAH; ISH-BOSHETH;
JEHU; JEROBOAM; JOAB; LABAN;
MACHIR; MENAHEM; MERODACH-
BALADAN; MESHA; MESHA STELE; MOAB;
NEBUCHADNEZZAR; OMRI; PEKAH;
PEKAHIAH; REHOBOAM; REUBEN; SAUL;
SILOAM INSCRIPTION; SIMEON; TOB;
TRIBES, THE TWELVE; UZZIAH; ZEDEKIAH

Toni Oelsner, M.A., M.Soc.Sc;
Historian, New York: chemnitz;

CONSTANCE; DEPPING, GEORGES-
BERNARD; FREIBURG IM BREISGAU;
FRIEDBERG; FULDA; KARLSRUHE; KASSEL;
KOBLENZ; MEININGEN; MERSEBURG;
RAVENSBURG; SLAVE TRADE; STENDAL;
STOBBE, OTTO; STOECKER, ADOLF;
STRAUBING; STUTTGART; WAGNER,
RICHARD

Uriel Ofek, M.A.; Writer and Editor,
Tel Aviv

Zvi Ofer, Ministry for Foreign
Affairs, Kibbutz Yifat

A. (Adriaan) K. Offenberg*, Ph.D.;
Retired Curator of the Bibliotheca
Rosenthaliana, University of
Amsterdam, The Netherlands:

ATHIAS, JOSEPH and IMMANUEL;
BENVENISTE, IMMANUEL; CASTRO
TARTAS, DAVID DE; MANASSEH BEN
ISRAEL; TEMPLO, JACOB JUDAH LEON

Yitzhak Ogen, Writer, Tel Aviv:

KARNI, YEHUDA

Ronald E. Ohl, M.A.; Dean of
Student Affairs, the Colorado
College, Colorado Springs: abelson,

HAROLD HERBERT; AUSUBEL, DAVID
PAUL; GRUENBERG, SIDONIE MATSNER;
JUSTMAN, JOSEPH; LIEBERMAN, MYRON

Levi A. Olan, B.A., Rabbi; Dallas,
Texas: Dallas

Evelyne Oliel-Grausz*, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor in Early Modern
and Jewish History, Universite Paris
I Pantheon Sorbonne, Paris, France:

NAHON, GERARD

Aryeh Leo Olitzki, Dr. Phil.;
Emeritus Professor of Bacteriology,
the Hebrew University- Hadassah
Medical School, Jerusalem:

BESREDKA, ALEXANDER; EHRLICH, PAUL;
WASSERMANN, AUGUST VON

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

129

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Colette Olive* : levy, benny

David M. L. Olivestone, B.A.;

Jerusalem: kornitzer, leon ;

PUTTERMAN, DAVID; RAVITZ, SHELOMO;
RAZUMNI, EPHRAIM ZALMAN; RIVLIN,
SHELOMO ZALMAN; ROSENBLATT,
JOSEF; SCHORR, BARUCH; SHULSINGER,
BEZALEL; SIROTA, GERSHON; WASSERZUG,
HAYYIM; ZILBERTS, ZAVEL

A'hron Oppenheimer, M.A.;
Lecturer in Jewish History and
Talmud, Tel Aviv University:

ELYASHAR, JACOB BEN HAYYIM JOSEPH;
HOLY CONGREGATION IN JERUSALEM;
KAMZA and BAR KAMZA; MEIR;
SIKARIKON; TERUMOT AND MA'ASEROT

Deborah Oppenheimer*, D.F.A.;
Writer and Producer of Stories of the
Kindertransport: kindertransport

Vila Orbach, Yad Vashem,
Jerusalem: Russia

Nissan Oren, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
International Relations, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Bulgaria

Shimon Oren, M.A.; Teacher in
Education, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: kressel, getzel;

LILIENBLUM, MOSES LEIB

Eugene V. Orenstein*, B.A., M.A.,
Ph.D.; Associate Professor, McGill
University, Montreal, Canada:

CANADIAN LITERATURE; KIPNIS, ITZIK;
RIVKIN, BORUCH; ROLNICK, JOSEPH

Gustav Yaacob Ormann, Ph.D.;
Editor, Kirjath Sepher, Jerusalem:

ABNER

Haim Ormian, Ph.D.; Editor of
the Encyclopaedia of Education
(Hebrew), Jerusalem: lipmann, otto

Uzzi Oman, Ph.D.; Senior Lecturer
in Hebrew Language, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Hebrew

GRAMMAR; HEBREW LANGUAGE

Efraim Orni, M.A.; Geographer,

Jerusalem: abu aweigila; acre;

ADAMIT; ADORAIM; ADULLAM REGION;
AFIKIM; AFULAH; ALLONEI ABBA;
ALLONEI YIZHAK; ALLONIM; ALMAGOR;
ALMAH; ALUMMOT; AMAZYAH; AMIR;
AMIRIM; AMMIAD; AMMINADAV; APHEK;
ARA; ARABA; ARARA; ARRABA; ARTAS;
ASHDOD; ASHDOT YAAKOV; ASHKELON;
ATAROT; ATHLIT; AVIGDOR; AVIHAYIL;

AYANOT; AYYELET HA-SHAHAR; AZOR;
BALFOURIYYAH; BAQA AL-GHARBIYYA;
BAQA AL SHARQIYYA; BARKAI; BAT
SHELOMO; BE'ER ORAH; BE'ER TOVIYYAH;
BE'ER YAAKOV; BE'ERI; BE'EROT YIZHAK;
BEERSHEBA; BEIT JANN; BEIT JIMAL;
BEN SHEMEN; BENEI DAROM; BENEI
DEROR; BENEI ZION; BEROR HAYIL; BET
ALFA; BET-ARABAH; BET-DAGON; BET
ESHEL; BET GUVRIN; BET HA-EMEK;
BET HA-LEVI; BET HERUT; BET HILLEL;
BETHLEHEM; BET IKSA; BET LEHEM; BET
MEIR; BET NEHEMYAH; BET OREN; BET
OVED; BET-SHEAN; BET-SHEMESH; BET-
SHITTAH; BET YANNAI; BET YEHOSHUA;
BET YERAH; BET YIZHAK; BET YOSEF;
BET ZAYIT; BET ZERA; BINYAMINAH;
BIRANIT; BIRIYYAH; BITAN AHARON;
BIZZARON; BOZRAH; CAESAREA;
CARMEL, MOUNT; DABBURIYYA; DAFNAH;
DALIYAT AL-KARMIL; DALIYYAH;
DALTON; DAN; DEAD SEA; DEGANYAH;
DEIR AL-BALAH; DIMONAH; DOBRATH;
DOR; DOROT; EILON; EILOT; EIN GEV;
EIN HA-EMEK; EIN HA-HORESH; EIN
HA-MIFRAZ; EIN HA-NAZIV; EIN HA-
SHELOSHAH; EIN HA-SHOFET; EIN HOD;
EIN IRON; EIN SHEMER; EIN VERED;
EIN YAHAV; EIN ZEITIM; EIN ZURIM;
EL-ARISH; ELYASHIV; EN-DOR; EN-GEDI;
EN-HAROD; ESHTAOL; EVEN YIZHAK;
EVRON; EYAL; FASSUTA; FURAYDIS,
AL-; GAATON; GALILEE; GALON; GAN
HAYYIM; GAN SHELOMO; GAN SHEMU'EL;
GAN SHOMRON; GAN YAVNEH; GANNEI
YEHUDAH; GAT; GAZIT; GEDERAH; GELIL
YAM; GESHER; GESHER HA-ZIV; GE'ULEI
TEIMAN; GE'ULIM; GEVA; GEVARAM;
GEVAT; GEVIM; GEVULOT; GIBBETHON;
GINNEGAR; GINNOSAR; GIVAT ADA;
GIVAT BRENNER; GIVAT HA-SHELOSHAH;
GIVAT HAYYIM; GIVAT HEN; GIVATAYIM;
GOFNAH; HA-BONIM; HAFEZ HAYYIM;
HA-GOSHERIM; HAMADYAH; HA-MA'PIL;
HAMMAT GADER; HANITAH; HA-OGEN;
HA-ON; HAREL; HA-SOLELIM; HAZER,
HAZERIM; HAZEVAH; HAZOR ASHDOD;
HA-ZOREA; HA-ZORETM; HEBRON;
HEFER PLAIN; HEFZI BAH; HELEZ; HEREV
LE-ET; HERUT; HERZLIYYAH; HIBBAT
ZION; HOD HA-SHARON; HOGLAH;
HULATAH; HULDAH; HULEH VALLEY;
HURFAYSH; ILANIYYAH; ISRAEL, STATE
OF: ALIYAH; ISRAEL, STATE OF: HUMAN
GEOGRAPHY; JABNEEL; JENIN; JERICHO;
JERUSALEM; JOKNEAM; JOTAPATA; KABRI;
KADOORIE; KAFR KAMA; KAFR QASIM;
KARMI'EL; KARMIYYAH; KEFAR AZAR;
KEFAR BARUKH; KEFAR BIALIK; KEFAR
BILU; KEFAR BLUM; KEFAR EZYON; KEFAR
GIDEON; KEFAR GLICKSON; KEFAR HA-
HORESH; KEFAR HA-MACCABI; KEFAR
HA-NASI; KEFAR HA-RO'EH; KEFAR
HASIDIM; KEFAR HAYYIM; KEFAR HESS;

KEFAR HITTIM; KEFAR JAWITZ; KEFAR
KISCH; KEFAR MALAL; KEFAR MASARYK;
KEFAR MENAHEM; KEFAR MORDEKHAI;
KEFAR NETTER; KEFAR PINES; KEFAR
ROSH HA-NIKRAH; KEFAR RUPPIN; KEFAR
SAVA; KEFAR SHEMARYAHU; KEFAR
SYRKIN; KEFAR SZOLD; KEFAR TAVOR;
KEFAR TRUMAN; KEFAR URIYYAH; KEFAR
VITKIN; KEFAR WARBURG; KEFAR YASIF;
KEFAR YEHEZKEL; KEFAR YEHOSHUA;
KEFAR YONAH; KINNERET (kib.);
KINNERET (mosh.); KINNERET, LAKE;
KIRYAT ANAVIM; KIRYAT ATA; KIRYAT
BIALIK; KIRYAT EKRON; KIRYAT GAT;
KIRYAT HAROSHET; KIRYAT MALAKHI;
KIRYAT MOTZKIN; KIRYAT SHEMONAH;
KIRYAT TIVON; KIRYAT YAM; KISSUFIM;
LAHAVOT HA-BASHAN; LOHAMEI HA-
GETTA'OT; MAAGAN MIKHA'EL; MAALEH
HA-HAMISHAH; MAALOT-TARSHIHA;
MAANIT; MAAS; MA'BAROT; MAGHAR,
AL-; MAHANAYIM; MAJD AL-KURUM;
MANARAH; MA'OZ HAYYIM; MASSADAH;
MASSU'OT YIZHAK; MAYAN BARUKH;
MAYAN ZEVI; MAZKERET BATYAH;
MAZLIAH; MAZZUVAH; MEI AMMI;
ME'IR SHEFEYAH; MENAHEMIYYAH;
MERHAVYAH; MERON; MESILLAT ZION;
MESILLOT; METULLAH; MEVASSERET
ZION; MIGDAL; MIGDAL HA-EMEK;
MITLYA; MIKHMORET; MIKVEH ISRAEL;
MISGAV AM; MISHMAR HA-EMEK;
MISHMAR HA-NEGEV; MISHMAR
HA-SHARON; MISHMAR HA-YARDEN;
MISHMAROT; MIZPAH; MIZRA; MODITN;
MOLEDET; MOZA; NAAN; NABLUS; NAHAL
OZ; NAHALAL or NAHALOL; NAHALAT
YEHUDAH; NAHARIYYAH; NEGBAH;
NEGEV; NEHALIM; NE'OT MORDEKHAI;
NES ZIYYONAH; NESHER; NETA'IM; NETIV
HA-LAMED-HE; NETIVOT; NEVATIM;
NEVEH EITAN; NEVEH YAM; NEZER
SERENI; NIR AM; NIRIM; NIZZANIM;
OFAKIM; OR HA-NER; OR YEHUDAH;
OROT; PARDES HANNAH-KARKUR;
PARDESIYYAH; PORIYYAH; RAANANNAH;
RAFA; RAMA, AL-; RAMALLAH; RAMAT
DAVID; RAMAT GAN; RAMAT HA-
GOLAN; RAMAT HA-KOVESH; RAMAT
HA-SHARON; RAMAT HA-SHOFET;
RAMAT RAHEL; RAMAT RAZIEL; RAMAT
YISHAI; RAMAT YOHANAN; RAMAT
ZEVI; RAMOT HA-SHAVIM; RAMOT
MENASHEH; RAMOT NAFTALI; REGAVIM;
REGBAH; REHOVOT; REKHASIM;
REVADIM; REVIVIM; RIHANIYYA, AL-;
RISHPON; ROSH PINNAH; RUHAMAH;
SAAD; SAFED; SARID; SASA; SAVYON;
SEDEH BOKER; SEDEH ELIYAHU; SEDEH
NAHUM; SEDEH NEHEMYAH; SEDEH
WARBURG; SEDEH YAAKOV; SEDEROT;
SHAALBIM; SHAAR HA-AMAKIM; SHAAR
HA-GOLAN; SHAAR HEFER-BEIT YIZHAK;
SHADMOT DEVORAH; SHAMIR; SHARM

130

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

EL-SHEIKH, TIRAN ISLAND, and TIRAN
STRAITS; SHARONAH; SHAVEI ZION;
SHEAR YASHUV; SHEFAYIM; SHELUHOT;
SHIFTAN, ZE'EV; SHOMRAT; SHOVAL;
TAANACH; TAL SHAHAR; TAYYIBA, AL-;
TEKOA; TEKUMAH; TEL HAI; TEL KAZIR;
TEL MOND; TEL YIZHAK; TEL YOSEF;
THEBEZ; TIBERIAS; TIMNA; TlRA, AL-;
TIRAT ZEVI; TUL KARM; UDIM; URIM;
USHA; YAARI, MENAHEM; YAD HANNAH;
YAGUR; YAKUM; YAMMIT REGION;
YARDENAH; YARKONAH; YAVNEH;
YAVNEH; YEDIDYAH; YESODOT; YESUD
HA-MAALAH; YIZRE'EL; ZOFIT;
ZORAH

■

Michal Oron*, Ph.D.; Deputy Head,
Department of Literature, Tel Aviv
University: abulafia, Abraham ben

SAMUEL

Asher Oser*, M.A., Rabbi;
Congregation Brothers of Joseph,
Norwich, Connecticut: rabbinical

ALLIANCE OF AMERICA; RABBINICAL
COUNCIL OF AMERICA; TORAH
UMESORAH; UNION OF ORTHODOX
JEWISH CONGREGATIONS OF AMERICA;
UNION OF ORTHODOX RABBIS OF THE
UNITED STATES AND CANADA

Robin Ostow, Ph.D.; Resident
Fellow, Centre for Russian and East
European Studies, University of
Toronto

Jean Ouellette, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Semitic Languages,
Sir George Williams University,
Montreal: incense and perfumes;

VAUX, ROLAND DE

Neil Ovadia, M.A.; Lecturer in
History, City College of the City
University of New York: hart, isaac-,

HART, JOEL; HART, MYER; HAYS; HAYS,
ISAAC; LEVY, AARON; LEVY, CHAPMAN;
LEVY, NATHAN; MOSES, MYER; SIMON,
JOSEPH; ZUNTZ, ALEXANDER

Willard Gurdon Oxtoby, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of Religious
Studies, Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut: babylonia

Avraham Oz*

Hilde Pach*, M.A., Ph.D.;
Researcher, University of
Amsterdam, Department of Hebrew,
Aramaic and Jewish Studies,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands:

LOGGEM, MANUEL VAN; MINCO, MARGA;
PRESS

Mordechai Pachter*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Jewish Thought,
University of Haifa: azikri, eleazar

BEN MOSES

Mark Padnos*, M.L.S., M.A.;
Assistant Professor, Librarian, Bronx
Community College and the City
University, New York: brody, alter;

ROSEN, NORMA; ROTH, HENRY

William Pages, Journalist, Newark,

New Jersey

Dan Pagis, Ph.D.; Senior Lecturer
in Hebrew Literature, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: poetry;

SCHIRMANN, JEFIM; VOGEL, DAVID

Naomi Paiss*: new Israel fund, the

Mordecai Paldiel*, Ph.D.; Director
for Righteous Among the Nations,
Yad Vashem, Jerusalem: beccari,

ARRIGO; BENOIT, PIERRE-MARIE;
CALMEYER, HANS-GEORG; DOUWES,
ARNOLD; FOLEY, FRANCIS; FRY, VARIAN;
HAUTVAL, ADELAIDE; HO FENG-SHAN;
KARSKI, JAN; MENDES, ARISTIDES DE
SOUSA; NEVEJEAN, YVONNE; RIGHTEOUS
AMONG THE NATIONS; SANDBERG,
WILLEM JACOB; SENDLER, IRENA; STEFAN,
METROPOLITAN; SUGIHARA CHIUNE-
SEMPO; WESTERWEEL, JOHAN

Joanne Palmer* : hertzberg,

ARTHUR; UNITED SYNAGOGUE OF
CONSERVATIVE JUDAISM

Lisa Palmieri-Billig, M.A.; Writer
and Journalist, ADL Representative
in Italy, Rome: italy; milan

Eliezer Palmor, M.A.; Ministry for
Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem: Bulgaria;

HUNGARY; ROMANIA; ROSEN, MOSES;
RUSSIA; YUGOSLAVIA

Channah Palti, Jerusalem

David H. Panitz, M.A., Rabbi; Dean
of the Academy for Jewish Religion,
New York: barnert, nathan

Esther Panitz, M.A.; Writer,

Paterson, New Jersey: wolf, simon

Michael Panitz*, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Furman Professor of Judaic
Studies, Virginia Wesleyan College,
Norfolk, Virginia: cohen, gerson

D.; CONSERVATIVE JUDAISM; JEWISH
THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY; NORFOLK;
SCHORSCH, ISMAR

Ruth Panofsky*, Ph.D.; Associate
Director, Joint Graduate
Programme in Communication
and Culture, Ryerson University,
Toronto, Canada: bennett, avie j.;

WADDINGTON, MIRIAM; WEINZWEIG,
HELEN; WISEMAN, ADELE

Sebastian Panwitz*, Dr.Phil.;
Historian, Moses Mendelssohn
Zentrum, Potsdam, Germany:

GEIGER, LUDWIG

Herbert H. Paper, Ph.D.; Professor
of Linguistics, Hebrew Union
College- Jewish Institute of Religion,
Cincinnati, Ohio: bloch, jules;

JUDEO-PERSIAN

Tudor Parfitt*, M.A., Dr.Phil.;
School of Oriental and African
Studies, University of London,
England: bayudaya-, bene ephraim;

BENE MENASHE; BENJAMIN, YEHOSHUA;
BURMA; EZEKIEL, NISSIM; HOUSE OF
ISRAEL COMMUNITY; IBO; JAPAN;
KASHMIR; KODER, SHABDAI SAMUEL;
MAKUYA; SINGAPORE; TUTSI;
ZAKHOR

James W. Parkes, D.Phil; Historian,
Blandford, Dorset, England: alaric

II; HOLY PLACES; PROTESTANTS

Herbert Parzen, M.A., M.H.L.,
Rabbi; Historian, New York: de

HAAS, JACOB; ZIONIST ORGANIZATION
OF AMERICA

Rachel Pasternak*, Ph.D., Senior
Lecturer of Behavioral Studies, The
College of Management Academic
Studies, Tel Aviv: Israel, state of:

EDUCATION

Melissa Patack*, J.D.,B.S.; Vice
President, State Government Affairs,
Motion Picture Association of
America, Inc., Encino, California:

GLICKMAN, DANIEL ROBERT

David Patterson, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
Post-Biblical Hebrew, the University
of Oxford; Visiting Professor of
Hebrew Studies, Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York: braudes, reuben

ASHER; GOTTLOBER, ABRAHAM BAER;
MAPU, ABRAHAM; SMOLENSKIN, PEREZ

Arnold Paucker, M.A.; Director of
the Leo Baeck Institute, London:

BISCHOFF, ERICH

Benjamin Paul*: Houston; Illinois;

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

W

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

JEWISH WAR VETERANS OF THE U.S.A.;
KANSAS; KANSAS CITY; LANCASTER

Shalom M. Paul, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Senior Lecturer in Bible, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem and Tel Aviv
University: book of life; book of

THE COVENANT; BOOK OF THE WARS OF
THE LORD; CHEBAR; CHERUB; CREATION
AND COSMOGONY; ECSTASY; EUPHEMISM
AND DYSPHEMISM; PROPHETS AND
PROPHECY; SERVANT OF THE LORD;
VIRGIN, VIRGINITY

Wolfgang Paulsen, Ph.D.; Professor
of German, the University of
Massachusetts, Amherst: sternheim,

CARL

Moshe Pearlman, B.Sc; Writer,

Jerusalem: war of independence

Peggy K. Pearlstein*, Ph.D.; Area
Specialist, Hebraic Section, Library
of Congress, Washington, D.C.:

FELDMAN, SANDRA; HARMAN, JANE

Birger A. Pearson, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Religious Studies,
Universities of California, Santa
Barbara: nag hammadi codices

Abraham J. Peck*, Ph.D., Director,
Academic Council for Post
Holocaust, Christian, Jewish, and
Islamic Studies, University
of Southern Maine: archives;

MAINE

Haviva Pedaya* : nahmanides

Mark (J.) Pelavin*, J.D.; Associate
Director, Religious Action Center of
Reform Judaism, Washington, D.C.:

SAPERSTEIN, DAVID N.; SAPERSTEIN,
HAROLD I.

Moshe Peled, B.A.; Colonel (Res.),
Israel Defense Forces; Ministry of
Transport, Jerusalem

Natan Peled, Minister of
Absorption, Kibbutz Sarid

Kristine Peleg*, Ph.D.; English
Lecturer, Century College,
Minneapolis, Minnesota: calof,

RACHEL BELLA KAHN

Gregor Pelger* , Ph.D.; Historian,
Salomon Ludwig Steinheim-Institut
fur deutsch-jiidische Geschichte,
Duisburg, Germany: goldenthal,

JACOB; OPPERT, GUSTAV SALOMON;

STEINSCHNEIDER, MORITZ; ZEDNER,
JOSEPH; ZUNZ, LEOPOLD

Penina Peli, Journalist, Writer,
Lecturer; Jerusalem: adlerblum,

NIMA

Pinchas Hacohen Peli, Ph.D.;
Senior Lecturer in Jewish
Philosophy, the University of the
Negev, Beersheba; External Teacher
in Jewish Studies, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: asceticism

Frank Pelleg, Pianist and
Musicologist, Haifa: offenbach,

JACQUES

Rakhmiel Peltz*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Sociolinguistics and Director of
Judaic Studies, Drexel University,
Philadelphia: spivak, elye; veinger,

MORDECAI

Shimon (H.) Pepper*, M.S.W., M.A.;
Executive Director, Jewish Federation
of Rockland County, Monsey, New

York: rockland county

Josh Perelman*, Ph.D.; Historian,
National Museum of American
Jewish History; Post Doctoral
Fellow, National Museum of
American Jewish History/University
of Pennsylvania: national museum

OF AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORY

Leon Perez, M.D.; Professor
of Social Psychiatry, National
University of the Litoral, Santa FM;
Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, the
University of Buenos Aires: daia

Hiram Peri, Dr. Phil.; Professor of
Romance Languages, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: abrabanel,

JUDAH; ARIAS MONTANO, BENITO;
BENDA, JULIEN

Mark Perlgut, M.S.; Journalist, New

York: aronson, boris; korda, sir

ALEXANDER; THEATER

Isa Perlis-Kressel, M.A.; Holon,

Israel: hertzka, theodor

Mark Perlman, Ph.D.; Professor
of Economics, the University of
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: ginzberg,

ELI; IDELSON, ABRAHAM; LEVANDA,
LEV OSIPOVICH; PERLMAN, SELIG;
RABINOVICH, OSIP ARONOVICH;
SELEKMAN, BENJAMIN MORRIS;
TSCHLENOW, JEHIEL

Shalom Perlman, Ph.D.; Professor
of Greek History, Tel Aviv

University: schwabe, moshe

Moshe Perlmann, Ph.D.; Professor
of Arabic, the University of
California, Los Angeles: apostasy;

IBN KAMMUNA, SAD IBN MANSUR;
ISLAM; ISRAELSOHN, JACOB IZRAILEVICH;
KOKOVTSOV, PAUL KONSTANTINOVICH;
SCHREINER, MARTIN; WEIL, GUSTAV

Maurice L. Perlzweig, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Head of the International
Affairs Department, World Jewish
Congress, New York: robinson,

JACOB; ROBINSON, NEHEMIAH

Jean Perrot, Directeur de Recherche
au Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique, Paris; Director of the
Centre de Recherche Prehistorique
Francois, Jerusalem: azor

Jacob Petroff, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Senior Lecturer in Classics, Bar-
Ilan University, Ram at Gan:

ACRO, PSEUDO-; APULEIUS, LUCIUS;
ASINIUS POLLIO, GAIUS; CELSUS, AULUS
CORNELIUS; CLAUDIAN; CLEMENT OF
ALEXANDRIA; EUTROPIUS; EXCERPTA
VALESIANA; EZRA, GREEK BOOK OF;
FRONTO, MARCUS CORNELIUS; HISTORIA
AUGUSTA; HOLOFERNES; JUDAS;
JULIUS FLORUS; JUSTIN; LIVY; LUCAN;
MACROBIUS, AMBROSIUS; OVID; PERSIUS;
PETRONIUS ARBITER, GAIUS; POMPONIUS
MELA; QUINTILIAN; ROMAN LITERATURE;
RUTILIUS NAMATIANUS; SENECA THE
ELDER; SENECA THE YOUNGER; SILIUS
ITALICUS, TIBERIUS CATIUS ASCONIUS;
SOLINUS, CAIUS JULIUS; SOLOMON,
TESTAMENT OF; STATIUS, PUBLIUS
PAPINIUS; SULPICIUS SEVERUS; TACITUS;
TIBULLUS, ALBIUS; VALERIUS MAXIMUS;
VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS

Jakob J. Petuchowski, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Professor of Rabbinics and
of Jewish Theology, the Hebrew
Union College-Jewish Institute of
Religion, Cincinnati, Ohio: nieto,

DAVID; ORGAN; STEINTHAL, HERMANN
HEYMANN; WIENER, MAX

Claire (Ruth) Pfann*, M.A.;
Academic Dean; Lecturer in New

Testament, University of the Holy
Land, Jerusalem: popes;

PROTESTANTS

Stephen (J.) Pfann*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Second Temple Period
History and Literature, University

132

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

of the Holy Land, Jerusalem: lots;

NAZARETH; QUMRAN; SUNDIAL

Anshel Pfeffer*, Journalist,
Columnist, Editor and Author,
Jerusalem Post, Jerusalem: baruch,

ADAM; BEN-ZVI, SHLOMO

Israel Philipp, M.A.; Central
Zionist Archives, Jerusalem:

MACCABEANS, ORDER OF ANCIENT;
ROTHSCHILD, JAMES ARMAND DE

Marc Philonenko, Th.D.; Professor
of the History of Religions, the
University of Strasbourg: Joseph and

ASENATH

Leo Picard, Dr. Phil., D.I.C., D.Sc;
Emeritus Professor of Geology, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ISRAEL, LAND OF: GEOGRAPHICAL
SURVEY; LOEWINSON-LESSING, FRANZ
YULYEVICH; ROSENBUSCH, KARL HARRY
FERDINAND; SALOMON-CALVI, WILHELM;
SUESS, EDUARD

Michele Piccirillo*, Father, Studium
Biblicum Franciscanum, Jerusalem:

FRANCISCANS

Walter Pinhas Pick, Editor, the

Encyclopaedia Hebraica, Jerusalem:

JERUSALEM; LATRUN

Jacob Picker, Dr.Jur.; Ministry of
Finance, Jerusalem

Judah Pilch, Ph.D.; Jewish Teachers'
Seminary and Peoples University,
New York; Lecturer in Education,
Dropsie University, Philadelphia:

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR JEWISH
EDUCATION; BETH JACOB SCHOOLS;
BLAUSTEIN, DAVID; CHARNA, SHALOM
YONAH; CHIPKIN, ISRAEL; CHOMSKY,
WILLIAM; EDUCATION, JEWISH;
KAHNSHTAM, AHARON; KAZDAN,
HAYYIM SOLOMON; MORRIS,
NATHAN

Arieh Pilowsky, B.A.; External
Teacher in Foreign Languages, Haifa
University: rubin, hadassah

Shlomo Pines, Dr.Phil.; Professor
of General and Jewish Philosophy,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

AL-MUKAMMIS, IBN MARWAN AL-RAQI
AL-SHIRAZI; AVERROES; AVICENNA;
ENOCH, SLAVONIC BOOK OF; FREE
WILL; GUTTMANN, JACOB; IBN
GABIROL, SOLOMON BEN JUDAH; SOUL,
IMMORTALITY OF; SPACE AND PLACE

Benjamin Pinkus, M.A.; Jerusalem:

"COSMOPOLITANS"; LOZOVSKI, SOLOMON
ABRAMOVICH

Ludwig Pinner, Dr.Phil., Kefar
Shemaryahu, Israel: haavara

Judith S. (Shira) Pinnolis*,

M.M., M.S.; Reference Librarian,
Information Desk Supervisor and
Training Coordinator, Brandeis
University Libraries, Waltham,
Massachusetts: Friedman, deborah

LYNN; FUCHS, LILLIAN; GIDEON, MIRIAM;
KREMER, ISA; LIEBLING, ESTELLE;
MENDELSOHN HENSEL, FANNY
CAECILIE; MLOTEK, CHANA; OSTFELD,
BARBARA JEAN; RASKIN, JUDITH;
REISENBERG, NADIA; ROSSI, MADAMA
EUROPA De'; SCHAECHTER-GOTTESMAN,
BELLA; SCHLAMME, MARTHA
HAFTEL

Kurt Pinthus, Ph.D.; Writer, New
York: heymann, walther

Mordechai Piron, M.A., Rabbi;
Brigadier General, Israel Defense
Forces; Chief Rabbi of the Israel
Defense Forces, Bat Yam: goren,

SHLOMO

Michael M. Pitkowsky*, M.A.,
Rabbi; Jewish Theological Seminary,
New York

Maurice S. Pitt, M.A.; Educator
and Journalist, Wellington, New

Zealand: Auckland-, barnett, sir

LOUIS EDWARD; CHRISTCHURCH;
DUNEDIN; HORT, ABRAHAM; LEVIN,
NATHANIEL WILLIAM; MYERS, SIR
MICHAEL; NATHAN, DAVID; NATHAN,
JOSEPH EDWARD; POLACK, JOEL SAMUEL;
SELIG, PHINEAS

W. Gunther Plaut, Dr.Jur. Rabbi;
Historian, Toronto: frankel,

HIRAM D.

Martin Meir Plessner, Ph.D.;
Emeritus Professor of Semitics
and Islamic Studies, J.W. Goethe-
Universitat, Frankfurt on the Main;
Emeritus Professor of Islamic
Civilization, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: bergstraesser,

GOTTHELF; GALANTE, ABRAHAM;
GOLDZIHER, IGNAZ; GRUENBAUM, MAX;
ORIENTALISTS; ROSENTHAL, FRANZ;
YAHUDA, ABRAHAM SHALOM

Milton Plesur, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of History, the State

University of New York, Buffalo:

BUFFALO; JACOBSON, EDWARD

Hans Pohl, Dr. Phil.; Professor of
Constitutional, Social and Economic
History, the University of Bonn:

SUGAR INDUSTRY AND TRADE

Shmuel Pohoryles, Ph.D.; Professor,
Director General, Rural Planning
and Development Authority, Israel
Ministry of Agriculture, Tel Aviv

Milos Pojar*, Ph.D.; Director,
Education and Culture Centre of
the Jewish Museum in Prague: gal,

FEDOR; BONDY, RUTH; BONN, HANUS;
BOR, JOSEF; CZECHOSLOVAK LITERATURE;
DAGAN, AVIGDOR; DEMETZ, PETER;
DOSTAL, ZENO; FIRT, JULIUS; FISCHER,
OTOKAR; FRYD, NORBERT; FUCHS,
ALFRED; GALSKY, DESIDER; GELLNER,
FRANTISEK; GOLDFLAM, ARNOST;
GOLDSTUECKER, EDUARD; GOTTLIEB,
FRANTISEK; GROSMAN, LADISLAV;
HILSNER CASE; HOSTOVSKY, EGON;
KLIMA, IVAN; KNIEZA, EMIL; KRAUS,
FRANTISEK R.; KRAUS, IVAN; KRAUS, OTA
B.; KULKA, ERICH; LANGER, FRANTISEK;
LANGER, JIRI MORDECHAI; LAUB,
GABRIEL; LEDA, EDUARD; LISTOPAD,
FRANTISEK; LUSTIG, ARNOST; ORTEN, JIRI;
PAVEL, OTA; PICK, JIRI ROBERT; POLACEK,
KAREL; RAKOUS, VOJTECH; ROTTOVA,
INNA; SIDON, KAROL EFRAIM; SINGER,
LUDVIK; SPITZER, JURAJ; TIGRID, PAVEL;
UHDE, MILAN; VOHRYZEK, JOSEF; WEIL,
JIRI; ZEYER, JULIUS

Arthur Polak, M.D.; Amsterdam:

MEDALS

Abraham N. Poliak, Ph.D.;
Professor of Islamic History and
Research Professor of Khazar
Studies, Tel Aviv University: alroy,

DAVID; ARMENIA; CRIMEA; HARKAVY,
ALBERT; HESSEN, JULIUS ISIDOROVICH;
IGNATYEV, COUNT NIKOLAI PAVLOVICH;
UZBEKISTAN; VINAWER, MAXIM;
VOZNITSYN, ALEXANDER ARTEMYEVICH;
WIELICZKA; WISCHNITZER, MARK

Leon Poliakov, D.es L.; Maitre de
Recherches au Centre National de
la Recherche Scientifique, Paris:

ANTISEMITISM; ARGENS, JEAN BAPTISTE
DE BOYER; ELDERS OF ZION, PROTOCOLS
OF THE LEARNED; FRIES, JAKOB
FRIEDRICH; GOBINEAU, JOSEPH ARTHUR,
COMTE DE; GORDIN, JACOB; RACE,
THEORY OF; ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES;
TREITSCHKE, HEINRICH VON;
VOLTAIRE

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

133

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Jean Poliatchek, M.A., Rabbi;
Lecturer in French Literature, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem and
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

FLEG, EDMOND

David Polish, Rabbi; Emeritus
Rabbi of the Free Synagogue,
Evanston, Illinois

Jonathan (Z.S.) Pollack*, Ph.D.;
Instructor, History, Madison
Area Technical College, Madison,
Wisconsin: madison

Peter Pollack, Lecturer and Writer
on photography, New York: iziS;

LAND, EDWIN H.; NEWMAN, ARNOLD;
PHOTOGRAPHY; RAY, MAN; SEYMOUR,
DAVID

Hans Jacob Polotsky, Dr.Phil.;
Professor of Egyptian and Semitic
Linguistics, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: bauer, hans; benfey,

THEODOR; HALEVY, JOSEPH

Sidney I. Pomerantz, Ph.D.;
Professor of History, City College
of the City University of New York:

MORRIS, RICHARD BRANDON

Sarah (Elizabeth) Ponichtera*,

M.A.; University of S. Texas- Austin:

CORALNIK, ABRAHAM; LEE, MALKE;
ULIANOVER, MIRIAM

Marvin H. Pope, Ph.D.; Professor
of Northwest Semitic Languages,
Yale University, New Haven,
Connecticut: adam; anath; baal

WORSHIP; EVE

Richard H. Popkin, Ph.D.;
Professor of Philosophy, the
University of California, San
Diego; Distinguished Professor of
Philosophy, the Herbert H. Lehman
College of the City University of
New York: adler, felix; adler,

MORTIMER JEROME; AIKEN, HENRY
DAVID; ARENDT, HANNAH; BOAS,
GEORGE; BRUNSWIG, ALFRED; CHERNISS,
HAROLD FREDRIK; COHEN, CHAPMAN;
COHEN, MORRIS RAPHAEL; COSTA, URIEL
DA; DESSAUER, FRIEDRICH; DUBISLAV,
WALTER ERNST OTTO; EDMAN, IRWIN;
EDWARDS, PAUL; FARBER, MARVIN;
FRANK, SEMYON LYUDVIGOVICH;
FRAUENSTAEDT, JULIUS; FRIEDLAENDER,
OSKAR EWALD; GOLDSTEIN, JULIUS;
HALEVY, ELIE; JANKELEVITCH, VLADIMIR;
JERUSALEM, KARL WILHELM; JERUSALEM,
WILHELM; JONAS, HANS; KAUFMANN,

FRITZ; KAUFMANN, WALTER; KOIGEN,
DAVID; KOYRE, ALEXANDRE; KRISTELLER,
PAUL OSKAR; LA BOETIE, ETIENNE DE;
LA PEYRERE, ISAAC; LASSON, ADOLF;
LEON, XAVIER; LIEBMANN, OTTO;
MARCK, SIEGFRIED; MARCUS, ERNST;
MONDOLFO, RODOLFO; OROBIO DE
CASTRO, ISAAC; PALAGYI, MENYHERT;
PHILOSOPHY; RAUH, FREDERIC; REINACH,
ADOLF; RICHTER, RAOUL; SANCHES,
FRANCISCO; SCHRECKER, PAUL; SCHUHL,
PIERRE-MAXIME; SHEFFER, HENRY
M.; SPIEGELBERG, HERBERT; SPITZER,
HUGO; STEIN, EDITH; STEIN, LUDWIG;
STERNBERG, KURT; WAHLE, RICHARD;
WALZER, RICHARD RUDOLF; WEININGER,
OTTO; WEISS, PAUL; WIENER, PHILIP PAUL

Dina Porat*, Ph.D.; Professor, Head
of Stephen Roth Institute for the
Study of Contemporary Racism and
Anti-Semitism, Chaim Rosenberg
School of Jewish Studies, Tel Aviv
University: antisemitism; blood

LIBEL

Jonathan D. Porath*, B.A., M.A.,
M.H.L., Rabbi; Rabbi and Jewish
Educator, American Jewish Joint
Distribution Committee, Jerusalem:

PORATH, ISRAEL

Yehoshua Porath, Ph.D.; Instructor
in the History of the Muslim
Peoples, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: Israel, state of:

HISTORICAL SURVEY

Bezalel Porten, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Teaching Fellow in Jewish
History, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem; Senior Lecturer in
Biblical Studies, Haifa University:

BELTESHAZZAR; BIZTHA; ELIASHIB; EXILE,
BABYLONIAN; HAMAN; HISTORY: FROM
THE DESTRUCTION TO ALEXANDER;
MITHREDATH; MORDECAI; REGEM-
MELECH; REHUM; SATRAP; SHADRACH,
MESHACH, ABED-NEGO; SHAREZER;
SHEALTIEL; TATTENAI; TEMPLE;
ZERUBBABEL

Jack Nusan Porter*, Ph.D.; Director,
The Spencer Institute for Social
Research, Newton, Massachusetts;
Newtonville, Mass.: hirschfeld,

MAGNUS; NEO-NAZISM; SCHAPPES,
MORRIS U.; SONNENSCHEIN, ROSA

Edward Portnoy*, Ph.D.; Adjunct
Instructor of History, Jewish
Theological Seminary, New York:

GILBERT, SHLOMO; MARINOFF, JACOB;
NADIR, MOYSHE

Israel Porush, O.B.E., Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Emeritus Rabbi of the Great
Synagogue of Sydney: Adelaide;

AUSTRALIA; BOAS, ABRAHAM TOBIAS;
BRISBANE; D ANGLO W, JACOB; DAVIS,
ALEXANDER BARNARD; MELBOURNE;
MONTEFIORE, JOSEPH BARROW; PERTH;
SAMUEL, SIR SAUL; SYDNEY

Akiva Posner, Dr. Phil., Rabbi;
Scholar and Librarian, Jerusalem:

ALTONA; DRESDEN; EGER, AKIVA BEN
MOSES GUENS; EGER, SOLOMON BEN
AKIVA; EPPENSTEIN, SIMON; GIESSEN

Marcia Posner, PH.D.; Library
Consultant, Children's Literature,
New York: children's literature

Raphael Posner, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Assistant Professor of Rabbinics,
the Jewish Theological Seminary
of America, Jerusalem: ablution;

AHAVAH RABBAH, AHAVAT OLAM;
AMULET; ANAV, ZEDEKIAH BEN
ABRAHAM; ASHREI; CHARITY; HOLY
PLACES; JEW; MARRIAGE; SYNAGOGUE

Bernard Postal, Author and
Journalist, New York: iowa;

LICHT, FRANK; MANDEL, MARVIN;
MASSACHUSETTS; MILITARY SERVICE;
MONTANA; NEVADA; PHOENIX; PUBLIC
RELATIONS; SHAPIRO, SAMUEL HARVEY

Edward I. J. Poznanski, M.Phil.;
Visiting Senior Lecturer in
Philosophy, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: kotarbinska, janina

Michael Pragai, B.A.; Ministry for
Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem: burma

Joseph Prager, M.D.; Neurologist
and Psychiatrist, Haifa: oppenheim,

HERMANN

Leonard Prager*, Ph.D.; Emeritus
Professor of English and Yiddish,
University of Haifa: abtshuk,

AVRAHAM; ALFES, BENZION; BOVSHOVER,
JOSEPH; BRODER SINGERS; DANIEL, M.;
DER NISTER; FEYGENBERG, RAKHEL; FOX,
CHAIM-LEIB; FRAM, DAVID; FURMAN,
YISROEL; GEBIRTIG, MORDECHAI;
GLATSTEIN, JACOB; GOLDENE KEYT,
DI; GORDIN, ABBA; GORDIN, JACOB;
KOENIG, LEO; KOTIK, YEKHESKL; LURIA,
NOAH; MYER, MORRIS; OSHEROWITCH,
MENDL; OYVED, MOYSHE; PINES, MEYER
ISSER; PREGER, JACOB; RABON, ISRAEL;
RASHKIN, LEYB; REZNIK, LIPE; SALKIND,
JACOB MEIR; SELIKOVITCH, GEORGE;
SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM; SHATZKY,

134

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

JACOB; SHPIGLBLAT, ALEKSANDER;
SIEMIATYCKI, CHAIM; SINGER, ISAAC
BASHEVIS; SPIEGEL, ISAIAH; STENCL,
ABRAHAM NAHUM; TENENBAUM,
JOSHUA; TOLUSH; TOPLPUNKT:
FERTLYOR-SHRIFT FAR LITERATUR,
KUNST UN GEZELSCHAFTLEKHE
FRAGES; WEINSTEIN, BERISH; YIDDISH
LITERATURE; YUNGMAN, MOSHE;
ZYCHLINSKA, RAJZEL

Naftali Prat*, Editor, Shorter Jewish
Encyclopedia in Russian , Society of
Research on Jewish Communities,
Jerusalem: abramovich, roman

ARKADYEVICH; AMUSIN, JOSEPH; BELOV,
A.; BERDYANSK; BEREZOVSKY, BORIS
ABRAMOVICH; GOMELSKY, ALEXANDER
YAKOVLEVICH; GUSINSKY, VLADIMIR
ALEXANDROVICH; LIBERALISM AND THE
JEWS; NEVZLIN, LEONID BORISOVICH

Jeonathan Prato, Dr.Jur.; Ministry
for Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem:

RIBEIRO DOS SANTOS, ANTONIO; SPAIN

Leonid Preisman, Ph.D.; Scientific
Editor of The Shorter Jewish
Encyclopaedia in Russian, Jerusalem

MOSCOW

Riv-Ellen Prell*, Ph.D., Professor,
University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, Minnesota: myerhoff,

BARBARA GAY SIEGEL

Tovia Preschel, Rabbi; Professor
of Talmud, the Jewish Theological
Seminary of America, New York:

ALSHEKH, MOSES; ALTSCHULER, DAVID;
AMRAM BEN SHESHNA; DANIEL BEN
AZARIAH; DANIEL BEN ELEAZAR BEN
NETHANEL HIBBAT ALLAH; DANIEL BEN
HASDAI; DAVID BEN DANIEL; DAVID
BEN ZAKKAI; HYMAN, AARON; KAHANE,
ISAAK; LIEBERMAN, SAUL; MARGALIOT,
MORDECAI; MAT, MOSES; MEKLENBURG,
JACOB ZEVI; NAHMANIDES; PATAI,
RAPHAEL; PORTO, ABRAHAM MENAHEM
BEN JACOB HA-KOHEN; RABBINOVICZ,
RAPHAEL NATHAN NATA; RATNER,
DOV BAER; RIVISTA ISRAELITICA;
RIVKIND, ISAAC; ROSANES, SOLOMON
ABRAHAM; ROSENTHAL, JUDAH;
SLATKINE, MENAHEM MENDEL;
SUPERCOMMENTARIES ON THE
PENTATEUCH; TEMERLS, JACOB BEN
ELIEZER; TRAVELERS AND EXPLORERS;
ZOMBER, DOV BAER

Walter Preuss, Dr.Phil., D.Econ.;
Economist, Tel Aviv: naftali, perez

Jonathan (J.) Price*, Ph.D.;

Professor of Classics and Ancient
History, Tel Aviv University: zealots

AND SICARII

Ronald (David) Price*, M.A.,
Rabbi; Dean of Traditional Judaism;
Executive Vice President, Union for
Traditional Judaism, Teaneck, New
Jersey: institute of traditional

JUDAISM, THE

Richard (A.) Primus*, Dr.Phil.;
Professor of Law, the University of
Michigan: strochlitz, sigmund

Kevin Proffitt*, M.A., M.S.L.S.;
Senior Archivist for Research
and Collections, The Jacob Rader
Marcus Center of the American
Jewish Archives, Cincinnati, Ohio:

SCHANFARBER, TOBIAS

Moshe Prywes, M.D.; Associate
Professor of Medical Education,
the Hebrew University - Hadassah
Medical School, Jerusalem; Vice
President of the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem; President, University
of the Negev

Sharon Pucker Rivo*, M.A.;
Executive Director of the
National Center for Jewish Film,
Brandeis Univerisity, Waltham,
Massachusetts: kanin, fay Mitchell;
levien, sonya

Lotte Pulvermacher-Egers, Ph.D.;
Lecturer in the History of Art, the
Mannes College of Music, New
York: art collectors and art

DEALERS

Herbert Pundik, Journalist, Tel
Aviv: MAHAL

*

Marcus Pyka*, Ph.D., Dr.; Abt. Fur
Jlidische Geschichte und Kultur
Historisches Seminar, Universitat
Munchen: agrarian league;

ALLGEMEINE ZEITUNG DES JUDENTUMS;
ALTENBERG, PETER; ANDREW OF
RINN; ARNDT, ADOLF; ARNDT,
ERNST MORITZ; ARNHEIM, FISCHEL;
ARNHEIM, HEYMANN; ARONIUS, JULIUS;
ASCHAFFENBURG, GUSTAV; AUERBACH,
BERTHOLD; AUERNHEIMER, RAOUL;
AUSPITZ; BADT, HERMANN; BAMBERGER,
LUDWIG; BAMBUS, WILLY; BARNAY,
LUDWIG; BECHER, SIEGFRIED; BEER,
MICHAEL; BEN-GAVRIEL, MOSHE YA'AKOV;
BERGNER, ELISABETH; BERNSTEIN, ARON
DAVID; BERNSTEIN, EDUARD; BISMARCK,
OTTO VON; BLEICHROEDER; BOERNE,

LUDWIG; BRANDT, WILLY; BRESSLAU,
HARRY; BURCHARDUS DE MONTE SION;
BURG, MENO; CARO, GEORG MARTIN;
COHN, EMIL MOSES; DALMAN, GUSTAF
HERMANN; FRANKL, VIKTOR EMIL;
GRAETZ, HEINRICH; HEGEL, GEORG
WILHELM FRIEDRICH; HERDER, JOHANN
GOTTFRIED; HIRSCH, BARON MAURICE
DE; JOST, ISAAC MARCUS; MASSARY,
FRITZI; NIETZSCHE, FRIEDRICH WILHELM

Aldina Quintana (Rodriguez)*,

Ph.D.; Post-Doctoral Fellow, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

LADINO

Uri Ra'anan, M.A.; Professor of
International Politics, the Fletcher
School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts
University, Medford, Massachusetts:

ISRAEL, STATE OF: HISTORICAL SURVEY

Theodore K. Rabb, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of History, Princeton
University, New Jersey: elton, sir

GEOFFREY RUDOLPH; HEXTER, JACK H.;
MOSSE, GEORGE L.

Alfredo Mordechai Rabello*, Dott.
giurisp., Professor Emeritus of Law,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.:

ARTOM, ELIA SAMUELE; BERNHEIMER,
CARLO; CAMMEO, FEDERICO; CASTELLI,
DAVID; CATACOMBS; COLLATIO LEGUM
MOSAICARUM ET ROMANARUM;
COLLEGIO RABBINICO ITALIANO;
COLOMBO, SAMUEL; COLOMBO,
YOSEPH; COLORNI, VITTORE; DISEGNI,
DARIO; DOMENICO GEROSOLIMITANO;
DOMITIAN; HONORIUS FLAVIUS;
LAWYERS; MILANO, ATTILIO; MOSCATI,
SABATINO; NERVA; NORZI; OSTIA;
PACIFICI, ALFONSO; PACIFICI, RICCARDO;
PADUA; PARMA; PERREAU, PIETRO;
PIEDMONT; POMI, DE'; POMPEII;
REGGIO, ISACCO SAMUEL; RIETI; ROMAN
EMPERORS; ROVIGO; SALUZZO; SEGRE,
GINO; SERENI, ANGELO PIERO; SEVERUS,
SEPTIMIUS; SIERRA, SERGIO JOSEPH;
SOAVE, MOISE; TEDESCHI; THEODOSIUS
I; THEODOSIUS II; TURIN; ULPIAN;
VERCELLI; VICENZA; VITERBO, CARLO
ALBERTO; VITTA, CINO; VITTORIO
VENETO; VIVANTE, CESARE; VIVANTI,
DAVID ABRAHAM; VOLLI, GEMMA;
VOLTERRA, EDOARDO

Wladimir Rabi, M.A.; Judge and
Writer, Brian^on, France: fondane,

BENJAMIN; TZARA, TRISTAN

Chaim M. Rabin, D.Phil., Dipl.O.S.;
Professor of Hebrew Language, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

135

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

BEN-NAPHTALI, MOSES BEN DAVID;
BOESCHENSTEIN, JOHANN; BUXTORF,
JOHANNES; DUNASH BEN LABRAT;
HANAU, SOLOMON ZALMAN BEN JUDAH
LOEB HA-KOHEN

Dov Rabin, Researcher, Jerusalem:

GRODNO; NESVIZH; OSTRYNA; OZON;
RADOSHKOVICHI; RADUN; RUZHANY;
SIEMIATYCZE; SLONIM; SOKOLKA;
SUWALKI

Abraham Rabinovich, B.A.;
Journalist, Jerusalem: Jerusalem

Aviva Rabinovich, M.Sc;

Jerusalem: tristram, henry baker

Nachum L. Rabinovitch, B.Sc,
Ph.D.; Principal, Jews' College,
London

Aron Moshe K. Rabinowicz, Ph.D.,
M.C.J.; Secretary of the Faculty
of Law, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: politische gemeinde

Harry Rabinowicz, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Historian, London: bedikat hamez-,

CREMATION; DEATH; DIETARY LAWS;
HAKKAFOT; HAMEZ, SALE OF; MELAVVEH
MALKAH; SHEHITAH

Oskar K. Rabinowicz, Dr.Phil.;

Historian, New York: amery,

LEOPOLD CHARLES MAURICE STENNETT;
BAMBUS, WILLY; BAR KOCHBA
ASSOCIATION; BEREGOVO; BONDY,
BOHUMIL; BRANDYS NAD LABEM;
BRECLAV; BREZNICE; BUCOVICE;
BUDYNE NAD OHRI; CESKE BUDEJOVICE;
CHURCHILL, SIR WINSTON LEONARD
SPENCER; EL-ARISH; FRIEDMANN,
PAUL; HERMANN, LEO; JACOBSON,
VICTOR; JIHLAVA; KARTELL JUEDISCHER
VERBINDUNGEN; KISCH, ALEXANDER;
KREMENETZKY, JOHANN; MARGULIES,
EMIL; MARMOREK, ALEXANDER;
TERRITORIALISM; TREBITSCH,
NEHEMIAH; TRIETSCH, DAVIS; USOV;
WEINMANN, JACOB; YORK-STEINER,
HEINRICH ELCHANAN

Wolf Zeev Rabinowitsch, M.D.;

Historian, Haifa: david-gorodok;

ISRAEL BEN PEREZ OF POLOTSK; KARLIN;
KOBRIN, MOSES BEN ISRAEL POLIER OF;
KOIDANOV; LACHOWICZE, MORDECAI
BEN NOAH OF; LYUBESHOV; SLONIM

Abraham Hirsch Rabinowitz,

M.A., Rabbi; Senior Chaplain to
the Israel Air Force, Jerusalem:

ADARBI, ISAAC BEN SAMUEL; ALEGRE,

ABRAHAM BEN SOLOMON; AL-MADARI,
JUDAH HA-KOHEN BEN ELEAZAR
HE-HASID; ALMOSNINO, MOSES BEN
BARUCH; COLON, JOSEPH BEN SOLOMON;
COMMANDMENTS, THE 613; KEZAZAH

Chayim Reuven Rabinowitz, B.A.,
Rabbi; Writer, Jerusalem: figo,

AZARIAH; LIBOWITZ, SAMUEL NEHEMIAH

Dorothy Rabinowitz, Author, New
York: jhabvala, ruth prawer

Louis Isaac Rabinowitz, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Deputy Editor in Chief
of the Encyclopaedia Judaica (1st
ed.); Editor of Encyclopaedia
Judaica Year Books; Former Chief
Rabbi of the Transvaal and former
Professor of Hebrew, the University
of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg;
Former Deputy Mayor of Jerusalem:

ABSALOM; AGRICULTURE; AMMON,
AMMONITES; ANOINTING; APIKOROS;
AUTOPSIES AND DISSECTION;
BANISHMENT; BEGGING AND BEGGARS;
BIBLE; BLEMISH; BLINDNESS; BLOOD;
BOOK OF LIFE; CAPITAL PUNISHMENT;
CARO, JOSEPH BEN EPHRAIM; CARTER,
JAMES EARL; CHEESE; CHERUB;
CONCUBINE; COSMOLOGY; CREATION
AND COSMOGONY; CROWNS,
DECORATIVE HEADDRESSES, AND
WREATHS; DAVID; DAYYAN; DEAF-
MUTE; DEMONS, DEMONOLOGY;
DERASH; DIVINATION; DRUNKENNESS;
EGGS; EGLAH ARUFAH; ENTEBBE RAID;
EUPHEMISM AND DYSPHEMISM; FAMILY;
FAMINE AND DROUGHT; FEAR OF GOD;
FEIGENBAUM, ISAAC HA-KOHEN; FERBER,
ZEVI HIRSCH; FIRE; FLESH; FLOOD, THE;
FOUR SPECIES; FREEDOM; GEMILUT
HASADIM; GERI, JACOB; GOD, NAMES OF;
HADRIAN, PUBLIUS AELIUS; HAFTARAH;
HAKHEL; HAMEZ; HEART; HEDER; HEVRA
KADDISHA; HONEY; HONOR; HUNTING;
IDOLATRY; INGATHERING OF THE EXILES;
IR HA-NIDDAHAT; ISRAEL; KIMBERLEY;
KING, KINGSHIP; KUNTERES; LABOR;
LEPROSY; LEVITES IN THE HALAKHAH;
LION; LOEWENSTAMM; LOTS; LUZ OF THE
SPINE; MAIMONIDES; MEAT; MEZUZAH;
MNEMONICS or MEMORA TECHNICA;
MOSES ISAAC; NAMES; OILS; ONKELOS
AND AQUILA; PARABLE; PEACE; PEACE
NOW; PENTATEUCH; PERLHEFTER,
ISSACHAR BEHR BEN JUDAH MOSES;
PESHAT; POVERTY; PROPHETS AND
PROPHECY; PROSELYTES; PSALMS, BOOK
OF; RABBI, RABBINATE; RABBINICAL
SEMINARIES; RIGHT AND LEFT; SALT;
SATAN; SCHACH, LEONARD LAZARUS;
SEA, SONG OF THE; SEFER HA-MAASIM
LI-VENEI EREZ YISRAEL; SEFER TORAH;

SELIHOT; SHULHAN ARUKH; SON OF
MAN; SUICIDE; SYNAGOGUE; TAITAZAK,
JOSEPH; TALMID HAKHAM; TALMUD,
JERUSALEM; TEN LOST TRIBES; TEXTILES;
VIRGIN, VIRGINITY; VOWS AND VOWING;
WRITING; YAD; YAHRZEIT; YOKE

Zvi Meir Rabinowitz, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Associate Professor of Talmud,
Tel Aviv University: aaron of

ZHITOMIR; ALEKSANDROW; HAYYIM
BEN HANANEL HA-KOHEN; HEILPRIN,
JEHIEL BEN SOLOMON; HILLEL BEN
ELIAKIM; ISSACHAR DOV BAER BEN
ARYEH LEIB OF ZLOCZOW; JEHIEL MEIR
OF GOSTYNIN; RADOMSKO, SOLOMON
HA-KOHEN RABINOWICH OF; STRELISK,
URI BEN PHINEHAS OF; STRELISK, URI
BEN PHINEHAS OF; TWERSKY; WEIL,
NETHANEL BEN NAPHTALI ZEVI;
WILDMANN, ISAAC EISIK; ZECHARIAH
BEN BARACHEL; ZE'EV WOLF OF
ZHITOMIR

Mordechai Rabinson, Dr.Phil.,
Writer, Jerusalem: brandstaedter,

MORDECAI DAVID

Arnold Rachlis*: orange county

Sarlota Rachmuth-Gerstl, Ing.;

Jerusalem: galanta; humenne

Emanuel Rackman, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Chancellor, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: domestic peace

Howard B. Radest, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Philosophy, Ramapo
College, Mahwah, New Jersey:

NEUMANN, HENRY

Jihan (Jennifer) Radjai-
Ordoubadi*, M.A.; Trainee
in Jewish Studies, Heidelberg,
Germany: koller-pinell, broncia;

KRESTIN, LAZAR; LEVY, RUDOLF; LILIEN,
EPHRAIM MOSES; OPPENHEIMER, JOSEPH;
ORLIK. EMIL; OSBORN, MAX; RICHTER,
HANS; SALOMON, CHARLOTTE; SEGAL,
ARTHUR; WOLF, GUSTAV; WOLLHEIM,
GERT H.

Amichai Radzyner*, Ph.D.,
Lecturer in Jewish Law, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: appeal

Arie Rafaeli-Zenziper, Director of
the Russian Zionist Archives, Tel

Aviv: PETROGRAD CONFERENCE

Bracha Rager*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Microbiology and Immunology,
Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-

136

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Gurion University of the Negev,
Beersheba; Ministry of Health,
Beersheba: abir, david; adler,

CHARLES; ALTMAN, SIDNEY; ANGRIST,
ALFRED ALVIN; ARNON, RUTH; ATLAS,
DAVID; BALTIMORE, DAVID; BAUER,
SIMON HARVEY; BEN-ABRAHAM,
ZVI; BIRK, YEHUDITH; CHET, ILAN;
CIECHANOVER, AARON J.; COHEN, PAUL
JOSEPH; COHEN-TANNOUDJI CLAUDE;
DORFMAN, RALPH ISADORE; DORON,
HAIM; DVORETZKY, ARYEH; ELIEL,
ERNEST LUDWIG; FAHN, ABRAHAM;
FLEISCHER, MICHAEL; FRIEND,
CHARLOTTE; GLICK, DAVID; GREENBERG,
DAVID MORRIS; GROSSMAN, MORTON
IRVIN; GRUNBAUM, ADOLF; HALPERN,
JACK; HARARI, HAYYIM; HARRIS, MILTON;
HEIDELBERGER, MICHAEL; HELPERN,
MILTON; ISRAEL, STATE OF: HEALTH,
WELFARE, AND SOCIAL SECURITY; JAFFE,
LEONARD; JORTNER, JOSHUA; KARPLUS,
HEINRICH; KATZIR, AHARON; KATZIR,
EPHRAIM; KEDEM, ORA; LEVITZKI,
ALEXANDER; MENDELSSOHN, KURT
ALFRED GEORG; NEUFELD, HENRY;
PADEH, BARUCH; PENZIAS, ARNO ALLAN;
PRYWES, MOSHE; RAGER, ITZHACK;
RAM, MOSHE; RAMOT, BRACHA; REVEL,
MICHEL; RICHTER, BURTON; SACHS, LEO;
SEGRE, EMILIO GINO; SHECHTMAN, DAN;
SZWARC, MICHAEL; TOBIAS, PHILLIP
VALLENTINE; WHITE, ROBERT MAYER;
WILLNER, ITAMAR; YONATH, ADA

Sanford Ragins, M.A., Rabbi;

Hartsdale, New York: Nebraska

Jay (Douglas, Philip) Rahn*, Ph.D.,
Professor of Music, York University,
Toronto, Canada: adaskin, Murray;

ANHALT, ISTVAN; CHERNEY, BRIAN;
FREEDMAN, HARRY; MORAWETZ, OSKAR;
WEINZWEIG, JOHN

Rosa Perla Raicher, M.A.; Tel Aviv:

URUGUAY; ZIONISM

Mark A. Raider*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Jewish History, incumbent of the
Jewish Foundation of Cincinnati
Endowed Chair in Judaic Studies,
and Head of the Department of
Judaic Studies at the University of
Cincinnati, Ohio: united states of

AMERICA

Miriam B. Raider-Roth*, Ed. D.;

Assistant Professor of Educational
Theory and Practice, University at
Albany, State University of New

York: gilligan, carol Friedman

Anson Rainey, Ph.D.; Associate

Professor of Ancient Middle Eastern
Civilization, Tel Aviv University:

AHARONI, YOHANAN; CHALDEA,
CHALDEANS; CONCUBINE; FAMILY;
SACRIFICE; UGARIT; UGARITIC

Aaron Rakeffet-Rothkoff*, See

Aaron Rothkoff

Nahum Rakover, Dr. Jur.; Advisor
on Jewish Law, Ministry of Justice,
Jerusalem: agency; ecology; lease

AND HIRE; SHALISH; SHOMERIM

Hanna Ram, M.A.; History
Museum of Tel Aviv: tel aviv-jaffa

Shaul Ramati, M.A.; Lieutenant
Colonel (Res.), Israel Defense
Forces; Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
Jerusalem: Thailand

Naama Ramot*, M.A.;
Musicologist, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: adler, larry ; ancerl,

KAREL; AX, EMANUEL; BACHAUER, GINA;
BARENBOIM, DANIEL; BELL, JOSHUA;
BENDIX, OTTO; BERGER, ARTHUR
VICTOR; BERTINI, GARY; BRAILOWSKY,
ALEXANDER; BRANT, HENRY DREYFUS;
BROD, MAX; BRONFMAN, YEFIM;
BROWNING, JOHN; COMISSIONA, SERGIU;
DICHTER, MISHA; EDEN-TAMIR; FISCHER,
ANNIE; FLEISHER, LEON; FRIED, MIRIAM;
GOLDBERG, SZYMON; GOTTSCHALK,
LOUIS MOREAU; HAENDEL, IDA; HASKIL,
CLARA; HINRICHSEN; ISSERLIS, STEVEN;
ISTOMIN, EUGENE; KALICHSTEIN,
JOSEPH; KATCHEN, JULIUS; KATZ,
MINDRU; KENTNER, LOUIS; KLEMPERER,
OTTO; KRAUS, LILI; KREISLER, FRITZ;
LANDOWSKA, WANDA; LEIGH, ADELE;
LEVI, YOEL; LOEWE, FREDERICK; MAAZEL,
LORIN; MEHTA, ZUBIN; MENUHIN,
HEPHZIBAH; MILLER, MITCH; MINTZ,
SHLOMO; PERAHIA, MURRAY; PERLMAN,
ITZHAK; PISK, PAUL AMADEUS; PRESSLER,
MENAHEM; SALZMAN, PNINA; SCHIFF,
ANDRAS; SCHIFRIN, LALO; SERKIN,
PETER ADOLF; SHAHAM, GIL; SHMUELI,
HERZL; SILBERMANN, ALPHONS; SINGER,
GEORGE; SLATKIN, LEONARD; SMOIRA-
COHN, MICHAL; SOLTI, SIR GEORG;
SONDHEIM, STEPHEN; SPIVAKOVSKY,
TOSSY; STERN, ISAAC; STRANSKY, JOSEF;
STRAUSS II, JOHANN; SUSSKIND, WALTER;
SZELL, GEORGE; SZERYNG, HENRYK;
TUGAL, PIERRE; WEISSENBERG, ALEXIS;
ZUKERMAN, PINCHAS; ZUKOFSKY, PAUL

Gila Ramras-Rauch*, Ph.D.;
Weinstein Professor of Jewish
Literature, Hebrew College, Boston:

APPELFELD, AHARON

Jo Ranson, Theater Critic, New
York: cohn, harry-, corwin, norman

LEWIS; FROHMAN; GLASS, MONTAGUE
MARSDEN; GOLDWYN, SAMUEL; GREEN,
ABEL; GREEN, ABEL; HARBURG, E.Y;
JOLSON, AL

Amia Raphael, London: goldsmiths

AND SILVERSMITHS; OFIR, ARIE

Chaim Raphael, Writer, London

Yitzchak Raphael, Ph.D.; Member
of the Knesset, Jerusalem: kowalsky,

JUDAH LEIB; MOSES LEIB OF SASOV;
ROZOVSKI, PINHAS

Nimrod Raphaeli, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Political Science, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: simon,

HERBERT ALEXANDER

Nessa Rapoport*, Writer, New
York: rotenberg, mattie levi

Solomon Rappaport, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Hebrew, the University
of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,
South Africa: dio cassius; hermetic

WRITINGS; HOMER; MARTIAL; PSEUDO-
SCYLAX

Uriel Rappaport, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Jewish History, Haifa
University: ananias and helkias;

ARCHISYNAGOGOS; BAR GIORA, SIMEON;
BOSPHORUS, KINGDOM OF; CARTHAGE;
CHALCIS; CICERO, MARCUS TULLIUS;
CYRUS; ELEAZAR BEN MATTATHIAS;
FLAVIUS, CLEMENS; HADRIAN, PUBLIUS
AELIUS; HERODIANS; HEVER HA-
YEHUDIM; HYRCANUS II; JADDUA;
JASON; JASON OF CYRENE; JOHANAN BEN
JEHOIADA; JOHANAN THE HASMONEAN;
KEFAR SHIHLAYIM; KOS; LAODICEA;
LEONTOPOLIS; LYSIAS; MARCUS AURELIUS
ANTONINUS; MENELAUS; MONOBAZ
I AND II; NICANOR; NICANOR'S GATE;
PHAROS; QUIETUS, LUSIUS; SIMEON SON
OF ONIAS I; SIMEON THE HASMONEAN;
SIMEON THE JUST; SOLOMON, PSALMS OF;
SPARTA; THEOPHILUS; TITUS, ARCH OF;
ZENODORUS

Dennis Rapps*, M.A., J.D.;
Attorney, General Council, National
Jewish Commission on Law and
Public Affairs, New York: lewin,

NATHAN

Ariel Rathaus*, Ph.D.; Translator
and Researcher, Jerusalem:

FRANCES, JACOB BEN DAVID; SVEVO,
ITALO

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

137

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Annette Levy-Ratkin*, B.A., M.L.S.;
Archivist, Jewish Federation of
Nashville and Middle Tennessee,
Nashville: nashville

Sidney Ratner, Ph.D.; Professor of
History, Rutgers University, New
Brunswick, New Jersey: kallen,

HORACE MEYER

Yohanan Ratner, M.Sc; Major
General (Res.), Israel Defense
Forces; Emeritus Professor of
Architecture, the Technion, Haifa

Yehuda Ratzaby, M.A.; Senior
Lecturer in Medieval Hebrew
Literature and in Jewish- Arabic
Literature, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: Abraham ben halfon;

ABYAD, YIHYA BEN SHALOM; ADANI,
DAVID BEN AMRAM; ADANI, DAVID
BEN YESHA HA-LEVI; ADANI, MIZRAHI
SHALOM; ADANI, SAADIAH BEN DAVID;
ALSHEIKH, RAPHAEL BEN SHALOM;
BADIHI, YAHYA BEN JUDAH; BALIDEH,
MOSES; BARUCH BEN SAMUEL; BASHIRI,
YAHYA; DHAMARl, MANSUR SULEIMAN;
DHAMARI, SAID BEN DAVID; HABSHUSH,
SHALOM BEN YAHYA; HAMDl, LEVI BEN
YESHUAH; IBN ZABARA, JOSEPH BEN
MEIR; IRAQI, ELEAZAR BEN AARON
HA-KOHEN; IRAQI, SHALOM HA-KOHEN;
IRAQI, SHALOM JOSEPH; JIZFAN, JUDAH
BEN JOSEPH; JOSEPH BEN ISRAEL; JOSEPH,
SAUL ABDALLAH; KAFAH, YIHYE BEN
SOLOMON; KAREH, SOLOMON; KORAH,
HAYYIM BEN JOSEPH; KORAH, YAHYA
BEN SHALOM; LAWANI, DA'UD; LEVI, SAID
BEN SHALOM; MANSURAH, SAADIAH
BEN JUDAH; MANSURAH, SHALOM BEN
JUDAH; MAWZA; MIZRAHI, DAVID BEN
SHALOM; NAJRAN; SAADl, JUDAH BEN
SOLOMON; SAADIAH; SALIH IBN YAHYA
IBN JOSEPH; SALIH, ABRAHAM; SALIH,
YAHYA BEN JOSEPH; SARUM, ABRAHAM;
SEFIRAH, SAADIAH BEN JOSEPH; SHABAZI,
SHALEM; SHARABI, SHALOM; WANNEH,
ISAAC BEN ABRAHAM; YIHYE, ISAAC
HA-LEVI; ZECHARIAH AL-DAHIRI;
ZECHARIAH BEN SOLOMON-ROFE; ZULAY,
MENAHEM

Benjamin (C.I.) Ravid*, Ph.D.,
Professor, Brandeis University:

BRIT IVRIT OLAMIT; BONFIL, ROBERT;
RAWIDOWICZ, SIMON; VENICE

Melech Ravitch, Writer, Montreal:

BERLINER, ISAAC; BIALOSTOTZKY,
BENJAMIN JACOB; BICKELS-SPITZER, ZVI;
BLUM, ELIEZER; BRODERZON, MOYSHE;
BURSZTYN, MICHAL; CHMELNITZKI,
MELECH; DILLON, ABRAHAM MOSES;

FEFER, ITZIK; FRUG, SHIMON SHMUEL;
GEBIRTIG, MORDECHAI; GILBERT,
SHLOMO; GISER, MOSES DAVID;
GLASMAN, BARUCH; GORDIN, ABBA;
GOTTESFELD, CHONE; GOTTLIEB, JACOB;
GRYNBERG, BERL; GUTMAN, CHAIM;
HOROWITZ, BER; JAFFE, LEIB; KACYZNE,
ALTER; KAGANOWSKI, EFRAIM; LANDAU,
ZISHE; LAPIN, BERL; LERER, YEHIEL;
MALACH, LEIB; MASTBAUM, JOEL;
NAIDUS, LEIB; NEUGROESCHEL, MENDEL;
NOMBERG, HERSH DAVID; PRYLUCKI,
NOAH; SCHNAPPER, BER; TEPPER, KOLYA;
WARSHAVSKY, YAKIR; WARSZAWSKI, OSER;
YEHOASH; YOFFE, MORDECAI; ZIVION

Aviezer Ravitzky*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Jewish Philosophy, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: zerahiah

BEN ISAAC BEN SHEALTIEL

Norman Ravvin*, Ph.D.; Chair,
Canadian Jewish Studies, Concordia
University, Montreal, Canada:

COHEN, LEONARD; COHEN, MATT; KLEIN,
A.M.; KREISEL, HENRY; MANDEL, ELI;
RICHLER, MORDECAI

Shoey Raz* , M.A.; Ph.D. Doctoral
Student, Department of Philosophy,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

LATIF, ISAAC B. ABRAHAM IBN

Simha Raz, General Secretary, Brit
Ivrit Olamit, Jerusalem: levin, aryeh

Roberta Rebold, B.A.; Writer and
Researcher, Jerusalem: coalition

FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF JEWISH
EDUCATION

Shimon Redlich, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
History, the University of the Negev,
Beersheba: Birobidzhan; stalin,

JOSEPH VISSARIONOVICH

David (Allen) Rees*, B.A.;
Graduate Student (History),
Ludwig- Maximilians- Universitat,
Munich, Germany: marle, Arnold

Uri Regev, L.L.B., Rabbi; Director,
The Israel Religious Action Center,
Jerusalem

Sidney L. Regner, B.A., Rabbi;
Executive Vice President, Central
Conference of American Rabbis,
New York: synagogue council of

AMERICA, THE

Ronny Reich, Ph.D.; Director of
Documentation, Israel Antiquities
Authority, Jerusalem

Harry Reicher* , B.Econ., L.L.B.,
L.L.M.; Adjunct Professor of Law,
University of Pennsylvania Law
School; Member, United States
Holocaust Memorial Council,
Pennsylvania: war crimes trials

Stefan C. Reif, Ph.D.; Director of
Genizah Unit and Head of Oriental
Department, Cambridge University
Library: genizah, cairo

Manfred Reifer, Dr.Phil.;

Encyclopaedia Judaica (Germany);
Tel Aviv: bukovina

Elena Reikher (Temin)*, Ph.D.,
Musicology, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: Bukhara

Jack Reimer, M.H.L., Rabbi;
Lecturer, Dept. of Judaic Studies,
University of Dayton, Ohio:

BETTELHEIM, ALBERT SIEGFRIED;
BLUMENTHAL, JOSEPH; BOKSER, BEN
ZION; BRAUDE, WILLIAM GORDON;
COHEN, MORTIMER JOSEPH; DAYTON;
DEMBITZ, LEWIS NAPHTALI; EISENDRATH,
MAURICE NATHAN; EISENSTEIN, IRA;
FRIEDMAN, THEODORE; GOLDIN, JUDAH;
GOLDMAN, SOLOMON; GORDIS, ROBERT;
GORDON, ALBERT I.; GORDON, HAROLD;
GREENBERG, SIMON; HOFFMAN,
CHARLES ISAIAH; JASTROW; KARP,
ABRAHAM J.; KOHN, EUGENE; KOHUT;
LEESER, ISAAC; LEVITSKY, LOUIS MOSES;
MORAIS, SABATO; RAPHALL, MORRIS
JACOB

Bob Reinalda*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in International Relations,
Radboud University Nijmegen, The
Netherlands: miranda, Salomon

RODRIGUES DE

Alvin J. Reines, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Philosophy, the Hebrew
Union College-Jewish Institute of
Religion, New York: abrabanel,

ISAAC BEN JUDAH; DIESENDRUCK,
ZEVI; METAPHYSICS; NEUMARK,
DAVID; REDEMPTION; SKEPTICS AND
SKEPTICISM; TIME AND ETERNITY

Jehuda Reinharz, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of History, the University
of Michigan, Ann Arbor: farband;

ZIONISM

Shulamit Reinharz*: szold,

HENRIETTA

Joel (Ira) Reisman*, B.A.;
Healthcare Analyst, Edith Nourse

138

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Rogers Memorial Hospital, Bedford,
Massachusetts: Alaska

Hanns G. Reissner, Ph.D.; Professor
of History, New York Institute of
Technology, Old Westbury, New

York: ABRAHAM; ALTMAN, BENJAMIN;
CARO, GEORG MARTIN; DREYFUS;
GIMBEL; GOLDMAN; HIRSCH, BARON
MAURICE DE; KUHN-LOEB; LAZARD;
LAZARUS; LEHMAN; MENDELSSOHN;
OPPENHE1M; SAINT-SIMONISM; SERING,
MAX; SPEYER; STRAUS; STRAUSS, LEVI;
VEIT

Alan Reitman, B.A.; Associate
Director of the American Civil
Liberties Union, New York: hays,

ARTHUR GARFIELD

Elie Rekhess*, Ph.D., Senior
Research Fellow, Tel Aviv
University: Israel, state of: arab

POPULATION

Joel (E.) Rembaum*, B.A., M.A.,
Ph.D., Rabbi; Senior Rabbi, Temple
Beth Am, Los Angeles: pressman,

JACOB

Gary A. Rendsburg*, Ph.D.,
Blanche and Irving Laurie Chair in
Jewish History, Rutgers University,
New Brunswick, New Jersey: ebla

Yehuda Reshef, LL.B.; Ministry of

Justice, Haifa: bormann, martin;

BUCHENWALD; DARQUIER DE PELLEPOIX,
LOUIS; EPPSTEIN, PAUL; FRANK, HANS
MICHAEL; FRANK, KARL HERMANN;
FRANKFURTER, DAVID; GERSTEIN, KURT;
GLOBOCNIK, ODILO; GLUECKS, RICHARD;
GOEBBELS, PAUL JOSEF; GOERING,
HERMANN WILHELM; HEYDRICH,
REINHARD TRISTAN; HIMMLER,
HEINRICH; HIRSCH, OTTO; JACOB,
BERTHOLD; KALTENBRUNNER, ERNST;
KATZMANN, FRIEDRICH; LAMBERT,
RAYMOND RAOUL; LUX, STEFAN;
MAUTHAUSEN; MUELLER, HEINRICH;
MUSELMANN; NATZWEILER-STRUTHOF;
POHL, OSWALD; RADEMACHER, FRANZ;
RAUTER, HANNS ALBIN; RAVENSBRUECK;
REICHSVEREINIGUNG;REICHSZENTRALE
FUER JUEDISCHE AUSWANDERUNG;
RIBBENTROP, JOACHIM VON; ROSENBERG,
ALFRED; RSHA; SACHSENHAUSEN-
ORANIENBURG; SAUCKEL, FRITZ;
SCHACHT PLAN; SCHELLENBERG,
WALTER; STROOP, JUERGEN; VALLAT,
XAVIER; WIENER LIBRARY; WIENER,
ALFRED; WISLICENY, DIETER

Rosa Perla Resnick*, Ph.D.;

University Professor, CUNY, Yeshiva
University, Columbia University,
New York: resnick, Salomon

Gideon Reuveni*, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
University of Melbourne, Australia

Shmuel Dov Revital, Dr.Jur.; State
Comptroller s Office, Jerusalem:

PARTNERSHIP

Hanoch Reviv, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Jewish History, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: abimelech;

ALALAKH; ARCHIVES; ATHALIAH;
BAASHA; CITY; CORVEE; ELAH; HISTORY:
BEGINNING UNTIL THE MONARCHY;
HISTORY: KINGDOMS OF JUDAH
AND ISRAEL; NABOTH; TRADE AND
COMMERCE; ZEDEKIAH

Charles Reznikoff, LL.B.; Author,

New York: konvitz, milton ridvas;

PANKEN, JACOB

Harold U. Ribalow, B.S.; Writer,

New York: fast, Howard melvin;

FERBER, EDNA; URIS, LEON

Arnold (David) Richards*,

M.D.; Psychiatrist, Psychoanalyst,
New York University School of
Medicine Department of Psychiatry,
Psychoanalytic Institute, New York:

FREUD, SIGMUND

Elisheva Rigbi*, Ph.D.; Lecturer of
Musicology, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: katz, ruth

Bryan Mark Rigg*> Ph.D.; Private
Wealth Manager at Credit Suisse,
Dallas: Nuremberg laws

Elimelech Rimalt, Ph.D.; Member
of the Knesset, Former Minister of
Posts, Ramat Gan: innsbruck

Allie Rimer* : new Brunswick

Chanoch Rinott, Ph.D.; Senior
Teacher and Director of the
Center for Jewish Education in the
Diaspora, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: youth aliyah

Moshe Rinott, Ph.D.; Senior
Teacher in Education, Haifa
University: cohn-reiss,

EPHRAIM

Moses Rischin, Ph.D.; Professor of
History, San Francisco State College;
Director of the Western Jewish

History Center, Berkeley, California:

CAHAN, ABRAHAM

Yitzhak Rischin, B.A. (Hons.);
Managing Director of Keter
Publishing House Ltd., Jerusalem:

AUSTRALIA; MELBOURNE

Israel Ritov, Journalist, Tel Aviv: he-

HALUTZ; Z.S.; ZETREI ZION

Paul Ritterband, M.H.L., Ph.D.;
Associate Professor, Departments of
Sociology and Jewish Studies, City
University of New York

Marina Ritzarev*, Ph.D., Professor,
Musicologist, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: abeliovich, lev

MOYSSEYEVICH; ALSHVANG, ARNOLD
ALEKSANDROVICH; ALTSCHULER,
MODEST; ARONOVICH, YURI
MIKHAYLOVICH; ASHKENAZY, VLADIMIR
DAVIDOVICH; AVSHALOMOV, AARON;
BABIN, VICTOR; BARMAS, ISSAY; BELY,
VICTOR ARKADYEVICH; BLUMENFELD,
FELIX MIKHAYLOVICH; BRUSSILOVSKY,
YEVGENI GRIGORYEVICH; FEINBERG,
SAMUEL YEVGENYEVICH; KROSHNER,
MIKHAIL YEFIMOVICH; LEVITSKY,
MISCHA; LITINSKI, GENRIKH ILYICH;
MAYKAPAR, SAMUIL MOYSEYEVICH;
SLONIMSKY, NICOLAS; SLONIMSKY,
SERGEI MIKHAILOVICH; STEINBERG,
MAXIMILIAN OSSEJEVICH; TARUSKIN,
RICHARD; VEINBERG, MOISSEY
SAMUILOVICH; WEISSBERG, JULIA
LAZAREVNA; ZHITOMIRSKI, ALEXANDER
MATVEYEVICH

Benjamin Rivlin, Writer, Jerusalem:

DVORZETSKY, MARK MEIR; RIVLIN;
RIVLIN, JOSEPH JOEL

Ronald Robboy*, Former Senior
Researcher, The Thomashefsky
Project; Senior Researcher

Encyclopedia of Yiddish
Theater; Cellist, San Diego
Symphony Orchestra, San Diego:

THOMASHEFSKY, BESSIE

Marthe Robert, Researcher and
Writer, Paris: nemirovsky, irene

B.J. Roberts, D.D.; Professor
of Hebrew and Biblical Studies,
University College of North Wales,
Bangor: kahle, paul ernst

George Robinson*, B.A., M.F.A.;
Film Critic, Music Critic, Author,
Jewish Week, New York; Inside
Magazine, Philadelphia: amram,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

139

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

DAVID; BRECKER BROTHERS; ELMAN,
ZIGGY; FEATHER, LEONARD; FLECK, BELA;
GETZ, STAN; GIBBS, TERRY; HENTOFF,
NAT; KESSEL, BARNEY; KLEIN, MANNIE;
KONITZ, LEE; LACY, STEVE; MANN,
HERBIE; MANNE, SHELLY; RICH, BUDDY;
RODNEY, RED; TORME, MEL

Ira Robinson*, Ph.D., Professor,
Concordia University, Montreal,
Quebec: cohen, hirsh; denburg,

CHAIM; HERSCHORN, JOSHUA HALEVY;
HIRSCHPRUNG, PINHAS; KAGE, JOSEPH;
ROSENBERG, YEHUDA YUDEL

Jacob Robinson, Dr.Jur.;
Coordinator of Research Activities
and Publications on the Holocaust
for Yad Vashem and YIVO, New
York: holocaust: behavior of the

VICTIMS; NAZI-DEUTSCH

James T. Robinson*, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor of the History of
Judaism, The University of Chicago,
The Divinity School, Chicago:

TIBBON, IBN

Leye Robinson*: boraisha,

MENAHEM

Nehemiah Robinson, Dr. Phil.;
Director of the Institute of Jewish
Affairs, New York: genocide

CONVENTION

Samuele Rocca*, Ph.D., Lecturer in
Art History, Wizo College, Haifa:

ANCONA; ANCONA; AQUILEIA; ASCOLI,
ETTORE; BASSANO; FRIULI-VENEZIA
GIULIA; GORIZIA; ISTRIA; LEGIO; LEVI,
DORO; LOLLI, EUDE; LOMBROSO, CESARE;
LUZZATTO, EPHRAIM; MARGULIES,
SAMUEL HIRSCH; MILAN; MOSCATI,
SABATINO; NAPLES; OSTIA; POMPEII;
RAVENNA; ROME; ROVIGO; SAN DANIELE
DEL FRIULI; SERMONETA, JOSEPH
BARUCH; TREVISO; TRIESTE; TURIN

Robert Rockaway, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of American Urban
History, the University of Texas,
El Paso: brown, david Abraham;

DETROIT

Stuart Rockoff*, Ph.D.; Director,
History Department, Goldring/
Woldenberg Institute of Southern
Jewish Life, Jackson, Mississippi:

GEORGIA; INSTITUTE OF SOUTHERN
JEWISH LIFE, GOLDRING / WOLDENBERG;
MISSISSIPPI; NUSSBAUM, PERRY

Edouard Roditi, B.A.; Art

Critic, Paris: adler, jules; bihari,

ALEXANDER; PARIS SCHOOL OF ART

Peretz (A.) Rodman*, M.A., Rabbi;
Jewish Educator, Independent
Scholar, Jerusalem: hammer,

REUVEN

Ilia (M.) Rodov*, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

JERUSALEM

Linda Rodriguez*, M.A.; Former
Director, Women's Center,
University of Missouri- Kansas City:

GLUCK, LOUISE

Nils Roemer*, Ph.D., Senior
Lecturer, University of
Southampton, England: verein

FUER KULTUR UND WISSENSCHAFT DES
JUDENTUMS

Leonard (William) RogofF*, Ph.D.,
Research Historian, Jewish Heritage
Foundation of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina:

CHARLOTTE; DURHAM; NORTH
CAROLINA

Stefan Rohrbacher*, Dr.Phil.;
Professor, Heinrich-Heine
Universitat, Diisseldorf, Germany:

AACHEN; AHLEM; ALTENSTADT;
ASCHAFFENBURG; AUGSBURG; BADEN;
BERLIN; DARMSTADT; DEGGENDORF;
DEUTZ; DUESSELDORF; DUISBURG;
ERFURT; GERMANY; HAMBURG;
JEBENHAUSEN

Emilie Roi*, Writer, Jerusalem:

COHN,GEORG

Yaacov Ro'i, M.A.; Visiting
Researcher in Middle Eastern
Studies, Tel Aviv University: Russia

Betty Roitman, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of French and
Comparative Literature, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem

Avshalom Rokach, M.Sc;
Agronomist, Jerusalem: lachish

REGION

Isaac Rokach, Managing Director of
the Pardess Syndicate, Herzliyyah:

CITRUS

David Rokeah, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Jewish History, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: julian the

APOSTATE

Giorgio Romano, LL.D.; Journalist,
Tel Aviv: ascarelli, tullio;

BEDARIDA, GUIDO; BEMPORAD, ENRICO;
BOLAFFIO, LEONE; CAMERINI, EUGENIO
SALOMONE; CAMMEO, FEDERICO;
CANTONI, ALBERTO; CANTONI, LELIO;
CARNIVAL; CASTELNUOVO, ENRICO;
CATTANEO, CARLO; DA VERONA,
GUIDO; DE BENEDETTI, ALDO; DEL
BANCO, ANSELMO; FALCO, MARIO;
FOA; GINZBURG, NATALIA; ITALIAN
LITERATURE; LEVI, CARLO; LEVI,
EUGENIO; LOPEZ, SABATINO; LUZZATTI,
LUIGI; LUZZATTO, GINO; MALVANO,
GIACOMO; MANIN, DANIELE; MASSARANI,
TULLO; MAYER, SALLY; MICHELSTAEDTER,
CARLO; MODIGLIANI, VITTORIO
EMANUELE; MORAVIA, ALBERTO;
MORPURGO, SALOMONE; MORTARA
CASE; MORTARA, LODOVICO; ORVIETO,
ANGIOLO; OTTOLENGHI, JOSEPH
BEN NATHAN; POLACCO, VITTORIO;
PRATO, DAVID; REVERE, GIUSEPPE
PROSPERO; ROSSELLI; SABA, UMBERTO;
SAN NICANDRO; SONNINO, SIDNEY;
TERRACINI, UMBERTO ELIA; TREVES,
EMILIO; VITTA, CINO; VIVANTE, CESARE;
VIVANTI CHARTRES, ANNIE; VOLTERRA,
EDOARDO

Daniel Romanowski, Ph.D.; the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

AZERBAIJAN; BELARUS; KYRGYZSTAN;
LATVIA; LITHUANIA; MOLDOVA; PRESS;
RUSSIA; UKRAINE

David Rome, M.A.; Librarian,
Lecturer in Jewish Studies, Loyola
College, Montreal: shtern; zipper,

YAAKOV

Joachim O. Ronall, LL.D.; Professor
of Economics, Fordham University,

New York: abramovitz, moses;

ADLER, GEORG; AFTALION, ALBERT;
ALTARAS, JACQUES ISAAC; ALTMAN,
OSCAR LOUIS; ANGEL, SHEMAYAHU;
BACHE; BACRI; BALLIN, ALBERT; BALOGH,
THOMAS, BARON; BAMBERGER, LUDWIG;
BECHER, SIEGFRIED; BELMONT, AUGUST;
BERGSON, ABRAM; BISCHOFFSHEIM;
BLANK, MAURICE; BLEICHROEDER;
BLUM, JULIUS; BONN, MORITZ JULIUS;
BORCHARDT, LUCY; BRONFENBRENNER,
MARTIN; BRUTZKUS, BORIS DOV; BUNZL;
BURNS, ARTHUR FRANK; CASSEL, SIR
ERNEST JOSEPH; CASTIGLIONI, CAMILLO;
CITROEN, ANDRE GUSTAVE; COHEN,
ARTHUR; COHEN, RUTH LOUISA;
COHN, GUSTAV; COLM, GERHARD;
DERNBURG; DEVONS, ELY; DORFMAN,
JOSEPH; EICHTHAL-SELIGMANN; EINZIG,
PAUL; ERLANGER; EZEKIEL, MORDECAI
JOSEPH BRILL; FABRICANT, SOLOMON;

140

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

FEIS, HERBERT; FELLNER, WILLIAM
JOHN; FERKAUF, EUGENE; FRIEDMAN,
MILTON; FUERSTENBERG, CARL; GILBERT,
MILTON; GOLDENWEISER, EMANUEL
ALEXANDROVICH; GOLDSCHMIDT,
JAKOB; GOLDSMITH, RAYMOND
WILLIAM; GRANT, BARON ALBERT;
GREENSPAN, ALAN; GREGORY, SIR
THEODORE; GRUENBAUM, HENRY;
GUTMANN, EUGEN; HABER; HAHN,
ALBERT L.; HALLGARTEN; HEILPERIN,
MICHAEL ANGELO; HEINE, SOLOMON;
HIMMELSTEIN, LENA; HIRSCHMAN,
ALBERT OTTO; HIRSHHORN, JOSEPH
HERMAN; HOSELITZ, BERTHOLD FRANK;
JASNY, NAUM; JOEL, OTTO J.; KAHN,
OTTO HERMANN; KALDOR, NICHOLAS,
BARON; KALECKI, MICHAL; KASKEL;
KAULLA; KISCH; KOENIGSWARTER;
LADEJINSKY, WOLF ISAAC; LANCZY, LEO;
LERNER, ABBA PETACHJA; LINOWITZ,
SOL MYRON; LORIA, ACHILLE; LOWE,
ADOLPH; LUBIN, ISADOR; MACHLUP,
FRITZ; MARGET, ARTHUR W; MARSCHAK,
JACOB; MELCHIOR, CARL; MICHAEL,
JAKOB; MIRES, JULES ISAAC; MISES,
LUDWIG EDLER VON; MORAWITZ, KARL
RITTER VON; MORGENSTERN, OSKAR;
NADLER, MARCUS; NATHAN, ROBERT
ROY; NEISSER, HANS PHILIPP; OHRBACH;
OPPENHEIMER, FRANZ; OSTROLENK,
BERNHARD; PEREIRE, EMILE and ISAAC;
PERLMAN, ALFRED EDWARD; PERLMAN,
JACOB; PINNER, FELIX; POLANYI,
KARL; POSTAN, MICHAEL MOISSEY;
PRIBRAM, KARL; RAFFALOVICH, ARTHUR
GERMANOVICH; RAISMAN, SIR JEREMY;
RICARDO, DAVID; RICH; RIESSER, JACOB;
RIKLIS, MESHULAM; ROSTOW, WALT
WHITMAN; RUEFF, JACQUES; SAMUEL,
RALPH E.; SAMUELSON, PAUL ANTHONY;
SCHAEFFER, HANS; SCHLESINGER,
KARL; SELIGMAN; SELIGMAN, EDWIN
ROBERT ANDERSON; SHARFMAN, ISAIAH
LEO; SIMON, NORTON; SOMARY, FELIX;
STEIN, HERBERT; STERN, SIR FREDERICK
CLAUDE; STIEGLITZ; STROUSBERG,
BETHEL HENRY; SUAREZ; SWOPE,
GERARD; TAUSSIG, FRANK WILLIAM;
URI, PIERRE EMMANUEL; VARGA,
YEVGENI SAMOILOVICH; VINER, JACOB;
WERTHEIM, MAURICE; WORMSER,
OLIVIER BORIS; ZILKHA

Avraham Ronen, Dott. in lett.;
Senior Lecturer in the History of
Art, Tel Aviv University: wadi al-

NATTUF

• •

Dan Ronen*, Ph.D.; Director,
Division of Culture and Arts
Ministry of Education and Culture,
Jerusalem: Israel, state of: cultural

LIFE, MUSIC, FOLK DANCE

Omri Ronen, Ph.D., Senior
Lecturer, Russian and Comparative
Literature, Hebrew University,
Jerusalem: aliger, Margarita

YOSIFOVNA; BRIK, OSIP MAKSIMOVICH;
EICHENBAUM, BORIS MIKHAILOVICH;
LIVSHITS, BENEDIKT KONSTANTINOVICH;
MANDELSHTAM, OSIP EMILYEVICH;
PARNAKH, VALENTIN YAKOVLEVICH;
ZHIRMUNSKY, VIKTOR MAKSIMOVICH

Meir Ronnen, B.F.A.; Journalist,
Jerusalem

Michael N. Rony*, M.A.; Ph.D.
Student, Ben-Gurion University of
the Negev, Beersheva: arama, isaac

BEN MOSES

Emanuel Rose, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Portland, Oregon

Or N. Rose*, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Associate Dean, The Rabbinical
School of Hebrew College, Hebrew
College, Boston: green, Arthur

Kenneth D. Roseman, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Assistant Professor of American
Jewish History, the Hebrew
Union College-Jewish Institute of
Religion, Cincinnati, Ohio: freiberg;

GOLDSMITH, SAMUEL ABRAHAM; GREEN-
STEIN, HARRY; SHRODER, WILLIAM J.

Mark Roseman*, Ph.D.; Pat M.
Glazer Chair in Jewish Studies,
Indiana University: wannsee

CONFERENCE

Gladys Rosen, Ph.D.; Historical

Researcher, New York: davis, moshe;

EPSTEIN, JUDITH; FREUND-ROSENTHAL,
MIRIAM KOTTLER; FRIEDENWALD;
HALPRIN, ROSE LURIA; LINDHEIM,
IRMA LEVY; MEYER, BARON DE HIRSCH;
NAROT, JOSEPH; ROSENSOHN, ETTA
LASKER; SATINSKY, SOL; SCHENK, FAYE L.;
SELIGSBERG, ALICE LILLIE; STEINBACH,
ALEXANDER ALAN; SZOLD, BENJAMIN;
TUSKA, SIMON

Janice Rosen*, M.A.; Archives
Director, Canadian Jewish Congress,
Montreal, Quebec: rome, david

Moshe Rosen, Jerusalem: ali ibn

SAHL IBN RABBAN AL-TABARl

■

Pinchas Rosen, Former Minister
of Justice, Jerusalem: independent

LIBERAL PARTY

Michael Rosenak, Ph.D.; Former

Director, Melton Center for Jewish
Education in the Diaspora, Mandel
Associate Professor for Jewish
Education, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem

Helen Rosenau, Dr. Phil.; Art

Historian, London: Abraham; adam;

ECCLESIA ET SYNAGOGA; JONAH, BOOK
OF

Miriam Rosen-Ayalon, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor in Islamic Art
and Archaeology; Head of the
Department of Islamic Civilization,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ETTINGHAUSEN, RICHARD

Fred S. Rosenbaum*, M.A.; History,
Founding Director, Lehrhaus
Judaica, Berkeley, California: asher,

JOSEPH; COHN, ELKAN; ECKMAN,
JULIUS; MAGNES MUSEUM, JUDAH
L.; ROSENMANN-TAUB, DAVID; SAN
FRANCISCO BAY AREA

Irving J. Rosenbaum, Rabbi; former
President, Hebrew Theological
College, Chicago; Davka Corp.

Jonathan Rosenbaum*, Ph.D.;
President and Professor of Religion,
Gratz College, Melrose Park,
Pennsylvania: gratz college;

GRODZINSKY, ZVI HIRSCH

Dan (Daniel) S. Rosenberg*, B.A.,
M.A., Ph.D.; Rabbi; New York
University: foundations

Jennifer Rosenberg*, M.A.,
M.S.W.; Director of Research, UJA-
Federation of New York: new york
city

Louis Rosenberg, B.A., B.S.;
Research Director, the Canadian
Jewish Congress, Montreal, Canada

Pnina Rosenberg*, Ph.D.; Art
Curator, Lecturer, Art Historian,
specializing in the art of the
Holocaust, Ghetto Fighters'
House Museum, Tivon, Israel:

ART: IN CONCENTRATION CAMPS AND
GHETTOES

Shalom Rosenberg, M.A.;
Jerusalem

Stephen G. (Gabriel) Rosenberg*,

Ph.D., FRIBA; Fellow of Albright
Institute of Archaeological Research,
Jerusalem, and Honorary Secretary

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

141

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

of Anglo-Israel Archaeological
Society, London: onias, temple of;

TOBIADS

Stuart E. Rosenberg, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Writer, Toronto: genizah, cairo,

LAWYERS; POLITICS

Samuel Rosenblatt, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Associate Professor of Oriental
Languages, Johns Hopkins
University, Baltimore: fano,

MENAHEM AZARIAH DA; FREUDEMANN,
SIMHAH; FREUND, SAMUEL BEN
ISSACHAR BAER; GALANTE; HAKDAMAH;
INCLINATION, GOOD AND EVIL; OLAM
HA-BA; PLUTARCH

Alvin H. Rosenfeld*, Ph.D.;

Professor of English and Jewish
Studies, Director of Institute for
Jewish Culture and the Arts, Indiana
University: frank, anne

Gavriel (D.) Rosenfeld*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor, Fairfield,
University, Connecticut:

FRIEDLAENDER, SAUL

Harry L. Rosenfeld, M.A., Rabbi;
rabbi of Congregation Beth Sholom,
Anchorage, Alaska

Geraldine Rosenfield, M.A.; the

American Jewish Committee, New
York: slawsonjohn

Ariella M. Rosengard*, M.D.:

MIROWSKI, MICHEL

Dale Rosengarten*, Ph.D.;
Curator and Historian, College of
Charleston, South Carolina: south

CAROLINA

Anny Dayan Rosenman*,

Ph.D.; Maitre de conference;
Universite Paris7 - Denis Diderot.
Departement de Lettres; Paris,
France: jabes, edmond; modiano,

PATRICK

Shabtai Rosenne, Ph.D.;
Ambassador, Ministry for Foreign
Affairs, Jerusalem: armistice

AGREEMENTS, ISRAEL-ARAB; GROTIUS,
HUGO

Menachem (Z.) Rosensaft*, B.A.
M.A., J.D.; Attorney, New York:

BERGEN-BELSEN

Joseph G. Rosenstein*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Mathematics, Rutgers

University, Highland Park,
New Jersey: national havurah

COMMITTEE

Morton Rosenstock, Ph.D.;
Professor of Social Studies and
Librarian, Bronx Community
College of the City University of
New York: backer, george; bijur,

NATHAN; BLAUSTEIN; BLOOMINGDALE;
BUTTENWIESER; COWEN, PHILIP;
CUTLER, HARRY; DEUTSCH, BERNARD
SEYMOUR; DITTENHOEFER, ABRAM JESSE;
EISNER, MARK; FLEXNER; GUGGENHEIM;
HAY, JOHN MILTON; JONAS, NATHAN
S.; KRAUS, ADOLF; LEWISOHN; MACK,
JULIAN WILLIAM; MARSHALL, LOUIS;
MORGENTHAU; ROSENWALD; SAPIRO,
AARON; SCHIFF, JACOB HENRY;
UNTERMYER, SAMUEL; WARBURG

Erich Rosenthal, Ph.D.; Professor
of Sociology, Queens College
of the City University of New
York: Chicago; mixed marriage,

INTERMARRIAGE

Esther Rosenthal (Schneiderman),

Cand. Pedag. Sci.; Jerusalem:

CHATZKELS, HELENE

Irving Rosenthal, M.A.; Associate
Professor of Journalism, City
College of the City University
of New York: adler, julius ochs;

ANNENBERG, WALTER H.; CARTOONISTS;
FORMIGGINI, ANGELO FORTUNATO;
KROCK, ARTHUR; LANDAU, JACOB;
LAWRENCE, DAVID; LICHTHEIM,
RICHARD; LIPPMANN, WALTER; MEYER,
EUGENE; NEWHOUSE, SAMUEL IRVING;
OCHS; PULITZER, JOSEPH; REUTER, PAUL
JULIUS, FREIHERR VON; RICHARDS,
BERNARD GERSON; SOUTHWOOD,
JULIUS SALTER ELIAS, FIRST VISCOUNT;
SULZBERGER, ARTHUR HAYS; SWOPE,
HERBERT BAYARD

Judah M. Rosenthal, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Former Professor of Biblical
Exegesis, the College of Jewish
Studies, Chicago; Jerusalem:

ABULRABI, AARON; DONIN, NICHOLAS;
HIWI AL-BALKHI; MESHWI AL-'UKBARI;
NUSSBAUM, HILARY; OFFICIAL, NATHAN
BEN JOSEPH and JOSEPH; PORCHETUS
SALVAGUS; PRISCUS; WAGENSEIL, JOHANN
CHRISTOPH; YUDGHAN

Moshe Rosetti, Former Clerk
of the Knesset, Tel Aviv: bassin,

MOSES; BEVIN, ERNEST; BLUM, LEON;
CLORE, SIR CHARLES; COHEN, ARTHUR;
DEUTSCHER, ISAAC; LASKI, HAROLD

JOSEPH; MARSHALL, DAVID SAUL;
MEINERTZHAGEN, RICHARD HENRY;
MENDES-FRANCE, PIERRE; MOCH, JULES
SALVADOR; MOND; WORLD LABOR
ZIONIST MOVEMENT; ZEIT, DIE

Gerald Rosin, Central African
Jewish Board of Deputies, Harare,
Zimbabwe: slawson, john

Fred Rosner, M.D.; Instructor
in Medicine, Downstate Medical
Center, Brooklyn, New York:

ANGRIST, ALFRED ALVIN; BENDER,
MORRIS BORIS; DAVIDOFF, LEO MAX;
DRESSLER, WILLIAM; FISHBEIN, MORRIS;
GARLOCK, JOHN HENRY; GROSSMAN,
MORTON IRVIN; GUTMAN, ALEXANDER
B.; GUTTMACHER, ALAN E; HELPERN,
MILTON; KAGAN, SOLOMON ROBERT;
KLEMPERER, PAUL; LEDERBERG, JOSHUA;
LEVINE, PHILIP; TRANSPLANTS

Menahem Rosner, Ph.D.; Professor,
Department of Sociology and
Anthropology, Haifa University:

KIBBUTZ MOVEMENT

Jacob Joshua Ross, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Senior Lecturer in Philosophy, Tel
Aviv University: freimann, jacob;

REVELATION

Daniel Rossing, M.T.S.; Director,
Melitz Center for Christian
Encounter with Israel, Jerusalem:

ISRAEL, STATE OF: RELIGIOUS LIFE AND
COMMUNITIES

Ruth Rossing*, B.A.; Secretary,
Translator, Center for the Study
of Emerging Diseases, Jerusalem:

AHARONOV, YAKIR; BERG, PAUL;
BERNSTEIN, HAROLD JOSEPH; BERNSTEIN,
JOSEPH; BLOCH, HERMAN SAMUEL;
BLOCH, KONRAD; BLUMBERG, BARUCH
SAMUEL; BODIAN, DAVID; BOGORAD,
LAWRENCE; BOROWITZ, SIDNEY; BROWN,
HAROLD; BROWN, HERBERT C; CALVIN,
MELVIN; CHARPAK, GEORGES; DISCHE,
ZACHARIAS; DROSDOFF, MATTHEW;
EDINGER, LUDWIG; ERLIK, DAVID;
FREUDENTHAL, ALFRED MARTIN;
FROHLICH, HERBERT; HALEVY, ABRAHAM
H.; RAZIN, AHARON; WAHL, ISAAK

Murray Roston, Ph.D.; Professor of
English, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan: daiches, david-, lowth, Robert

Cvi Rotem, Ph.D.; Journalist, Tel

Aviv: GOTTLIEB, HINKO; ROMANO,
SAMUEL; YUGOSLAV LITERATURE;
YUGOSLAVIA; ZIONISM

142

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Nathan Rotenstreich, Ph.D.;
Professor of Philosophy and Former
Rector, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: bergman, samuel hugo;

POZNANSKI, EDWARD

Alvin S. Roth, Ph.D., Rabbi; Albany,
New York

Cecil Roth, D.Phil., F.R.Hist. Soc;
Reader Emeritus in Jewish Studies,
the University of Oxford; Editor
in Chief of the Encyclopaedia
Judaica (1st ed.), Jerusalem: aaron

OF LINCOLN; AARON OF YORK; ABBA;
ABENAES, SOLOMON; ABENATAR
MELO, DAVID; ABENDANA; ABENDANA,
ISAAC; ABERDEEN; ABOAB; ABOAB DA
FONSECA, ISAAC; ABOAB, IMMANUEL;
ABOAB, ISAAC DE MATTATHIAS;
ABRABANEL, ABRAVANEL; ABRAHAM BEN
SHABBETAI HA-KOHEN; ABRAHAM OF
BEJA; ABRAHAMS; ABRAHAMS, ISRAEL;
ABRAHAMS, SIR LIONEL; ABSALOM;
ABULAFIA; ABULAFIA, EZEKIEL DAVID
BEN MORDECAI; ACOSTA, ISAAC;
ADLER; ADLER, ELKAN NATHAN; ADLER,
HERMANN; ADLER, MICHAEL; ADLER,
NATHAN MARCUS; ADOLPHUS; AFFONSO;
AFRICA; AGRIGENTO; AGUILAR,
GRACE; AGUILAR, MOSES RAPHAEL
D'; ALATINO; ALATRINI; ALATRINI,
ANGELO; ALESSANDRIA; ALEXANDER;
ALEXANDER, MICHAEL SOLOMON;
ALFONSO OF ZAMORA; ALMANSI;
ALMOSNINO; ALVARES; ANGLO-JEWISH
ASSOCIATION; ANTHROPOMORPHISM;
ANTONIO; ANTUNES; ARBIB; ARCHA;
ARCHPRESBYTER; AREZZO; ART;
ASSUMPCAO, DIOGO DA; ATIAS; AUTO
DA FE; AZEVEDO, MOSES COHEN D';
BAPTISM, FORCED; BARGAS, ABRAHAM
DE; BAROU, NOAH; BARRASSA, JACOB;
BARROS BASTO, ARTURO CARLOS DE;
BARTOLOCCI, GIULIO; BASOLA, MOSES
BEN MORDECAI; BASSANI, MORDECAI;
BASSANO; BATH; BEDARRIDES;
BEDFORD; BEJA; BELFAST; BELMONTE;
BENJAMIN NEHEMIAH BEN ELNATHAN;
BENJAMIN OF CAMBRIDGE; BENJAMIN
OF TUDELA; BENTWICH; BENVENISTE,
ISAAC BEN JOSEPH; BENVENISTE,
MOSES; BERNARDINO DA FELTRE;
BODLEIAN LIBRARY; BODO; BONJORN,
BONET DAVI; BOOK TRADE; BOOKS;
BRADFORD; BRAGANZA; BRAHAM,
JOHN; BRAMPTON, SIR EDWARD;
BRIGHTON; BRISTOL; BROTHERS,
RICHARD; BROWNING, ROBERT; BRUDO,
MANUEL; BURY ST. EDMUNDS; BUZAGLO;
CACERES, SIMON DE; CALLIGRAPHY
AND WRITING MASTERS; CAMBRIDGE;
CANTERBURY; CAPSALI, ELIJAH;
CARDIFF; CARDOZO, AARON NUNEZ;

CARICATURES; CARRASCON, JUAN;
CARVAJAL, ABRAHAM ISRAEL; CASSUTO,
UMBERTO; CASTRO, DE; CASTRO, JACOB
DE; CASTRO, PEDRO DE; CASTRO; CASTRO
SARMENTO, JACOB DE; CASTRO TARTAS,
DAVID DE; CASTRO TARTAS, ISAAC
DE; CEREMONIAL OBJECTS; CHANNEL
ISLANDS; CHAPBOOKS; CHATHAM;
COLCHESTER; COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER;
CORDOBA, ALONSO FERNANDEZ DE;
CORONEL CHACON, SIR AUGUSTIN;
CORSICA; COSTA; COSTA, EMANUEL
MENDES DA; COSTA ATHIAS, SOLOMON
DA; CROMWELL, OLIVER; CROOL,
JOSEPH; DAVIN DE CADEROUSSE; DOMUS
CONVERSORUM; DORMIDO, DAVID
ABRABANEL; DUBLIN; DUSCHINSKY,
CHARLES; EDINBURGH; ELIANO,
GIOVANNI BATTISTA; ELIAS LE EVESKE;
ELIJAH MENAHEM BEN MOSES; EMERY,
RICHARD WILDER; ENGLAND; EPITAPHS;
ESCUDERO, LORENZO; ESTEVENS, DAVID;
EUROPE; EXETER; EZEKIEL, ABRAHAM
EZEKIEL; FALK, SAMUEL JACOB HAYYIM;
FARIA, FRANCISCO DE; FERDINAND,
PHILIP; FINCH, SIR HENRY; FORGERIES;
FRANCIA, FRANCIS; FRANCO; FRANKS;
FRIEDENBERG, SAMUEL; GABBAI IZIDRO,
BRAHAM; GAMALIEL BEN PEDAHZUR;
GASTER, MOSES; GAUNSE, JOACHIM;
GEWITSCH, AARON WOLF; GHIRONDI,
MORDECAI SAMUEL BEN BENZION
ARYEH; GIBRALTAR; GIDEON, SAMSON;
GIOVANNI MARIA; GLOUCESTER;
GOLDSMID; GOLDSMID, ALBERT EDWARD
WILLIAMSON; GOLDSMITH, LEWIS;
GOLLANCZ, SIR HERMANN; GOMPERTZ;
GOODMAN, TOBIAS; GORDON, GEORGE,
LORD; GREGORY; GUGLIELMO DA
PESARO; HAGGADAH, PASSOVER; HART;
HART, JACOB; HEREFORD; HERTZ,
JOSEPH HERMAN; HIRSCHEL, SOLOMON;
HISTORIOGRAPHY; HISTORY: DIASPORA
- SECOND TEMPLE PERIOD; HOMEM,
ANTONIO; HOST, DESECRATION OF;
HUGH OF LINCOLN; HULL; HYAMSON,
ALBERT MONTEFIORE; IBN HAYYIM,
ABRAHAM BEN JUDAH; IBN HAYYIM,
JOSEPH; IBN YAHYA, GEDALIAH
BEN TAM; INQUISITION; IPSWICH;
ITINERARIES OF EREZ ISRAEL; JACOB BEN
JUDAH OF LONDON; JACOBS, JOSEPH;
JACOBS, LAZARUS; JESSEY, HENRY;
JESUITS; JEWISH CHRONICLE; JEWISH
HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND;
JOHN THE ESSENE; JUDAIZERS; JURNET OF
NORWICH; KAYSERLING, MEYER; KIERA;
KING'S LYNN; LAGUNA, DANIEL ISRAEL
LOPEZ; LAMEGO; LEE, SIR SIDNEY; LEEDS;
LEICESTER; LEIRIA; LEONI, MYER; LEVY,
BENJAMIN; LIMERICK; LINCOLN; LINDO;
LISBON; LOEWE, HERBERT MARTIN JAMES;
LONDON; LOPES; LOPEZ ROSA; LOPEZ,
RODERIGO; LUZZATTO, SIMONE BEN

ISAAC SIMHAH; LYONS, ISRAEL; MALTA;
MANASSEH BEN ISRAEL; MELDOLA;
MENDES, DIOGO; MINHAGIM BOOKS;
MODENA, AVTALYON; NASI, GRACIA; NASI,
JOSEPH; NATHAN, ABRAHAM; NIETO,
ISAAC; NIGER OF PEREA; NORTHAMPTON;
NUNES VAIS; ORIA; OXFORD; PACIFICI,
ALFONSO; PARKES, JAMES WILLIAM;
PASSI, DAVID; PENZANCE; PEREZ BAYER,
FRANCISCO; POPES; PORTRAITS OF
JEWS; PRINTERS' MARKS; RABINOWICZ,
OSKAR K.; RAPHAEL, ALEXANDER;
RIBEIRO SANCHEZ, ANTONIO; RIEGER,
PAUL; ROBLES, ANTONIO RODRIGUES;
ROCHESTER; RODRIGUES, DIONISIUS;
ROME; ROSSENA, DANIEL BEN SAMUEL
OF; RUBENS, ALFRED; SAMUEL, WILFRED
SAMPSON; SCHOMBERG; SCULPTURE;
SEPHARDIM; SERMONS TO JEWS; SERVI
CAMERAE REGIS; SILVA, JOSHUA DA;
SINKO, ERVIN; SIPRUTINI, EMANUEL;
STAMFORD; SUMBAL, SAMUEL;
TAXATION; TEMPLO, JACOB JUDAH
LEON; TOLAND, JOHN; TRASKE, JOHN;
TREBITSCH, MOSES LOEB BEN WOLF;
URBINO; VAEZ, ABRAHAM; VAN OVEN;
WARWICK; WINCHESTER; WOLF, LUCIEN;
XIMENES, SIR MORRIS; YOM TOV OF
JOIGNY; YORK

Ernst Roth, Ph.D., Rabbi; Chief
Rabbi of the State of Hesse,
Frankfurt on the Main: aachen

Lea Roth, M.A.; Jerusalem: abba

SIKRA; ALBINUS, LUCCEIUS; ANAN BEN
SETH; ANAN, SON OF ANAN; AVTINAS;
AZIZ; CAESAREA IN CAPPADOCIA;
CAIAPHAS, JOSEPH; CAPPADOCIA;
CESTIUS GALLUS; CHAEREMON;
CLAUDIUS; CLEOPATRA; COPONIUS;
CORINTH; CUMANUS VENTIDIUS;
CYPROS; CYPRUS; ELEAZAR BEN ANANIAS;
ELEAZAR BEN DINAI; EMESA; FADUS,
CUSPIUS; FELIX, ANTONIUS; FESTUS,
PORCIUS; FLACCUS, AVILLIUS AULUS;
GALATIA; GESSIUS FLORUS; HEZIR;
HIERAPOLIS; ISHMAEL BEN PHIABI II;
JOEZER, SON OF BOETHUS; JOHN OF
GISCALA; JONATHAN THE HASMONEAN;
JOSEPH; JULIUS SEVERUS; LYDIA, LYDIANS;
MENAHEM SON OF JUDAH; PAPPUS
AND JULIANUS; PETRONIUS, PUBLIUS;
PONTIUS PILATE; POPPAEA, SABINA;
PTOLEMY; SABINUS; SILVA, FLAVIUS;
SIMEON BEN BOETHUS; TINNEIUS RUFUS;
TITUS, FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS

Leon Roth, D.Phil, F.B.A.; Former
Rector and Professor of Philosophy,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ALEXANDER, SAMUEL

Sol Roth, Ph.D., Rabbi; Lecturer in

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

H3

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Philosophy, Yeshiva University, New
York: slander

Sylvia Rothchild, Writer, Brookline,

Massachusetts: gold, Herbert

Beno Rothenberg, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Archaeology, Tel Aviv
University: ezion-geber; timna

Livia Rothkirchen, Ph.D.;
Historian, Jerusalem:

CZECHOSLOVAKIA; FLEISCHMANN,
GISI; FRIEDER, ARMIN; REIK, HAVIVAH;
SLOVAKIA; SZENES, HANNAH; TISO,
JOSEF; TUKA, VOJTECH; VASEK, ANTON;
WALLENBERG, RAOUL; WEISSMANDEL,
MICHAEL DOV

Aaron Rothkoff*, B.A., M.A.,
M.H.C., D.H.L., Rabbi; Professor
of Responsa Literature, Yeshiva
University - Gruss Kollel,
Jerusalem: alphabet, Hebrew, in

MIDRASH, TALMUD, AND KABBALAH;
BAT KOL; BERLIN, HAYYIM; BET-
MIDRASH; DECALOGUE; FINZI-NORSA
CONTROVERSY; GOLDEN CALF;
GRAJEWSKI, ELIEZER ZALMAN; HAM;
HULDAH; ISAAC; JEREMIAH; JETHRO;
JUDAH; KALMANOWITZ, ABRAHAM;
KEFAR HABAD; KIDDUSH; KORAH;
KOZIENICE, ISRAEL BEN SHABBETAI
HAPSTEIN; MICHAEL AND GABRIEL;
MINHAH; MINOR TRACTATES; MIRIAM;
MITZVAH; MOSES; MOURNING; MUSAF;
NADAB; NAZIRITE; NEHEMIAH;
NEW MOON; PARENTS, HONOR OF;
POLACHEK, SOLOMON; PROFANITY;
PROSBUL; PUBERTY; RABBAH TOSFAAH;
RACHEL; RACKMAN, EMANUEL; RASHI;
RUDERMAN, JACOB ISAAC; RUTH, BOOK
OF; SABBATICAL YEAR AND JUBILEE;
SACRIFICE; SAMBATYON; SAMSON;
SAMUEL; SARAH; SEFER TORAH;
SEMIKHAH; SHAATNEZ; SHATZKES,
MOSES; SHIR HA-YIHUD; SICK, VISITING
THE; SILVER, ELIEZER; SIMHAT TORAH;
SLOBODKA YESHIVAH; SODOM AND
GOMORRAH; SOLOMON; SOLOVEICHIK,
AARON; SOLOVEITCHIK, JOSEPH BAER;
TABERNACLE; TERAH; TITUS, FLAVIUS
VESPASIANUS; TOHOROT; TOKHEHAH;
WALKIN, AARON; WIEDENFELD,
DOV; WILLOWSKI, JACOB DAVID BEN
ZE'EV; YIGDAL; ZADDIK; ZEDEKIAH;
ZERUBBABEL; ZUR MI-SHELLO

Fritz A. Rothschild, D.H.L.,
Rabbi; Associate Professor of the
Philosophy of Religion, the Jewish
Theological Seminary of America,
New York: heschel, Abraham

JOSHUA

Jacob Rothschild, Dr.Phil.; Director
of the Graduate Library School, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

JACOB, BENNO; JACOBSON, ISRAEL;
JASTROW; JELLINEK, HERMANN; JOSEPH
BEN GERSHON OF ROSHEIM; LEHMANN,
MARCUS; LEIPZIG; LESZNO; LEVI, DAVID;
LEWY, ISRAEL; LOEWE, HEINRICH;
LUEBECK; LURIA; POPPERS, JACOB
BEN BENJAMIN HAKOHEN; SALFELD,
SIEGMUND; SELIGMANN, CAESAR

Janice Rothschild Blumberg*,

B.F.A.; Author, Historian,
Independent Scholar, Washington,

D.C.: BROWNE, EDWARD B. M.

Jean-Pierre Rothschild*, H.D.R.;
Directeur de recherches au
C.N.R.S./ Directeur de etudes a
l'Ecole pratique des hautes etudes,
Paris, France: revue des etudes

JUIVES; SEMINAIRE ISRAELITE DE
FRANCE; SOCIETE DES ETUDES JUIVES;
TOUATI, CHARLES; VAJDA, GEORGES

Raphael Rothstein, B.A.; Journalist,

New York: brustein, Robert

SANFORD; CANTOR, EDDIE; CLURMAN,
HAROLD; MOSTEL, ZERO; SHUBERT;
STRASBERG, LEE

Gali Rotstein*: axelrod, julius;

COHEN, MORRIS; HARARI, OVADIAH;
HEEGER, ALAN; JUDA, WALTER;
MANDELBROT, BENOIT; TOBIAS, PHILLIP
VALLENTINE

Yechezkel Rottenberg, M.Jur.;
Assistant in Jewish Law, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: unjust

ENRICHMENT

Max Jonah Routtenberg, D.H.L.,
Rabbi; Visiting Professor of
Homiletics, the Jewish Theological

Seminary of America, New York:

SIRKES, JOEL

Robert Rovinsky, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Germanic Languages,
University of Texas, Austin: cohn,

CILLA CYPORA

Marc Rozelaar, Dr.Phil.; Associate
Professor of Classical Studies, Tel
Aviv University: goldmark, karl

Marsha L. Rozenblit*, B.A., M.A.,
Ph.D.; Harvey M. MeyerhorT
Professor Jewish History, University
of Maryland: himmelfarb, Gertrude;

HISTORIANS; HYMAN, PAULA E.; LEVIN,
NORA

Robert Rozette, Researcher
and Writer, Jerusalem: barbie,

NIKOLAUS, TRIAL OF; GRAEBE, HERMANN
FRIEDRICH; HIRSCHMANN, IRA ARTHUR;
KORCZAK-MARLA, ROZKA; LUTZ, CARL;
PLOTNICKA, FRUMKA; WDOWINSKI,
DAVID

Alfred Rubens, F.S.A., RR.Hist.
Soc; Historian of Jewish Art and
Costume, London: dress; heraldry

Betty R. (Rogers) Rubenstein*,

Ph.D.; Research Fellow, University
of Bridgeport, Connecticut:

AGREST, DIANA; ALSCHULER, ALFRED S.;
BREUER, MARCEL; BUNSHAFT, GORDON;
EIZENBERG, JULIE; FREED, JAMES INGO;
GANDELSONAS. MARIO; GEHRY, FRANK
OWEN; GORLIN, ALEXANDER; LAPIDUS,
MORRIS; LERNER, RALPH; LIBESKIND,
DANIEL; SAITOWITZ, STANLEY;
SCHWARTZ, FREDERIC; SORKIN, MICHAEL

Harry Rubenstein*: reed, lou;

YARROW, PETER

Joshua Rubenstein*, Northeast
Regional Director of Amnesty
International and Associate
Professor of the Davis Center for
Russian and Eurasian Studies,
Harvard University: bonner, elena

GEORGIEVNA

Richard L. Rubenstein, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Professor of Religion, Florida
State University, Tallahassee

Adam Rubin*, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor, Hebrew Union College,
Los Angeles

Jay L. Rubin*, B.A., M.A.; Executive
Vice President, Hillel International,
Washington, D.C.: hillel; joel,

RICHARD M.

Lawrence Rubin*, Executive Vice
Chairman (retired), Jewish Council
for Public Affairs, New York:

AMERICAN ISRAEL PUBLIC AFFAIRS
COMMITTEE

Uri Rubin*, Ph.D.; Professor of
Arabic and Islamic Studies, Tel Aviv
University: koran

Daniel Benito Rubinstein Novick,

National University of Buenos Aires:

MENDOZA; SANTA FE

Avraham Rubinstein, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Jewish History, Bar-Ilan

144

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

University, Ramat Gan: Abraham

JOSHUA HESCHEL OF APTA; ARYEH LEIB
SARAHS; CHABAD; DAVID OF TALNA;
HASIDISM; HAYYIM BEN SOLOMON TYRER
OF CZERNOWITZ; HOROWITZ, SAMUEL
SHMELKE OF NIKOLSBURG; ISRAEL BEN
ELIEZER BAAL SHEM TOV; JACOB ISAAC
HA-HOZEH MI-LUBLIN; JACOB JOSEPH OF
OSTROG; KAZIMIERZ; LEVI ISAAC BEN
MEIR OF BERDICHEV; LEVIN, MENAHEM
MENDEL; LVOV; MAHZIKE HADAS;
MENAHEM MENDEL OF PEREMYSHLANY;
MODZHITZ; RADZYMIN; TEITELBAUM;
TWERSKY; WARSAW

Daniel Rubinstein, B.A.; Journalist,

Jerusalem: Israel, state of: arab

POPULATION

Judah Rubinstein, M.A.; Research
Associate, Jewish Community
Federation of Cleveland: baker,

EDWARD MAX; BENESCH, ALFRED
ABRAHAM; SHAPIRO, EZRA Z.

William D. (David) Rubinstein*,

B.A., Ph.D., Professor of History,
University of Wales- Aberystwyth,
England: Abrahams, gerald;

ABRAHAMS, SIR LIONEL; ABSE,
DANNIE; ADELAIDE; ALDERMAN,
GEOFFREY; ALIENS ACT; ALVAREZ,
ALFRED; AMERY, LEOPOLD CHARLES
MAURICE STENNETT; APPLE, RAYMOND;
ASHKANASY, MAURICE; ASSIMILATION;
AUSTRALIA; BALOGH, THOMAS, BARON;
BARNETT, JOEL, BARON; BARON, JOSEPH
ALEXANDER; BART, LIONEL; BATTLE
OF CABLE STREET; BBAUME, PETER;
BELL, SIR FRANCIS HENRY DILLON;
BELOFF, MAX; BERMANT, CHAIM ICYK;
BLAUBAUM, ELIAS; BLOOM, CLAIRE; BOAS,
ABRAHAM TOBIAS; BOAS, FREDERICK
SAMUEL; BOGDANOR, VERNON;
BOTEACH, SHMUEL; BREVAL, LUCIENNE;
BRIGHTON; BRITTAN, LEON BARON;
BRODIE, SIR ISRAEL; BROOK, PETER
STEPHEN PAUL; CARO, SIR ANTHONY;
CASS, MOSES HENRY; CASSAB, JUDY;
CENTRAL BRITISH FUND; CESERANI,
DAVID; COHEN, BARRY; COHEN, HAROLD;
COHN, NORMAN; COHN-SHERBOK,
DAN; COTTON, JACK; COWEN, ZELMAN;
CURRIE, EDWINA; DANBY, MICHAEL;
DANGLOW, JACOB; DAVIS, HENRY
DAVID; DAVIS, SIR ERNEST HYAM; DELL,
EDMUND; DEUTSCH, ANDRE; DISRAELI,
BENJAMIN, EARL OF BEACONSFIELD;
DTSRAELI, ISAAC; DUVEEN; EDELMAN,
MAURICE; EDEN, SIR ANTHONY, EARL
OF AVON; EINFELD, SYDNEY; ELIAS,
NORBERT; ELKAN, BENNO; ELKIN,
ADOLPHUS PETER; ELLMANN, RICHARD;
ELTON, SIR GEOFFREY RUDOLPH;

EPSTEIN, BRIAN; FELDMAN, MARTIN;
FINESTEIN, ISRAEL; FINK, THEODORE;
FINLEY, SIR MOSES; FISHMAN, WILLIAM;
FOX, EMANUEL PHILIPS; FRANKAU;
GARTNER, LLOYD P.; GAUNSE, JOACHIM;
GERSHON, KAREN; GIDEON, SAMSON;
GINGOLD, HERMIONE; GOLDHAR,
PINCHAS;GOLDSMID-STERN-SALOMONS,
SIR DAVID LIONEL; GOLOMBEK, HARRY;
GOMBRICH, SIR ERNST HANS; GOODMAN,
ARNOLD ABRAHAM, LORD; GOODMAN,
MARTIN DAVID; GRADE, LEW, BARON;
GRANT, BARON ALBERT; GREEN, PHILIP;
GRONER, DOVID YITZCHOK; GROSS,
JOHN JACOB; GUNSBERG, ISIDOR;
GUTNICK; HAHN, KURT; HAMBURGER,
MICHAEL; HAMBURGER, SIR SIDNEY;
HAMLYN, PAUL, BARON; HARRIS,
SIR PERCY ALFRED; HART, HERBERT
LIONEL ADOLPHUS; HATRY, CLARENCE
CHARLES; HIMMELWEIT, HILDEGARD;
HOBSBAWM, ERIC JOHN; HOWARD,
MICHAEL; INSTITUTE OF JEWISH
AFFAIRS; ISRAEL, JONATHAN; JACKSON,
BERNARD S.; JACOB, NAOMI ELLINGTON;
JACOBSON, NATHAN; JAMES, SIDNEY;
JANNER, BARNETT, LORD; "JEW BILL"
CONTROVERSY, ENGLAND; JEWISH
HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND;
JOEL, SIR ASHER; JOLOWICZ, HERBERT
FELIX; JOURNALISM; KAGAN, JOSEPH,
BARON; KALMS, SIR STANLEY, BARON;
KATZ, DAVID S.; KATZ, DOVID; KAUFMAN,
SIR GERALD; KAYE, SIR EMMANUEL;
KISSIN, HARRY, BARON; KOCHAN, LIONEL;
KOPELOWITZ, LIONEL; KOSMIN, BARRY;
KOSSOFF, DAVID; KUSHNER, TONY;
LAKATOS, IMRE; LANDA, ABRAM; LASKI;
LAWYERS; LEAVIS, QUEENIE DOROTHY;
LEIBLER, ISI JOSEPH; LEITNER, GOTTLIEB
WILHEM; LEVENE, SIR PETER, BARON
LEVENE OF PORTSOKEN; LEVER, HAROLD,
BARON LEVER OF MANCHESTER; LEVI,
JOHN SIMON; LEVI, LEONE; LEVIN SMITH,
SIR ARCHIBALD; LEVIN, BERNARD; LEVY,
AMY; LEVY, BENN WOLFE; LEVY, MICHAEL
ABRAHAM, BARON LEVY OF MILL HILL;
LEWIS, SAMUEL; LIBERMAN, SERGE;
LINCOLN, TREBITSCH; LIPSON, EPHRAIM;
LITTMAN, JOSEPH AARON; LOCKSPEISER,
SIR BEN; LOWY, FRANK; MACCOBY,
HYAM; MAGNUS; MANCHESTER;
MANDELSON, PETER; MARRE, SIR ALAN;
MAXWELL, ROBERT; MAYER, SIR ROBERT;
MELBOURNE; MICHAELIS, SIR ARCHIE;
MIESES, JACQUES; MIKARDO, IAN;
MILIBAND, RALPH; MILLETT, SIR PETER,
BARON; MISHCON, VICTOR, BARON;
MOCATTA; MONTAGU; MOONMAN,
ERIC; MOSER, SIR CLAUDE, BARON;
MOSHINSKY, ELIJAH; NASSAUER, RUDOLF;
NEMON, OSCAR; NEWMAN, AUBREY;
NICHOLAS, EDWARD; NOVE, ALEC;
OPPE, ADOLPH PAUL; OPPENHEIM,

SALLY, BARONESS OPPENHEIM-BARNES;
"SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM; OXFORD;
PACIFICO, DAVID; PARKER, JOHN; PERTH;
PHILLIPS, MARION; POLLARD, SIDNEY;
PORTER, SIR LESLIE; PRATT, RICHARD;
PRAWER, SIEGBERT; PRINGLE, MIA;
PROOPS, MARJORIE; PULVERMACHER,
OSCAR; PULZER, PETER G.J.; PYE, JAEL
HENRIETTA; RABIN, SAM; RACHMAN,
PETER; RAJAK, TESSA; RATHBONE,
ELEANOR; READING, FANNY; REISZ,
KAREL; REITLINGER, GERALD; RENE,
ROY; RICARDO, DAVID; RIE, DAME LUCIE;
RIFKIND, SIR MALCOLM; RODKER, JOHN;
ROMAIN, JONATHAN A.; RUTLAND,
SUZANNE; SAATCHI, CHARLES; SACHS,
ANDREW; SALOMONS, SIR JULIAN
EMANUEL; SAMUDA, JOSEPH DAGUILAR;
SAMUEL, HOWARD; SAMUEL, RAPHAEL;
SAMUEL, SIR SAUL; SAMUEL, WILFRED
SAMPSON; SAMUELSON, SIR BERNHARD;
SASSOON, VIDAL; SAVILLE, VICTOR;
SCHAMA, SIMON; SCHAPIRO, LEONARD;
SHONFIELD, SIR ANDREW; SHORT,
RENEE; SHULMAN, MILTON; SIEFF,
ISRAEL MOSES, BARON; SILKIN, LEWIS,
FIRST BARON; SINGER, PETER; SLATER,
OSCAR; SMORGON; SONNTAG, JACOB;
SOSKICE, SIR FRANK, BARON STOW HILL;
SOUTHAMPTON; SPEYER, SIR EDGAR;
SPIELMAN; SRAFFA, PIERO; STERLING,
SIR JEFFREY; STERN; STERNBERG, SIR
SIGMUND; STRAUSS, GEORGE RUSSELL,
BARON; STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS,
JEWISH; SUGAR, SIR ALAN; SUGERMAN,
SIR BERNARD; SYDNEY; SYMONDS, SAUL;
SYMONS, JULIAN; TASMANIA; TAYLOR, SIR
PETER MURRAY; THATCHER, MARGARET,
BARONESS; TONNA, CHARLOTTE
ELIZABETH; TUCK, RAPHAEL; WAGG;
WALSTON, SIR CHARLES; WARBURG,
FREDERICK; WARBURG, SIR SIEGMUND;
WATEN, JUDAH; WERTHEIMER, ASHER;
WILLIAMS, CHARLES; WILSON, HAROLD,;
WINSTON, ROBERT, BARON; WISTRICH,
ROBERT S.; WOLFENSOHN, JAMES D.;
WOLFF, GUSTAV; WOOLF, LEONARD;
WOOLF, SIR HARRY, BARON; WYNN,
SAMUEL; XIMENES, SIR MORRIS;
YARROW, SIR ALFRED, FIRST BARONET;
YOUNG, DAVID IVOR, BARON YOUNG
OF GRAFFHAM; YUDKIN, JOHN; ZEC,
PHILIP; ZELLICK, GRAHAM; ZUKERTORT,
JOHANNES

Walter Ruby*, M.A.; Journalist,

New York Jewish Week, New York
Daily News: new york city

David Rudavsky, Ph.D.; Professor
of Hebrew Culture and Education,
Director of the Institute of Hebrew
Studies, New York University:

SACHAR, ABRAM LEON

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

H5

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Marcia R. Rudin, M.A.; Author,
Lecturer, Expert on religious cults,
New York

Arik Rudnitzky*, B.A., M.B.A.;
Research Assistant, The Moshe
Dayan Center for Middle Eastern
and African Studies, Tel Aviv

University: Israel, state of: arab

POPULATION

Bernard G. Rudolph, Historian,
Syracuse, New York

Miriam Ruerup (Rurup)*,

M.A.; Historian, Zentrum fur
Antisemitismusforschung,
Technische Universtat Berlin/Simon
Dubnow Institut, Leipzig, Germany:

KARTELL JUEDISCHER VERBINDUNGEN;
KARTELL-CONVENT DER VERBINDUNGEN
DEUTSCHER STUDENTEN JUEDISCHEN
GLAUBENS

Abraham Rutenberg, Engineer;
Former Director of the Israel
Electric Company, Haifa

Danya Ruttenberg *, B.A., M.A.;
Writer, Rabbinical Student at the
University of Judaism, Los Angeles:

BUTLER, JUDITH

S.J.E.R., see Shorter Jewish
Encyclopaedia in Russian, Jerusalem

Haim Saadoun*, Ph.D.; The Dean,
The Open University of Israel, Tel

Aviv: ALAWIDS; ALGERIA; BERBERS; FEZ;
GABES; TUNIS, TUNISIA

Shalom Sabar*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor, Professor of Jewish Art
and Folklore, Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: amulet; art

HISTORIANS AND ART CRITICS; ART: NEW
DEVELOPMENTS; HERLINGEN, AARON
WOLFF OF GEWITSCH; ICONOGRAPHY;
NEW YEAR'S CARDS; SCROLL OF ESTHER;
SIMHAT TORAH

•

Rachel Sabath-Beit Halachmi*,

M.A.; Rabbi; Faculty Member of the
Shalom Hartman Institute, Director
of Lay Leadership Education,
Hebrew Union College-Jewish
Institute of Religion, Jerusalem:

BOROWITZ, EUGENE B.

Lawrence Sabbath, Art Critic,
Montreal

Brad Sabin Hill*, Center for Jewish
History

Abram Leon Sachar, Ph.D.;

Chancellor, Brandeis University,
Waltham, Massachusetts: glatzer,

NAHUM NORBERT

Harry Sacher, M.A.; Attorney,
writer, and editor, London: sieff,

ISRAEL MOSES, BARON

Dov Sadan, Emeritus Professor of
Yiddish Literature and of Hebrew
Literature, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: schwadron, Abraham

Benjamin (Wells) Sadock*, M.A.;
Graduate Student, Columbia
University, New York: bernstein,

IGNATZ; TASHRAK

Monika Saelemaekers*, M.A.;
Assistant- Curator, Bibliotheca
Rosenthaliana, University of
Amsterdam, The Netherlands:

BELINFANTE; HERTZVELD-HIJMANS,
ESTHELLA; JACOBS, ALETTA HENRIETTE;
NETHERLANDS, THE; SPATH, JOHANN
PETER

Angel Saenz-Badillos*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Hebrew Language
and Literature, Universidad
Complutense, Madrid, Spain:

ABRAHAM BEN SOLOMON OF TORRUTIEL;
ABULAFIA, TODROS BEN JUDAH HA-
LEVI; AgAN, MOSES DE TARREGA;
ALEXANDER THE GREAT; ALHADIB,
ISAAC BEN SOLOMON BEN ZADDIK;
AL-HARIZI, JUDAH BEN SOLOMON;
AVIGDOR, ABRAHAM; BONAFED,
SOLOMON BEN REUBEN; DE PIERA,
MESHULLAM BEN SOLOMON; DUNASH
BEN LABRAT; ELEAZAR BEN JACOB HA-
BAVLI; ELIJAH BEN SHEMAIAH; EZOBI,
JEHOSEPH BEN HANAN BEN NATHAN;
HISDAI IBN HISDAI, ABU AL-FADL; IBN
ALTABBAN, LEVI BEN JACOB; IBN BARZEL,
JOSEPH; IBN EZRA, ISAAC; IBN GABIROL,
SOLOMON BEN JUDAH; IBN GHAYYAT;
IBN KAPRON, ISAAC; IBN MAR SAUL,
ISAAC BEN LEVI; IBN PAQUDA, DAVID
BEN ELEAZAR; IBN SAHL, JOSEPH BEN
JACOB; IBN SASSON, SAMUEL BEN JOSEPH;
IBN SHUWAYK, ISAAC BEN ISRAEL; IBN
ZABARA, JOSEPH BEN MEIR; IBN ZAKBEL,
SOLOMON; IBN ZAKBEL, SOLOMON;
IMMANUEL OF ROME; INCUNABULA;
INSTITUTE FOR THE RESEARCH OF
MEDIEVAL HEBREW POETRY; ISAAC
BEN ABRAHAM HA-GORNI; ISAAC BEN
JUDAH HA-SENIRI; JACOB BEN JUDAH;
JOSEPH BEN TANHUM YERUSHALMI;
JOSHUA BEN ELIJAH HA-LEVI; JUDAH BEN
ISAAC IBN SHABBETAI; JUDAH HA-LEVI;
KALONYMUS BEN KALONYMUS; LETTERS

AND LETTER WRITERS; MAGIC; MAQAMA;
MATTATHIAS; PARABLE; PHINEHAS BEN
JACOB HA-KOHEN; PIYYUT; POETRY;
SAHULA, ISAAC BEN SOLOMON; SANTOB
DE CARRION; TRANSLATION AND
TRANSLATORS; YEHUD1 BEN SHESHET;
YOM TOV OF JOIGNY; YOSE BEN YOSE

Shmuel Safrai, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Associate Professor of Jewish
History, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: allon, gedalya;

AMORA; AMORAIM; BET HILLEL AND
BET SHAMMAI; DOSA BEN HARKINAS;
ELEAZAR BEN ARAKH; ELEAZAR BEN
AZARIAH; ELEAZAR BEN PEDAT; ELEAZAR
BEN SHAMMUA; ELEAZAR BEN SIMEON;
ELEAZAR HA-KAPPAR; ELEAZAR OF
MODITN; HUNA; HUNA BEN AVIN HA-
KOHEN; ISAAC; ISAAC BEN AVDIMI; ISAAC
BEN ELEAZAR; ISHMAEL BEN ELISHA;
ISHMAEL BEN YOSE BEN HALAFTA;
ISRAEL, LAND OF: HISTORY; JACOB
BEN AHA; JACOB BEN IDI; JACOB BEN
KORSHAI; JEREMIAH BEN ABBA; JOHANAN
BEN NURI; JOHANAN BEN TORTA;
JOHANAN HA-SANDELAR;
JONAH; PILGRIMAGE; SABBATICAL
YEAR AND JUBILEE; TEMPLE; YOSE BEN
HALAFTA

Benjamin Sagalowitz, Dr. Jur.;
Journalist, Zurich: Switzerland

Avi Sagi*, Professor, Head Program
for Hermeneutics; Professor of
Philosophy, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: akedah; goldman,

ELIEZER; HARTMAN, DAVID

David M. Sagiv*, Ph.D.; Researcher,
Lexicographer (Hebrew- Arabic/
Arabic Hebrew), the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: basra

Rochelle G. Saidel, Ph.D.; Political
Scientist, Scientific Researcher,
Center for the Study of Women and
Gender, University of Sao Paulo,
Brazil

David (Yoram) Saks*, M.A.;
Acting National Director South
African Jewish Board of Deputies,
Johannesburg: African Jewish

CONGRESS.; BULAWAYO; CAPE TOWN;
CHASKALSON, ARTHUR; EAST LONDON;
EDUCATION, JEWISH; GOLDSTONE,
RICHARD JOSEPH; HARRIS, CYRIL
KITCHENER; JOHANNESBURG;
JOURNALISM; KASRILS, RONNIE;
KENTRIDGE, SIR SYDNEY; KIMBERLEY;
LEON, ANTHONY JAMES; MAURITIUS;
PRESS; SCHWARZ, HARRY HEINZ; SHILL,

146

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

LOUIS; SLOVO, JOE; SOUTH AFRICA;
SUZMAN, HELEN; ZAMBIA; ZIMBABWE

Ida Kay Saks, M.A.; Gary, Indiana:

GARY

Zvi Saliternik, Ph.D.; Ministry of
Health, Jerusalem: kligler, Israel

JACOB

I.M. Salkind, Ph.D.; Scholar,

London: avigdor, Abraham

Herman Prins Salomon, Ph.D.;
Professor of French Literature,
the State University of New York,
Albany: racine, jean

Avrom Saltman, Ph.D., RR.Hist.
Soc; Professor of History, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: bloch, marc

Moshe Shraga Samet, Ph.D.;
Lecturer in Jewish History and in
Sociology, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: azulai, hayyim Joseph

DAVID; EMDEN, JACOB; ISHMAEL BEN
ABRAHAM ISAAC HA-KOHEN; LANDAU,
EZEKIEL BEN JUDAH; NEO-ORTHODOXY;
SOFER; SOFER, MOSES

Meyer Samra, B.A., LL.B., Ph.D.;
Lawyer, Dept. of Family and
Community Services (NSW State
Government), Sydney, Australia:

AUSTRALIA

Edwin Samuel, Second Viscount
Samuel, C.M.G., B.A.; Emeritus
Senior Lecturer in British
Institutions, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem; Principal of the Israel
Institute of Public Administration,
Jerusalem: agranat, shimon-,

ALLENBY, EDMUND HENRY HYNMAN,
VISCOUNT; EBAN, ABBA SOLOMON;
STORRS, SIR RONALD

Rinna Samuel, B.A.; Journalist,

Rehovot, Israel: weisgal, meyer wolf

Myron Samuelson, Ph.B., LL.B.;
Burlington, Vermont

Sheryl Sandberg*, A.B., M.B.A.;
Vice President, Global Online Sales
and Operation, Google, Mountain
View, California: summers, Lawrence

H.

Ira E. Sanders, M.A., Rabbi; Little
Rock, Arkansas

Samuel Sandmel, Ph.D., D.H.L.,

Rabbi; Professor of Bible and
Hellenistic Literature, the Hebrew
Union College-Jewish Institute of
Religion, Cincinnati: apostle; feigin,

SAMUEL ISAAC

Silviu Sanie*, Ph.D.; Senior
Researcher, Head of the Ancient
History, Archaeology Institute, Iasi,
Romania: siret; tirgu-frumos

David Saperstein*, MHL, JD,
Rabbi; Director and Counsel,
Religious Action Center for Reform
Judaism; Union for Reform Judaism,
Georgetown University Law Center,
Washington, DC: vorspan, al

Susan Sapiro*, M.A.; Research
Associate, DRG, New York: prayer:

WOMEN AND PRAYER

David Saraph, Tel Aviv: ratosh,

YONATHAN

Jonathan D. Sarna*, Ph.D.; Joseph
H. and Belle R. Braun Professor of
American Jewish History, Brandeis
University: boston; historiography;

MARCUS, JACOB RADER

Nahum M. Sarna, Ph.D.; Professor
of Biblical Studies, Brandeis
University, Waltham, Massachusetts:

AARON; AARONIDES; ABIHU; ABIMELECH;
ABRAHAM; ACROSTICS; AKEDAH;
AMRAPHEL; ASENATH; BIBLE; BOAZ;
CAIN; DATHAN AND ABIRAM; DELILAH;
ENOCH; GENESIS, BOOK OF; GERSHOM;
GIDEON; HALLELUJAH; HUR; ICHABOD;
ISAAC; ITHAMAR; JACOB; JAEL; JAPHETH;
JEPHTHAH; JETHRO; JOCHEBED; JOSEPH;
JOTHAM; NADAB; NIMROD; ORPAH;
OTHNIEL; PATRIARCHS, THE; PSALMS,
BOOK OF; RACHEL; REBEKAH; SHAMGAR;
SHEM;ZIPPORAH

Gustav Saron, LL.B.; General
Secretary of the South African
Board of Deputies, Johannesburg:

BENDER, ALFRED PHILIP; DURBAN; FRAM,
DAVID; JOHANNESBURG; SOUTH AFRICA

Jennifer Sartori*, Ph.D.; Academic
Specialist, Northeastern University,
Boston: cohen, naomi wiener; davis,

NATALIE ZEMON

Louis F. Sas, Ph.D.; Professor of
Romance Languages, City College
of the City University of New York:

GOTTSCHALL, MORTON

liana Sasson*, M.Sc, Ph.D.; Jewish

Theological Seminary, New York:

BIBLE

Menahem Savidor, Lieutenant
Colonel (Ret), Israel Defense
Forces; Former General Manager,
Israel Railways; Director of the
Citrus Products Export Board;
National Chairman, Maccabi Sports
Organization, Tel Aviv: maccabi

WORLD UNION; MACCABIAH

Rohan Saxena, Writer, Researcher;

Jerusalem: annenberg, Walter h.;

ASHKENAZY, VLADIMIR DAVIDOVICH;
ASIMOV, ISAAC; BARR, ROSEANNE;
BROTHERS, JOYCE; CHAGALL, MARC;
CHOMSKY, NOAM AVRAM; DERSHOWITZ,
ALAN M.; DOUGLAS, KIRK; DOUGLAS,
MICHAEL; DREYFUSS, RICHARD;
EITAN, RAPHAEL; FAST, HOWARD
MELVIN; FRIEDMAN, MILTON; GEFFEN,
DAVID; GINSBERG, ALLEN; GOODMAN,
PERCIVAL; GREENSPAN, ALAN; GROSS,
CHAIM; GUR, MORDECAI; HABER,
WILLIAM; HOFSTADTER, ROBERT;
IONESCO, EUGENE; JAKOBOVITS, LORD
IMMANUEL; JHABVALA, RUTH PRAWER;
JONG, ERICA; KATZENBERG, JEFFREY;
KING, LARRY; KOCH, EDWARD IRVING;
KOLLEK, THEODORE; KRAMER, SAMUEL
NOAH; LEIBOWITZ, YESHAYAHU; LURIA,
SALVADOR EDWARD; MANDELBROT,
BENOIT; PATAI, RAPHAEL; PATTERSON,
DAVID; PICON, MOLLY; PINTER, HAROLD;
PIPES, RICHARD EDGAR; PREMINGER,
OTTO LUDWIG; RABB, MAXWELL
MILTON; RAPHAEL, FREDERIC; SEINFELD,
JERRY; SONTAG, SUSAN; STERN, ISAAC;
STREISAND, BARBRA; SZASZ, THOMAS
STEPHEN; WALTERS, BARBARA;
WESTHEIMER, RUTH

John H. Scammon, Th.D.; Emeritus
Professor of Hebrew and Old
Testament, Andover Newton
Theological School, Newton Centre,
Massachusetts: samuel

Ann Schwartz Schaechner*, B.A.;

Retired Nonprofit Executive, El
Paso, Texas: el paso

Mordkhe Schaechter, Ph.D.; Jewish
Teachers' Seminary, New York:

HARKAVY, ALEXANDER; JOFFE, JUDAH
ACHILLES; LANDAU, ALFRED; LEIBL,
DANIEL; LIFSHITS, SHIYE-MORDKHE;
MARK, YUDEL; SHTIF, NOKHEM;
WEINREICH, MAX; WEINREICH, URIEL;
ZARETZKI, ISAAC

Sara Schafler, M.A.; Educator,
Lecturer, and Researcher in

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

147

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Genealogy and Jewish Family
History, Chicago: genealogy

Abraham Schalit, Dr. Phil.;
Emeritus Professor History, the

Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ABSALOM; AGRIPPA II; ALABARCH;
ALCIMUS; ALEXANDER; ALEXANDER
BALAS; ALEXANDER LYSIMACHUS;
ALEXANDER SON OF ARISTOBULUS II;
ALEXANDER THE GREAT; ALEXANDRA;
ALEXANDRA; ANDRONICUS SON OF
MESHULLAM; ANTIGONUS; ANTIGONUS
II; ANTIPAS, HEROD; ANTIPATER;
ANTIPATER II or ANTIPAS; APION;
APOLLONIUS MOLON; ARCHELAUS;
ARCHON; ARETAS; ARISTOBULUS I;
ARISTOBULUS II; ARISTOBULUS III;
ARNONA; ARTAPANUS; ASIA MINOR;
BAGOHI; BERENICE; BITHYNIA; BOULE;
CTESIPHON; DELOS; DEMETRIUS I SOTER;
DEMETRIUS II; DEMETRIUS III EUKARIOS
THEOS PHILOPATER SOTER; DIODOTUS-
TRYPHON; DIONYSUS, CULT OF; ELEAZAR
BEN SIMEON; ELEPHANTINE; EPHESUS;
HANAMEL; HELENA; HELIODORUS;
HERODIAS; HEZEKIAH; IZATES II;
JEREMIAH, EPISTLE OF; JONATHAN BEN
ANAN; JOSEPHUS FLAVIUS; JOSHUA BEN
DAMNAI; JUDAH MACCABEE; JUDAH
THE GALILEAN; JULIAN THE APOSTATE;
JUSTUS OF TIBERIAS; SATRAP; VESPASIAN,
TITUS FLAVIUS

Lazaro Schallman, Director of the
Library of the Jewish Community
of Buenos Aires: rosario; sajaroff,

MIGUEL; YARCHO, NOE

Isaac Schattner, Dr.Phil.; Emeritus
Associate Professor of Geography,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ISRAEL, LAND OF: GEOGRAPHICAL
SURVEY; MAPS OF EREZ ISRAEL

Josef Schawin ski, Author, Tel Aviv:

HELLER, BUNIM; MANN, MENDEL

Cathy Schechter*, B.S.;
Writer, Consultant, Orchard
Communication, Inc., Austin Texas:

AUSTIN

Joseph B. Schechtman, Dr. Phil.;
Historian and Former Member
of the Jewish Agency Executive,
New York: jabotinsky, vladimir;

PASMANIK, DANIEL; RAZSVET;
REVISIONISTS, ZIONIST

Jeff Scheckner* , Director of Jewish
Community Relations Council,
Jewish Federation of Greater
Middlesex County, South River,

New Jersey: league for Israel, the

AMERICAN JEWISH; MIDDLESEX COUNTY,
NEW JERSEY

Wolfgang Scheffler, Dr.Phil.;
Senior Research Fellow in Political
Science, the University of Sussex
Centre for Research in Collective
Psychopathology, London:

JUDENREIN

Alexander Scheiber, Dr. Phil.,
Rabbi; Director and Professor of
the Jewish Theological Seminary
of Hungary, Budapest: abony;

ACSADY, IGNAC; AKIVA BEN MENAHEM
HA-KOHEN OF OFEN; ALBERTI-IRSA;
BALLAGI, MOR; BANOCZI; BERNSTEIN,
BELA; BLAU, LUDWIG LAJOS; BRILL,
AZRIEL; BUECHLER, ALEXANDER;
DEBRECEN; EISLER, MATYAS; GRUNVALD,
PHILIP; GYOR; HEVESI, SIMON;
HIRSCHLER, PAL; HODMEZOVASARHELY;
HUNGARIAN LITERATURE; IZRAELITA
MAGYAR IRODALMI TARSULAT;
KECSKEMET; KECSKEMETI, ARMIN;
KECSKEMETI, LIPOT; KOHN, SAMUEL;
LANDESRABBINERSCHULE; LOEW,
IMMANUEL; LOEW, LEOPOLD; MAKO;
MARCZALI, HENRIK; OBADIAH,
THE NORMAN PROSELYTE; POLLAK,
MIKSA; RICHTMANN, MOZES; SPITZER,
SOLOMON; SZOLNOK; SZOMBATHELY;
VENETIANER, LAJOS

Raymond P. Scheindlin, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Assistant Professor of
Jewish Studies, McGill University,
Montreal: marcus, Joseph;

OBERMANN, JULIAN JOEL

Samuel Scheps, Ph.D.; Economist,
Geneva: klatzkin, jacob

Ben-Zion (Benno) Schereschewsky,

Dr.Jur.; Judge of the District Court,
Jerusalem: agunah; apotropos;

BETROTHAL; BIGAMY AND POLYGAMY;
CHILD MARRIAGE; CIVIL MARRIAGE;
CONCUBINE; DIVORCE; DOWRY; EMBRYO;
FIRSTBORN; HUSBAND AND WIFE;
KETUBBAH; MAINTENANCE; MAMZER;
MARRIAGE; MARRIAGE, PROHIBITED;
MIXED MARRIAGE, INTERMARRIAGE;
PARENT AND CHILD; RAPE; WIDOW;
YUHASIN

Edward W. Schey*: passaic-clifton

Laura Burd Schiavo*, Ph.D.;
Director, Museum Programs,
Jewish Historical Society of Greater
Washington, D.C.: Washington,

D.C

Marvin Schick*: bernstein, zalman
chaim

Alvin Irwin Schiff, Ph.D.; Executive
Vice President, New York Board of
Jewish Education

Ellen Schiff*, Ph.D.; Professor
Emeritus, Massachusetts College
of Liberal Arts, Massachusetts:

FRANKEN, ROSE DOROTHY LEWIN

Fritz Schiff, Dr. Phil.; Curator of
the Museum of Modern Art, Haifa:

BEN-ZVI, ZEEV

Mayer Schiller*, Rabbi; Maggid
Shiur, Mashgiach Ruhani, Yeshiva
University High School, New York:

LAKEWOOD

Henri Schilli, Chief Rabbi; Lecturer
in Midrash and Director of the
Seminaire Israelite de France, Paris:

SEMINAIRE ISRAELITE DE FRANCE

Ignacy Yizhak Schiper, Dr. Phil.;
Lecturer in Jewish Economic
History, the Institute of Jewish
Studies, Warsaw: amelander,

MENAHEM MANN BEN SOLOMON HA-
LEVI; BRESCH, JUDAH LOEB BEN MOSES
NAPHTALI; HEDEGARD, OSKAR DAVID
LEONARD

Jefim (Hayyim) Schirmann,

Dr.Phil.; Emeritus Professor of
Hebrew Literature, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: Abraham

BEN HILLEL OF FOSTAT; ABRAHAM
BEN ISAAC; ABRAHAM OF SARTEANO;
ABULAFIA, TODROS BEN JUDAH HA-LEVI;
AHIMAAZ BEN PALTIEL; ALBARADANI,
JOSEPH; BEDERSI, ABRAHAM BEN
ISAAC; CARMI, ISAIAH HAI BEN
JOSEPH; CASPI, SAUL; DAR'I, MOSES BEN
ABRAHAM; DAVID BEN MESHULLAM
OF SPEYER; DE PIERA, MESHULLAM
BEN SOLOMON; ELIJAH BEN ELIEZER
PHILOSOPH HA-YERUSHALMI; ELIJAH
BEN SHEMAIAH; ELIJAH CHELEBI
HA-KOHEN OF ANATOLIA; ENSHEIM,
MOSES; FALKOWITSCH, JOEL BAERISCH;
FARISSOL, JACOB BEN HAYYIM; FIOGHI,
FABIANO; GALIPAPA, MAIMON; GALLEGO,
JOSEPH SHALOM; GAVISON; GERONDI,
ISAAC BEN JUDAH; HAMON, AARON BEN
ISAAC; HARIZI, ABU ISAAC ABRAHAM;
IBN ABITUR, JOSEPH BEN ISAAC; IBN
AL-TAQANA, MOSES; IBN EZRA, ISAAC;
IBN HASAN, JEKUTHIEL BEN ISAAC;
IBN KAPRON, ISAAC; IBN MAR SAUL,
ISAAC BEN LEVI; IBN PAQUDA, DAVID
BEN ELEAZAR; IBN SAHL, JOSEPH BEN

148

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

JACOB; IBN SHUWAYK, ISAAC BEN ISRAEL;
IBN ZAKBEL, SOLOMON; IBN ZAKBEL,
SOLOMON; IBN ZUR, JACOB BEN REUBEN;
INSTITUTE FOR THE RESEARCH OF
MEDIEVAL HEBREW POETRY; ISAAC BEN
ABRAHAM HA-GORNI; ISAAC BEN HAYYIM
BEN ABRAHAM; ISAAC BEN JUDAH;
ISRAEL BEN JOEL; JACOB BEN JUDAH;
JACOB BEN NAPHTALI; JOAB THE GREEK;
JOHANAN BEN JOSHUA HA-KOHEN;
JOSEPH BAR NISSAN; JOSEPH BEN JACOB;
JOSEPH BEN SHESHET IBN LATIMI; JOSEPH
BEN SOLOMON OF CARCASSONNE;
JOSEPH BEN TANHUM YERUSHALMI;
JOSHUA; JOSHUA BEN ELIJAH HA-LEVI;
JOSIPHIAH THE PROSELYTE; JUDAH
BEN ISAAC IBN SHABBETAI; JUDAH BEN
MENAHEM OF ROME; KALAI, JOSEPH B.
JACOB; LEVI, JOSHUA JOSEPH BEN DAVID;
LUNEL, JACOB DE; MARINI, SHABBETHAI
HAYYIM; YANNAI; YOSE BEN YOSE

Abraham Schischa, Letchworth,

England: bonyhAD; duschinsky,

JOSEPH ZEVI BEN ISRAEL; EHRENFELD,
SAMUEL BEN DAVID ZEVI; FRIED, AARON;
FRIEDLAENDER, SOLOMON JUDAH;
KAUDER, SAMUEL JUDAH BEN DAVID

Benjamin Schlesinger, Ph.D.;
Professor of Social Work, the
University of Toronto: virgin

ISLANDS

Simon S. Schlesinger, Dr.Phil.;
Rabbi; Scholar and Educator,
Jerusalem: danzig, Abraham ben

JEHIEL MICHAL; DEREKH EREZ

Linda M. Schloff*, Ph.D.; Director
Jewish Historical Society of the
Upper Midwest, Minneapolis:

MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL; MINNESOTA;
NORTH DAKOTA; SOUTH DAKOTA

Joachim Senior*, Dr.Phil.Habil.;
Professor of History, University of
Southampton, England: gronemann,

SAMUEL

Imre Schmelczer, M.A., Rabbi; St.
Gallen, Switzerland: wellesz, julius

Usiel Oscar Schmelz, Ph.D.;
Research Fellow in Contemporary
Jewry, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: demography; migrations;

STATISTICS; VITAL STATISTICS

Menahem Schmelzer, D.H.L.;
Librarian and Assistant Professor
of Medieval Hebrew Literature, the
Jewish Theological Seminary of
America, New York: amzalak, moses

BENSABAT; BIBLIOPHILES; EDELMANN,
RAPHAEL; FREIMANN, ARON; NEMOY,
LEON; STEINSCHNEIDER, MORITZ;
TRAVELERS AND EXPLORERS; VEINGER,
MORDECAI

Ephraim Schmidt, Antwerp:

ANTWERP

Morris M. Schnitzer, B.S., LL.B.;
Lecturer in Law, Rutgers University,
New Jersey: forman, phillip; nadab

Randal F. Schnoor*, Ph.D.; Adjunct
Professor, York University, Toronto,
Canada: Joseph, norma baumel;

LANDSBERG, MICHELE; MIRVISH

Barbara Schober*, M.A.; Ph.D.;
University of British Columbia:

BRITISH COLUMBIA; FRANKLIN, SELIM;
NATHAN, HENRY; NEMETZ, NATHAN
THEODORE; RANKIN, HARRY; SHULTZ,
SAMUEL; VANCOUVER; WOSK

Christian Schoelzel*, Dr.Phil.;
Managing Director of Culture and
More, an Agency for Services in
Historical Sciences, Munich and
Berlin, Germany: ballin, albert;

BONN, MORITZ JULIUS; FUERSTENBERG,
CARL; MELCHIOR, CARL; RATHENAU,
EMIL MORITZ; RATHENAU, WALTHER;
RATHENAU, WALTHER; WARBURG, MAX
M.

Myron E. Schoen, Union of
American Hebrew Congregations,
New York: klein, edward e.

Stuart Schoenfeld*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Sociology, Glendon
College, York University, Canada:

TORONTO

William N. Schoenfeld, Ph.D.;
Professor of Psychology, Queens
College of the City University of
New York and Cornell University
Medical School, New York: kantor,

JACOB ROBERT; WEISS, ALBERT PAUL

Kenneth R. Scholberg, Ph.D.;
Professor of Romance Languages,
Michigan State University, East
Lansing: aqan, moses de tarrega;

ALBORAYCOS; ALEMAN, MATEO; ALVAREZ
GATO, JUAN; AMADOR DE LOS RIOS,
JOSE; ARIAS, JOSEPH SEMAH; AUB, MAX;
BAENA, JUAN ALFONSO DE; BARRIOS,
DANIEL LEVI DE; BELMONTE; BERNAL;
BRUSSELS; BUENO; CACERES, FRANCISCO
DE; CASTRO QUESADA, AMERICO;
CERVANTES SAAVEDRA, MIGUEL DE;

CHIRINO; CORREA, ISABEL DE; COTA
DE MAGUAQUE, RODRIGO DE; CUR1EL;
DUJOVNE, LEON; ENRIQUEZ BASURTO,
DIEGO; ENRIQUEZ GOMEZ, ANTONIO;
ENRIQUEZ, ISABEL; FERNANDES
VILLAREAL, MANOEL; GODINEZ, FELIPE;
GOMEZ DE SOSSA, ISAAC; HUARTE DE SAN
JUAN, JUAN; ISAACS, JORGE; JEWESS OF
TOLEDO; LARA, ISAAC COHEN DE; LEON,
LUIS DE; MONTORO, ANTON DE; OLIVER
Y FULLANA, NICOLAS DE; PENSO DE LA
VEGA, JOSEPH; PETRUS ALFONSI; PINTO
DELGADO, JOAO; RIBEIRO, BERNADIM;
ROJAS, FERNANDO DE; SANTOB DE
CARRION; SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE
LITERATURE

Gershom Scholem, Dr. Phil.;
Emeritus Professor of Jewish
Mysticism, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: Abraham ben

ALEXANDER OF COLOGNE; ABRAHAM
BEN ELIEZER HA-LEVI; ABRAHAM BEN
ISAAC OF GRANADA; ABRAHAM BEN
SIMEON OF WORMS; ACADEMY ON HIGH;
ADAM BAAL SHEM; ADAM KADMON;
ANTHROPOMORPHISM; ANTINOMIANISM;
AYLLON, SOLOMON BEN JACOB; AZILUT;
AZRIEL OF GERONA; BACHARACH,
NAPHTALI BEN JACOB ELHANAN;
BARUCH; BENJAMIN BEN ELIEZER HA-
KOHEN VITALE OF REGGIO; BENJAMIN,
WALTER; BLOCH, MATTATHIAS BEN
BENJAMIN ZE'EV ASHKENAZI; BONAFOUX,
DANIEL BEN ISRAEL; BOTAREL, MOSES
BEN ISAAC; BUZAGLO, SHALOM BEN
MOSES; CARDOZO, ABRAHAM MIGUEL;
CHIROMANCY; CHOTSH, ZEVI HIRSH
BEN JERAHMEEL; COMMANDMENTS,
REASONS FOR; DAVID; DAVID BEN
ABRAHAM HA-LAVAN; DAVID BEN JUDAH
HE-HASID; DEMONS, DEMONOLOGY;
DIBBUK; DOENMEH; EIN-SOF; ELIASHOV,
SOLOMON BEN HAYYIM; ELIEZER
FISCHEL BEN ISAAC OF STRZYZOW;
ESCHATOLOGY; EYBESCHUETZ,
JONATHAN; FRANK, JACOB, AND THE
FRANKISTS; GABBAI, MEIR BEN EZEKIEL
IBN; GEMATRIA; GIKATILLA, JOSEPH BEN
ABRAHAM; GILGUL; GOD; GOLDBERG,
OSCAR; GOLEM; GOTTLIEB, EPHRAIM;
HAYON, NEHEMIAH HIYYA BEN MOSES;
HAYYAT, JUDAH BEN JACOB; HAYYIM
BEN ABRAHAM HA-KOHEN; HIRSCHFELD,
EPHRAIM JOSEPH; ISAAC BEN JACOB
HA-KOHEN; JACOB BEN JACOB HA-
KOHEN; JELLINEK, ADOLF; JOEL, DAVID
HEYMANN; JONAH, MOSES; JOSEPH IBN
SHRAGA; JOSEPH IBN TABUL; JUDAH
HASID, HA-LEVI; KABBALAH; KNORR VON
ROSENROTH, CHRISTIAN; LABI, SIMEON;
LILITH; LURIA, ISAAC BEN SOLOMON;
MAGEN DAVID; MALAKH, HAYYIM BEN
SOLOMON; MEDITATION; METATRON;

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

149

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

MOLITOR, FRANZ JOSEPH; MOSES BEN
SOLOMON BEN SIMEON OF BURGOS;
OSTROPOLER, SAMSON BEN PESAH;
PINHEIRO, MOSES; POPPERS, MEIR BEN
JUDAH LOEB HA-KOHEN; PRIMO, SAMUEL;
PROSSNITZ, JUDAH LEIB BEN JACOB
HOLLESCHAU; PROVIDENCE; QUERIDO,
JACOB; RAPHAEL; RAZIEL; REDEMPTION;
REUCHLIN, JOHANNES; ROVIGO,
ABRAHAM BEN MICHAEL; SAHULA,
MEIR BEN SOLOMON ABI; SAMAEL;
SANDALFON; SARUG, ISRAEL; SEFIROT;
SHABBETAI ZEVI; SHI'UR KOMAH; SOUL,
IMMORTALITY OF; SPIRA, NATHAN NATA
BEN SOLOMON; VALLE, MOSES DAVID
BEN SAMUEL; VIDAS, ELIJAH BEN MOSES
DE; VITAL, HAYYIM BEN JOSEPH; VITAL,
SAMUEL BEN HAYYIM; WORLDS, THE
FOUR; WORMSER, SECKEL; YAKHINI,
ABRAHAM BEN ELIJAH; YEZIRAH, SEFER;
YOM KIPPUR KATAN; ZACUTO, MOSES
BEN MORDECAI; ZOHAR; ZOREF, JOSHUA
HESHEL BEN JOSEPH

Julie Schonfeld*, B.A., Rabbi;
Director of Rabbinic Development,
The Rabbinical Assembly, New York:

EILBERG, AMY

Jeffrey Alan Schooley* , M.A.;
Research Fellow, Kent State
University, Ohio

Julia Schopflin, Researcher,
Institute of Jewish Affairs, London

Ismar Schorsch, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Assistant in Jewish History, the
Jewish Theological Seminary of
America, New York: guedemann,
moritz

Janos A. Schossberger, M.D.;
Psychiatric Director of Kfar Shaul
Work Village, Jerusalem: fromm-

REICHMANN, FRIEDA

Keith N. Schoville, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Hebrew and Semitic
Studies, the University of Wisconsin,

Madison: shulammite, the ; song of

SONGS

Heinz Schreckenberg, Dr. Phil.;
Department of Classical Antiquity,
University of Muenster, Westfalen:

SCHURER, EMIL

Lynne (Meredith) Schreiber*,

M.F.A., B.A.; Writer, Author,
Freelance, Southfield, Michigan:

SEIGEL, JOSHUA; SILBER, SAUL;
TELUSHKIN, NISSAN; WINE, SHERWIN;
ZARCHI, ASHER

Theodore Schrire, M.A., M.B.,
F.R.C.S., F.R.S.S.Af; Senior Lecturer
in Surgery, the University of Cape
Town: amulets, Samaritan

Michael J. Schudrich*, M.A., Rabbi;
Chief Rabbi, Jewish Community
of Poland, Warsaw, Poland:

ANTISEMITISM; BESSER, CHASKEL O.

Alan Richard Schulman, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of Ancient
History, Queens College of the City
University of New York: akhenaton-,

AMENOPHIS III; ANTONINUS PIUS; CUSH;
EGYPT; HELIOPOLIS; HOPHRA; HYKSOS;
MEMPHIS; MERNEPTAH; MIZRAYIM;
NECO; NILE; PATHROS; PHARAOH;
PITHOM; POTIPHAR; POTI-PHERA;
RAMSES; SETI I; THEBES; ZOAN

Elias Schulman, Ph.D.; the
Jewish Teachers' Seminary, New
York: axelrod, selik; axenfeld,

ISRAEL; BOVSHOVER, JOSEPH; DIK,
ISAAC MEIR; ENTIN, JOEL; ERIK, MAX;
ETTINGER, SOLOMON; FININBERG,
EZRA; GINZBURG, ISER; GLICK, HIRSH;
GORIN, BERNARD; HAIMOWITZ, MORRIS
JONAH; HORONTCHIK, SIMON; HURWITZ,
CHAIM; IGNATOFF, DAVID; JANOVSKY,
SAUL JOSEPH; KACZERGINSKY, SZMERKE;
KALMANOVITCH, ZELIG; KATZENELSON,
ITZHAK; KHARIK, IZI; KOBRIN, LEON;
KUSHNIROV, AARON; KVITKO, LEIB; LIBIN,
Z.; LIESSIN, ABRAHAM; LINETZKY, ISAAC
JOEL; MARMOR, KALMAN; NUSINOV,
ISAAC; OLGIN, MOSHE J.; SELIKOVITCH,
GEORGE; SHUB, DAVID; WARSHAWSKI,
MARK; WEITER, A.; ZINBERG, ISRAEL

Iehuda Schuster, Kibbutz Mefalsim:

NAHAL

•

Nachum Schutz-Adler*, M.A.;
Jewish History, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: Montevideo-, Uruguay

Paul Schveiger*, Ph.D.; Linguist,
Retired, Raanana, Israel: alba iulia;

ARAD; BAIA-MARE; BANAT; BEZIDUL
NOU; BISTRITA; BRAHAM, RANDOLPH
LOUIS; BRAS.OV; BUKOVINA; CARMILLY-
WEINBERGER, MOSHE; CILIBI MOISE;
CLUJ; DEJ; FAGARAS; GRAUR, ALEXANDRU;
LUGOJ; MARGHITA; NASAUD; ORADEA;
PAUKER, ANA; REGHIN; SALONTA;
SATU-MARE; SEINI; SIBIU; SIGHET;
TARGU-MURES; TRANSYLVANIA; WALD,
HENRI

George Schwab, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Modern History, City
College of the City University of

New York: beersheba; bernays;

HAUSER, HENRI; MARKUS, LUDWIG;
PERLBACH, MAX; PRAWER, JOSHUA

Abraham Schwadron (Sharon),

Dr. Phil.; Writer and Collector,
Jerusalem: autographs

Ernest Schwarcz, Ph.D.; Professor
of Philosophy, Queens College of
the City University of New York:

BERKSON, ISAAC BAER; BONDY, CURT;
BORGHI, LAMBERTO; BROUDY, HARRY
SAMUEL; HARTOG, SIR PHILIP JOSEPH;
KLAPPER, PAUL; NAUMBURG, MARGARET;
RIVLIN, HARRY N.; RUBINSTEIN, SERGEY
LEONIDOVICH; SCHEFFLER, ISRAEL

Moshe Schwarcz, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Philosophy, Bar-
Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

FORMSTECHER, SOLOMON; KROCHMAL,
NACHMAN; LAZARUS, MORITZ

Barry Dov Schwartz, M.H.L.,
Rabbi; Perth Amboy, New Jersey:

MIDDLESEX COUNTY, NEW JERSEY

Carmi Schwartz, M.A., M.S.W.;
Associated Jewish Charities and
Welfare Fund, Baltimore, Maryland

Casey (Katherine) Schwartz*, B.A.;
Student, University of California,
Los Angeles: chopra, joyce;

DEMILLE, CECIL B.; EPHRON, NORA;
FRELENG, ISADOR "FRIZ"; HECKERLING,
AMY; KATZ, MICKEY; LAMARR, HEDY;
LANDAU, MARTIN; LANDON, MICHAEL;
LEACHMAN, CLORIS; LEWIS, SHARI;
MENKEN, ALAN

Dov Schwartz*, Professor, Dean,
Faculty of Humanities, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: abba mari

BEN MOSES BEN JOSEPH ASTRUC OF
LUNEL; ABBAS, JUDAH BEN SAMUEL IBN;
ANTINOMIANISM; ASCETICISM; LEVI BEN
ABRAHAM BEN HAYYIM; MAIMONIDEAN
CONTROVERSY; SOLOVEITCHIK, JOSEPH
BAER; ZARZA, SAMUEL IBN SENEH

Guri Schwartz*: fossoli

Laurel Schwartz*, B.A.; Archives
Curator, Jewish Historical Society
of San Diego, Archives at San
Diego State University, San Diego,
California: san diego

Marcus Mordecai Schwartz*, M.A.,
Ph.D., Rabbi; Adjunct Instructor
of Talmud, Jewish Theological
Seminary of America, New York

150

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Matthew (B.) Schwartz*, Ph.D.;
Historian, Wayne State University,
Southneld, Michigan: david w.

PETEGORSKY; MOSES, ADOLPH

Stan (Stanley) Schwartz*, B.B.A.;
President, Jewish Historical Society
of San Diego, Archives at San Diego
State University, California: san

DIEGO

Yigal Schwartz*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Head of Hebrew Literature
Department and Head of
Heksherim Research Center, Ben-
Gurion University of the Negev:

SHAKED, GERSHON

Jan Schwarz*, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
University of Chicago: biographies

AND AUTOBIOGRAPHIES; GLATSTEIN,
JACOB; ROSENFELD, JONAH

Johannes Valentin Schwarz*,

Ph.D., M.A.; Historian, Potsdam
University, Germany: allgemeine

ZEITUNG DES JUDENTUMS; BACHER,
EDUARD; BAUMGARTEN, EMANUEL
MENDEL; BECKER, JULIUS; BEER, MAX;
BENEDIKT, MORITZ; BERNHARD, GEORG;
FEDER, ERNST; MENORAH; NEUZEIT,
DIE; PHILIPPSON; PHILO VERLAG;
REUTER, PAUL JULIUS, FREIHERR VON;
SIMON, HEINRICH; SIMONE, ANDRE;
SONNEMANN, LEOPOLD; WELT, DIE;
WOLFF, BERNHARD; WOLFF, THEODOR;
ZUKUNFT, DIE

Karl Schwarz, Dr.Phil.; Art
Historian and Curator of the Tel
Aviv Museum: antokolski,

MARK

Leo W. Schwarz, B.A., Rabbi;

Author, New York: lowenthal,

MARVIN

Simon R. Schwarzfuchs, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Associate Professor of
Jewish History, Bar-Ilan University,

Ramat Gan: alliance Israelite

UNIVERSELLE; ANTWERP; BELGIUM;
CREMIEUX, ISAAC ADOLPHE; CRUSADES;
FRANCE; LAUSANNE; LAZARE, BERNARD;
LUCERNE; LUXEMBOURG; MALESHERBES,
CHRETIEN GUILLAUME DE LAMOIGNON
DE; ROTHSCHILD; SPAIN; SWITZERLAND;
ZURICH

Steven S. Schwarzschild, D.H.L.,
Rabbi; Professor of Jewish
Philosophy, Washington University,
St. Louis, Missouri: atlas, samuel;

COVETOUSNESS; JUSTICE; NOACHIDE

LAWS; SLONIMSKY, HENRY; SUFFERING;
TRUTH

Eliezer Schweid, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Jewish Philosophy and
Mysticism, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: ahad ha-am; avinoam,

REUVEN,; BAVLI, HILLEL; HEINEMANN,

YIZHAK; TCHERNICHOWSKY,

SAUL

Joseph Schweitzer, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Chief Rabbi of Pecs; Professor
of Jewish History, the Jewish
Theological Seminary of Hungary,
Budapest: pecs

Hanna Scolnicov*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Tel Aviv University: bergmann, felix

ELIEZER

Robert B.Y. Scott, Ph.D.; Emeritus
Professor of Religion, Princeton

University, New Jersey: balance;

PARABLE; PROVERBS, BOOK OF; WISDOM;
WISDOM LITERATURE

Mel Scult*, Ph.D.; Professor
Emeritus Brooklyn College,

C.U.N. Y, New York: kaplan,

MORDECAI MENAHEM

Fern Lee Seckbach, M.A.,
C.Phil.; Deputy Editor in Chief,
Encyclopaedia Judaica, CD-ROM
Edition: aharonov, yakir; ehrlich,

SIMHA; EITAN, RAPHAEL; FEINBRUN-
DOTHAN, NAOMI; FROMAN, IAN;
GOLDBLUM, NATAN; GVATI, CHAIM;
KATZ, ELIHU; LEVI, MOSHE; LEVITZKI,
ALEXANDER; POLLACK, ISRAEL; SPIEGEL,
NATHAN; TARIF, AMIN; WEISS, MEIR;
WERSES, SAMUEL; YAVETS, ZVI; YEIVIN,
ISRAEL

Francois Secret, Directeur d'Etudes
a TEcole Pratique des Hautes Etudes
(Sciences Religieuses), Sorbonne,
Paris: bonfrere, jaques; giorgio,

FRANCESCO

Israel Sedaka, Holon, Israel: medals

Ariel Segal*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Writer, Historian, International
Analyst, University of Miami:

IQUITOS

Arthur Segal*, Ph.D.; Professor of
Classical Archaeology, University of
Haifa: susita or hippos

Bernard Segal, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Executive Vice President, the United

Synagogue of America, New York:

ABBELL, MAXWELL

Eliezer L. (Lome) Segal*, Ph.D.;
Professor of Religious Studies,
University of Calgary, Canada:

BERAKHOT; BIKKURIM; DEMAI

Jack Segal, D.H.L., Rabbi; Houston,
Texas: Houston

Josef Segal, M.A.; Haifa: amasa;

DOEG; GAD; ISHMAEL; OG; PASHHUR;
SHALLUM

Moshe Zevi (Moses Hirsch) Segal,

M.A.; Emeritus Professor of Bible,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ASTRUC, JEAN; BEN SIRA, SIMEON BEN
JESUS; BEN SIRA, WISDOM OF; EICHHORN,
JOHANN GOTTFRIED; GRESSMANN, HUGO

Ralph Segalman, Ph.D., A.C.S.W.;
Associate Professor of Sociology,
San Fernando Valley State College,
Northridge, California: el paso

Jonathan (Lee) Seidel*, M.A.,

Ph.D., Rabbi; Adjunct Professor,
University of Oregon, Eugene,
Oregon: circumcision

Oskar Seidlin, Ph.D.; Professor
of German Literature, Ohio State
University, Columbus: brahm, otto

Hillel Seidman, Ph.D.; President
of the Beth Jacob Teachers* College,
New York: stein, edmund menahem

Kalman Seigel, B.So.Sci.; Journalist,

New York: journalism

Robert A. Seigel, M.A., Rabbi;

Chicago: cronbach, Abraham

Avraham Sela*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in International Relations,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ARAFAT, YASSER; PALESTINE LIBERATION
ORGANIZATION; PALESTINIAN
AUTHORITY

Michoel A. Seligson*, Rabbi;
Lecturer, Otzer Hachasidim
Publication House of Lubavitach,
Yeshiva Oholei Toraah, Seminary
Bais Rivka, New York: dworkin,

ZALMAN SHIMON

Bernard Semmel, Ph.D.; Professor
of History, the State University
of New York, Stony Brook:

MOMIGLIANO, ARNALDO DANTE

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

151

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Nora Seni*, Ph.D.; Maitre de
Conferences, French Institute on
Urbanism, University of Paris,
France: camondo

Leonardo Senkman*, Ph.D.;
Lecturer, Latin American Studies
and Researcher at International
Center for University Teaching of
the Jewish Civilization, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: aguinis,

MARCOS; PECAR, SAMUEL; TIMERMAN,
JACOBO

Gertrude C. Serata, M.L.S.;
Librarian, Honolulu: Hawaii

Joseph Baruch Sermoneta, Ph.D.,
Dott.in Fil.; Associate Professor of
Jewish Philosophy and Mysticism;
Senior Lecturer in Italian Language
and Literature and in Philosophy,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ANCONA; BACHI, RICCARDO; BACHI,
ROBERTO; DANTE ALIGHIERI;
DEBENEDETTI, GIACOMO; DEL MONTE,
CRESCENZO; HALPHEN, LOUIS; HILLEL
BEN SAMUEL; ITALIAN LITERATURE; JOHN
OF CAPUA; JUDEO-ITALIAN; LEVI, DAVID;
LEVI-PEROTTI, GIUSTINA; MOSES OF
PALERMO; SULLAM, SARA COPPIO; SVEVO,
ITALO

Ronit Seter*, Ph.D.; Adjunct
Assistant Professor, George
Washington University,
Washington, D.C.: Fleischer,

TSIPPI; SETER, MORDECAI; SHILOAH,
AMNON

David Sfard, Ph.D.; Jerusalem:

COOPERATIVES; POLAND; PRESS;
SMOLAR, HERSH

Bezalel Shachar, M.A.; Lecturer
in Adult Education, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: education,

JEWISH

Eliyahu Shadmi, Kibbutz Ma'anit

Yosef Shadur, Midreshet Sedeh

Boker: sedeh boker

Aaron Shaffer, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Assyriology, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

AKKADIAN LANGUAGE; ESARHADDON;
FINKELSTEIN, JACOB JOEL; HAMMURAPI;
KRAMER, SAMUEL NOAH

William Shaffir*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Sociology, McMaster University,
Hamilton, Canada: Hamilton

John M. Shaftesley, O.B.E., B.A.,
F.R.S.A.; Editor, London: alkan,

ALPHONSE; BERNSTEIN, SIDNEY LEWIS,
BARON; GESTETNER, DAVID; KAHN,
RICHARD FERDINAND, LORD; LEVY; LEVY,
SIR ALBERT; SIMON; SPIELMAN; STERN;
TYPOGRAPHERS

Natan Shahar*, Ph.D.; Music
Department, Beit Berl College,
Israel: alberstein, hava;

HAZA, OFRA; HIRSH, NURIT; ISRAEL,
STATE OF: CULTURAL LIFE; MEDINA,
AVIHU; WILENSKY, MOSHE; ZEHAVI,
DAVID

Milton Shain, Ph.D., Associate
Professor, Department of Hebrew
and Jewish Studies; Director of
the Isaac and Jessie Kaplan Centre
for Jewish Studies and Research,
University of Cape Town: cape

TOWN; SOUTH AFRICA

Gershon Shaked*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Hebrew Literature, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: berkowitz,

YITZHAK DOV; BRENNER, JOSEPH
HAYYIM; GROSSMAN, DAVID; HEBREW
LITERATURE, MODERN; SHAMIR,
MOSHE; SHOHAM, MATTITYAHU

MOSHE

Shaul Shaked*, Ph.D.; Professor of
Iranian Studies and Comparative
Religion, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: judeo-persian; zand,

MICHAEL

Yuval Shaked*, Director Jewish
Music Center, Composer, Beth
Hatefutsoth, Haifa University,
Kibbutzim College, Tel Aviv:

LEEF, YINAM; RADZYNSKI, JAN; RAN,
SHULAMIT; SHERIFF, NOAM; STARER,
ROBERT

Aryeh Shalev, Former IDF
and Israel Ministry of Defense
Spokesman, Former Governor of
Judea and Samaria

Mordechai Shalev, M.A.; Ministry
for Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem:

MARZOUK, MOSHE; TIDHAR, DAVID

Levi Shalit, Editor, Johannesburg

Meir de Shalit, Former Director
General Ministry of Tourism, Tel
Aviv

Abraham Shaliv, M.A.; Director of
the Center for Industrial Planning,

Ministry of Commerce and
Industry, Jerusalem

Yehudith Shaltiel, Ph.D.;
Psychologist, Jerusalem: wolberg,

LEWIS ROBERT

Alice Shalvi, Ph.D.; Professor,
Department of English, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem

Avraham Shapira, Former Editor of
Shedemot, published by the Kibbutz
Movement

Dan (D.Y.) Shapira*, Ph.D.;
Professor, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: judeo-tat

liana Shapira, M.A.; Jerusalem:

MELCHIZEDEK

Moshe Shapira, B.A.; Research
Assistant in the Institute for
Research in the History and
Culture of Oriental Jewry, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: hebron;

RUBIO, MORDECAI

Alexander Shapiro, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Lecturer in Jewish History, the
University of the Negev, Beersheba:

MEISSEN; MERGENTHEIM; MOSBACH;
NIEDERSTETTEN; NORDHAUSEN;
PADERBORN; ROUSSILLON; SALZBURG;
SHUM; SPANDAU; TALHEIM; TRIER;
UEBERLINGEN; WETZLAR; ZUELZ

Haim Shapiro, Writer and
Journalist, Jerusalem: Israel,

STATE OF: RELIGIOUS LIFE AND
COMMUNITIES

Harry L. Shapiro, Ph.D.; Emeritus
Chairman of the Department
of Anthropology, the American
Museum of Natural History;
Professor of Anthropology,
Columbia University, New York

Judah J. Shapiro, D.Ed.; Lecturer
in Jewish History and Sociology,
School of Jewish Communal
Service, the Hebrew Union
College - Jewish Institute of
Religion, New York

Leon Shapiro, Lecturer in Russian-
Jewish History, Rutgers University,
New Brunswick, New Jersey:

ABRAMOWITZ, RAPHAEL

Marc B. Shapiro*, Ph.D.; Weinberg
Chair in Judaic Studies, University

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ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

of Scranton, Pennsylvania: ani

MAAMIN; ATLAS, SAMUEL

Yosef Shapiro, Writer, Givatayim,

Israel: joffe, eliezer lipa; shohat,

ELIEZER

Andrew Sharf, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of History, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: basil i;

BYZANTINE EMPIRE; CIRCUS PARTIES;
CONSTANTINE VII PORPHYROGENITUS;
CONSTANTINOPLE; DANIEL, VISION
OF; EPIRUS; HERACLIUS; JUSTINIAN
I; LEO III; LEO VI; MANUEL I
COMNENUS; MICHAEL II; MICHAEL VIII
PALAEOLOGUS; ROMANUS I LECAPENUS;
SEVERUS

I. Harold Sharfman, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Los Angeles: illowy, Bernard

Baila Round Shargel*, D.H.L.;
Adjunct Assistant Professor,
Manhattanville College, Purchase,
New York; The Ratner Center,
Jewish Theological Seminary,
Harrison, New York: friedlaender,

ISRAEL; WESTCHESTER COUNTY

Rivka Shatz-Uffenheimer,

Ph.D.; Senior Lecturer in Jewish
Philosophy and Mysticism, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

HASIDISM

Ya'akov Shavit, Ph.D.; Historian,
Author, Senior Lecturer,
Department of History of the
Jewish People, Tel Aviv University:

REVISIONISTS, ZIONIST

Zohar Shavit*, Ph.D.; Professor
for Culture Research, Tel Aviv
University: children's literature

Rachel (Katznelson) Shazar, B.A.;
Wife of the President of Israel,
Writer and Editor, Jerusalem: baron,

DEVORAH

Shneur Zalman Shazar, President
of the State of Israel, Jerusalem: ben-

ZVI, IZHAK; KATZNELSON, BERL

Mark Shechner*, Ph.D.; Professor
of English, University at Buffalo,
Amherst, New York: rosenfeld,

ISAAC

Alan Shefman*, B.A., M.A.;
Associate, York University, Centre
for Practical Ethics; Consultant,
The Edge Quality/Communications

Consults; City Councillor, Vaughan,
Canada: b'nai b'rith

Mort Sheinman*, B.A.;
Journalism Teacher and Retired
Newspaperman, New York:

AUERBACH, BEATRICE FOX; CHAIKIN,
SOL C; COLE, KENNETH; DREXLER,
MILLARD S.; ELIAS, ELI; FISHER,
DONALD; GOODMAN, ANDREW;
KARAN, DONNA; KIMMEL, SIDNEY;
KLEIN, ANNE; KLEIN, CALVIN RICHARD;
KOPELMAN, ARIE LEONARD; LAUREN,
RALPH; MARCUS, STANLEY; MAZUR,
JAY; NORELL, NORMAN; ORTENBERG,
ARTHUR; PERELMAN, RONALD OWEN;
POMERANTZ, FRED P.; RAYNOR, BRUCE;
ROSEN, CARL; SAKOWITZ, BERNARD;
SALTZMAN, MAURICE; SCAASI, ARNOLD;
SCHRADER, ABE; SCHWARTZ, DAVID;
SHAW, BENJAMIN; SPANEL, ABRAM
NATHANIEL; STULBERG, LOUIS; TRAUB,
MARVIN S.; TRIGERE, PAULINE; VON
FURSTENBERG, DIANE; WACHNER, LINDA
JOY; ZUCKERMAN, BEN

Ben-Zion Shek*, B.A., M.A., Ph.D.
(University of Toronto); Professor
Emeritus, Department of French,
University of Toronto: kattan, naim;

ROBIN, REGINE

Matityahu Shelem, Composer,
Kibbutz Ramat Yohanan: kibbutz

FESTIVALS

Richard R Shepard, Journalist, New

York: buchwald, Nathaniel; buloff,

JOSEPH; SCHWARTZ, MAURICE

Rona Sheramy* , Ph.D. Executive
Director Association for Jewish
Studies, New York: tec, nechama

Arnold Sherman, M.A.; Public
Relations Officer, El Al, Lydda
Airport: el al

Charles Bezalel Sherman, Professor
of Sociology, Yeshiva University and
the Jewish Teachers' Seminary, New
York: congress for Jewish culture;

JEWISH LABOR COMMITTEE; JEWISH
SOCIALIST VERB AND; WORKMEN'S
CIRCLE

Joseph Sherman*, B.A., M.A.,
Ph.D., Dr. Oxford University,
England: bergelson, david;

DIK, ISAAC MEIR; SOUTH AFRICAN
LITERATURE; WOLPE, DAVID E.

Moshe (D.) Sherman*, Ph.D.;

Associate Professor, Touro Graduate

School of Jewish Studies, New
York: alperstein, avraham eliezer

BEN YESHAYA; ASH, ABRAHAM JOSEPH;
BIRNBAUM, PHILIP

Nancy Sherman*, MFA (Masters in
Fine Arts); Executive Vice President;
National Yiddish Book Center;
Amherst, Massachusetts: national

YIDDISH BOOK CENTER

Jerome J. Shestack*, L.L.B.;
Lawyer; Past President American
Bar Association, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania: becker, edward roy

Murray Shiff, M.S.W.; Executive
Director (retired), Jewish Federation
of Greater Seattle

Margalit Shilo*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: halukkah

•

Shmuel Shilo, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Instructor in Jewish Law, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

DINA DE-MALKHUTA DINA; LOAN;
MAJORITY RULE; ONAAH; ONES;
SUCCESSION; WILLS

Amnon Shiloah*, Ph.D.; Professor
Emeritus of Musicology, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: abu al-fadl

HASDAY; AFRICA, NORTH: MUSICAL
TRADITIONS.; AHARON, EZRA; ALEPPO;
AL-GHARID AL-YAHUDl; AL-MANSUR
AL-YAHUDI; ARGOV, ZOHAR; ARLEN,
HAROLD; AVSHALOMOV, JACOB; BABILEE,
JEAN; BAKKASHAH; BAR, SHLOMO; BAYER,
BATHYA; BEN, ZEHAVA; BLOCH, ANDRE;
BORIS, RUTHANNA; BOUZAGLO, DAVID;
CANTILLATION; CHUJOY, ANATOLE;
COHEN, SELMA JEAN; COLONNE,
JULES EDOUARD; DANCE; DAVICO,
LUJO; DAVID; DAVID, ERNEST; DUQUE,
SIMON DAVID; EMSHEIMER, ERNST;
ESPINOSA, EDOUARD; FARABl, ABU
NASR MUHAMMAD, AL-; FARBER, VIOLA;
GASKELL, SONJA; GOLDSTEIN, RAYMOND;
HALPRIN, ANN; HAYDEN, MELISSA;
IBN ABI AL-SALT; IRAN, MUSICAL
TRADITION; JACOBSTHAL, GUSTAV;
JONAS, EMILE; KABBALAH; KATZ, ISRAEL
J.; KIDD, MICHAEL; KIRSTEIN, LINCOLN;
KUWEITI, SALAH; LEVY; LEVY, LAZARE;
LOWINSKY, EDWARD ELIAS; MAQAM;
MARCEAU, MARCEL; MASLOW, SOPHIE;
MIZRAHI, ASHER; MURRAY, ARTHUR;
MUSIC; ORENSTEIN, ARBIE; PANOV,
VALERY; PLAMENAC, DRAGAN; RINGER,
ALEXANDER L.; ROBBINS, JEROME; ROSS,
HERBERT; SILLS, BEVERLY; SIMON, PAUL;
SPECTOR, JOHANNA; SPIVACKE, HAROLD;

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153

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

STENN, REBECCA; TEMIANKA, HENRI;
VALABREGA, CESARE; WEINSTOCK,
HERBERT; WIENER, JEAN

Bina Shiloah*, B.Ed.; Dance
Coordinator- Rubin Conservatory of
Music and Dance, Jerusalem: kraus,

GERTRUD; LEVI-AGRON, HASSIA; LEVI-
TANNAI, SARA; SOKOLOW, ANNA

Zvi Shiloah, B.A.; Journalist,
Chairman of the Executive of the
Land of Israel Movement, Tel Aviv:

GUSH EMUNIM

Gideon Shimoni, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer, Institute for Contemporary
Jewry, Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: gandhi, Mohandas

KARAMCHAND; KALLENBACH, HERMANN

Yaacov Shimoni, Deputy Director
General, Ministry for Foreign
Affairs, Jerusalem: husseini, hAjj

AMIN AL-; ISRAEL, STATE OF: ARAB
POPULATION

Felix Eliezer Shinnar, Dr.Jur.;
Economist and former Ambassador,
Tel Aviv: Germany; reparations,

GERMAN.

Chone Shmeruk, Ph.D.; Professor
of Yiddish Literature, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: der

NISTER; DINESON, JACOB; PURIM-SHPIL;
SOVETISH HEYMLAND; WIENER, MEIR;
YIDDISH LITERATURE

Joshua H. Shmidman, B.A.,
Rabbi; Instructor in Philosophy,
Yeshiva University; New York:

HATRED; INSULT; REBUKE AND REPROOF;
VENGEANCE; ZEKHUT AVOT

Aryeh Shmuelevitz*, Ph.D.;
Professor Emeritus, Moshe Dayan
Center for Middle Eastern and
African Studies, Tel Aviv University:

BAYAZID II; BURSA; EMESA; FARHI; KIERA

Efraim Shmueli, Ph.D.; Professor
of Philosophy; Adjunct Professor
of Jewish History and Literature,
Cleveland State University:

WOYSLAWSKI, ZEVI

Herzl Shmueli, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Musicology, Tel Aviv
University: admon, yedidyah;

AVIDOM, MENAHEM; BOSCOVITCH,
ALEXANDER URIYAH

David Shneer*, Ph.D.; Director

Center for Judaic Studies, Associate
Professor of History, University of
Denver: kharik, izi; markish, peretz

J. Lee Shneidman, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of History, Adelphi
University, Garden City, New York:

ABENVIVES

Azriel Shochat, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of the History of the
Jewish People, Haifa University:

ALAMI, SOLOMON; ELDAD HA-DANI;
ERGAS, JOSEPH BEN EMANUEL; ESSEN;
HASKALAH; IBN VERGA, SOLOMON;
OSNABRUECK; OSTROG

Joseph Shochetman, B.A.;
Jerusalem: molcho, solomon

Debby (Deborah Anne Glaser)
Shoctor*, B.A., B.J., M.L.I.S.;
Archivist, The Jewish Archives and
Historical Society of Edmonton
and Northern Alberta, Canada:

EDMONTON

Baruch Shohetman, M.A.;

Bibliographer, Jerusalem: eismann,

MOSES; GLUECKSOHN, MOSHE; SOCIETY
FOR THE ATTAINMENT OF FULL CIVIL
RIGHTS FOR THE JEWISH PEOPLE IN
RUSSIA; UVAROV, SERGEY SEMYONOVICH

Ana Shomlo-Ninic, M.A.; Writer
and Critic, Belgrade: samokovlija,

ISAK; YUGOSLAV LITERATURE

Shorter Jewish Encyclopaedia
in Russian, Jerusalem: Crimean

AFFAIR; DOMALSKY, I.; DONSKOY,
MARK SEMENOVICH; GEKHT, SEMEN
GRIGOREVICH; GEORGIA; GERY; GOTS;
GRULEV, MIKHAIL VLADIMIROVICH;
GUKOVSKY, GRIGORY ALEKSANDROVICH;
GUREVICH, MIKHAIL IOSIFOVICH;
GUSEV, SERGEI IVANOVICH; KALIK,
MIKHAIL; KANNEGISER, LEONID
AKIMOVICH; KANOVICH, GRIGORY;
KAUFMAN, AVRAHAM YOSIFOVICH;
KIPEN, ALEKSANDR ABRAMOVICH; KNUT,
DOVID; KOL'TSOV, MIKHAIL; KOMZET;
KOPYTMAN, MARK RUVIMOVICH;
KRIMCHAK LANGUAGE; KRIMCHAKS;
LEONIDOV, LEONID MIRONOVICH;
LOTMAN, YURI MIKHAILOVICH; LOYTER,
EFRAIM BARUKHOVICH; MANEVICH,
LEV YEFIMOVICH; MOUNTAIN JEWS;
YEVREYSKI KOMISSARIAT; ZELDOVICH,
YAKOV BORISOVICH; ZEMLYACHKA,
ROZALIYA SAMOYLOVNA

Robert Shosteck, M.A.; Curator
of the B nai B nth Museum,

Washington, D. C: cohen, Alfred

MORTON; ELLINGER, MORITZ; SEQUEYRA,
JOHN DE

Yehuda Shrenzel, Chess Columnist,
Tel Aviv: Kasparov, gary

Yisrael Shrenzel, Chess Columnist,
Tel Aviv

Shimon Shtober*, Dr.Phil.; Senior
Lecturer, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: sambari, Joseph ben

ISAAC

Aaron Shub*, M.A.; Rabbinical
Student, University of Judaism, Los
Angeles: kogen, david

Justin (Benjamin) Shubow*, B.A.,
M.A.; J.D. Candidate Yale Law
School, New Haven, Connecticut:

SHUBOW, JOSEPH SHALOM

Malka Hillel Shulewitz, Journalist,

Jerusalem: Israel, state of: health,

WELFARE, AND SOCIAL SECURITY

Joseph I. Shulim, Ph.D.; Professor
of History, Brooklyn College of the
City University of New York: gay,

PETER JACK

David Shulman*, Ph.D.; Professor
of India Studies, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: akb ar the

GREAT

Nisson E. Shulman, D.H.L., Rabbi;

Yonkers, New York: slonik, benjamin

AARON BEN ABRAHAM

William (L.) Shulman*, Ed.D.;
President, Association of
Holocaust Organizations, New
York: association of holocaust

ORGANIZATIONS; HOLOCAUST

Shlomo Shunami, Dip.Lib.;
Bibliographer and Librarian, the
Jewish National and University
Library, Jerusalem: library, Jewish

NATIONAL AND UNIVERSITY; WORMANN,
CURT

Jonathan Shunary, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Hebrew and Biblical
Studies, the University of Wisconsin,
Madison: alphabet, Hebrew

Nili Shupak, B.A.; Jerusalem: jachin

AND BOAZ; KOHATH AND KOHATHITES;
LEAH; OREB AND ZEEB; SHEBNAH;
SHEMAIAH

154

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Shifra Shvarts*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor, Chairwoman, Center of
Health Policy in the Negev, Ben-
Gurion University of the Negev,
Beersheva: Israel, state of: health,

WELFARE, AND SOCIAL SECURITY

Rafi Siano*: sagalowitz, benjamin

Albert A. Sicroff, D.dei'U; Professor
of Romance Languages, Queens
College of the City University of
New York: limpieza de sangre

Moshe Sicron, Ph.D.; Government
Statistician in the Central Bureau
of Statistics; Professor, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem

Bjoern (Bjorn) Sieger, M.A., Ph.D.
Student, Chair of Jewish History
and Culture, Ludwig- Maximilians -
Universitat, Munich. Germany: bab,

JULIUS; BONDY, CURT; BRAHM, OTTO;
CASTIGLIONI, CAMILLO; CHRISTIAN
SOCIAL PARTY, GERMAN; CONSERVATIVE
PARTY, GERMAN; EPPSTEIN, PAUL; ESRA;
FRANKENBURGER, WOLF; FREDERICK
I; FRIEDMANN, DESIDER; GELBER,
NATHAN MICHAEL; GIEHSE, THERESE;
GRANACH, ALEXANDER; GRUEBER,
HEINRICH; HEIMWEHR; HERMANN,
GEORG; HOROVITZ, JOSEF; JOSEPH II;
KAHLE, PAUL ERNST; KAUFMANN, OSKAR;
LABAND, PAUL; LADENBURG; LANDAU,
EUGEN; LANDSBERG, OTTO; LANDSHUT,
SIEGFRIED; LASKER, EDUARD; LASZLO,
PHILIP ALEXIUS DE LOMBOS; LAZARUS,
MORITZ; LEBRECHT, FUERCHTEGOTT;
LEVI, PAUL; LEVISON, WILHELM; LOEWE,
LUDWIG and ISIDOR; MARIA THERESA;
MARKUS, LUDWIG; MAYER, GUSTAV;
MITTWOCH, EUGEN; PAPPENHEIM,
BERTHA

Marcia B. Siegel, B.A.; Dance Critic,

New York: gaskell, sonja; hayden,

MELISSA; KAYE, NORA; KIRSTEIN,
LINCOLN; LEVINSON, ANDRE; LICHINE,
DAVID; ROBBINS, JEROME; RUBINSTEIN,
IDA; SAINT-LEON, ARTHUR MICHEL;
SOKOLOW, ANNA; TAMIRIS, HELEN

Mark (A.) Sieger, M.A., Ph.D.; Vice
President, Government Affairs, New
Century Financial Corporation;
former Deputy Assistant to the
President and Liaison to the Jewish
Community in the Carter White
House; Adjunct Professor of
Political Science, Graduate School of
Political Management, The George
Washington University: strauss,

ROBERT SCHWARZ

Richard (A.) Siegel*, M.A.;

Executive Director Emeritus,
National Foundation for Jewish
Culture, Los Angeles: national

FOUNDATION FOR JEWISH CULTURE

Seymour Siegel, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Professor of Theology and of Ethics
and Rabbinic Thought, the Jewish
Theological Seminary of America,
New York: higger, michael;

IMITATION OF GOD; RESURRECTION;
WAXMAN, MEYER; WINTER, PAUL

Sergio Joseph Sierra, M.A., Rabbi;
Lecturer in Hebrew Language and
Literature, the University of Turin:

MARSALA; MESSINA; PALERMO; SICILY;
SYRACUSE; TRAPANI

Myra J. Siff, M.A.; Instructor
in Religion and Bible, Wellesley
College, Massachusetts: babel,

TOWER OF; SAMSON; SARAH

Menahem Binyamin Andrew

Silberfeld, Ph.D., Rabbi; Librarian,
Jerusalem

David Silberklang*, Ph.D.;
Historian; Editor, Yad Vashem
Studies; Adjunct Lecturer, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

BAUER, YEHUDA; GUTMAN, ISRAEL

Lou H. Silberman, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Professor of Jewish Literature and
Thought, Vanderbilt University,
Nashville, Tennessee: chosen people;

COMPASSION; GOD; JOY; SCHOEPS, HANS
JOACHIM

Eisig Silberschlag, Ph.D.; President
and Professor of Hebrew Literature,
the Hebrew College, Brookline,
Massachusetts: bernstein, zvi

HIRSCH; BLANK, SAMUEL LEIB; BRAININ,
REUBEN; EINHORN, MOSES; EPSTEIN,
ABRAHAM; EPSTEIN, ABRAHAM;
FEINSTEIN, MOSES; FRIEDLAND,
ABRAHAM HYMAN; GERSONI, HENRY;
GINSBURG, JEKUTHIEL; GINZBURG,
SIMON; GOLDMAN, MOSES HA-KOHEN;
GREENWALD, JEKUTHIEL JUDAH; HALKIN,
SIMON; HEBREW LITERATURE, MODERN;
IMBER, NAPHTALI HERZ; KABAKOFF,
JACOB; LEAF, HAYIM; LISITZKY, EPHRAIM
E.; LOEWISOHN, SOLOMON; MAISELS,
MOSES HAYYIM; MALACHI, ELIEZER
RAPHAEL; MARKSON, AARON DAVID;
MAXIMON, SHALOM DOV BER; MIRSKY,
SAMUEL KALMAN; PERSKY, DANIEL;
PREIL, GABRIEL JOSHUA; RAISIN, JACOB
ZALMAN; RAISIN, MAX; REGELSON,

ABRAHAM; RESSLER, BENJAMIN;
RIBALOW, MENACHEM; ROSENBERG,
ABRAHAM HAYYIM; ROSENFELD, SAMUEL;
ROSENZWEIG, GERSON; SACKLER,
HARRY; SCHARFSTEIN, ZEVI; SCHUR, ZEV
WOLF; SCHUR, ZEV WOLF; SCHWARTZ,
ABRAHAM SAMUEL; SCHWARZBERG,
SAMUEL BENJAMIN; SHMUELI, EPHRAIM;
SHULVASS, MOSES AVIGDOR; SILKINER,
BENJAMIN NAHUM; SOBEL, JACOB ZEVI;
SOLODAR, ABRAHAM; TOUROFF, NISSAN;
TOUROFF, NISSAN; TWERSKY, YOHANAN;
YINNON, MOSHE

Jon Silkin, B.A; Poet, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, England: abse, dannie;

FUCHS, ABRAHAM MOSHE; LITVINOFF,
EMANUEL; ROSENBERG, ISAAC; SASSOON,
SIEGFRIED LORRAINE

Daniel Jeremy Silver, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Adjunct Professor of Religion,
Case Western Reserve University,
Cleveland: heresy

David L. Silver, B.A., Rabbi;
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

Drew Silver*, Freelance Editor,

New York: beit-hallahmi, benjamin;

BERCOVITCH, SACVAN; BRUNER,
JEROME SEYMOUR; DONIGER, WENDY;
FEYNMAN, RICHARD PHILLIPS; GELL-
MANN, MURRAY; GOFFMAN, ERVING
MANUAL; GOULD, STEPHEN JAY; HARRIS,
MARVIN; HIRSCH, ERIC DONALD,
JR.; LEWIS, ANTHONY; LOWENSTEIN,
ALLARD KENNETH; MEYER, MICHAEL
A.; MILGROM, JACOB; PERLE, RICHARD
NORMAN; REICH, ROBERT BERNARD;
REINHARZ, JEHUDA; RENDELL, EDWARD
GENE; RIVLIN, ALICE M.; SCHEINDLIN,
RAYMOND P.; SCHIFFMAN, LAWRENCE
H.; STILLMAN, NORMAN ARTHUR; TIGAY,
JEFFREY H; WELLSTONE, PAUL; YOUNG,
JAMES E.

Jesse Harold Silver, Sports Writer,
Surfside, Florida: hart, cecil

M.; HENSHEL, HARRY D.; MENDOZA,
DANIEL; MOSBACHER, EMIL JR.; MYERS,
LAWRENCE E.; OLYMPIC GAMES; SEDRAN,
BARNEY; SOLOMONS, JACK; SPORTS

Catherine Silverman, Ph.D.;
Lecturer in History, City College
of the City University of New York:

TUCHMAN, BARBARA WERTHEIM

Godfrey Edmond Silverman,

M.A.; Jerusalem: British Israelites;

CHILDREN'S LITERATURE; DU BARTAS,
GUILLAUME DE SALLUSTE; GALATINUS,
PIETRO COLUMNA; GENEBRARD, GILBERT;

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

155

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

GIUSTINIANI, AGOSTINO; GOLLER,
IZAK; GUEDALLA, PHILIP; GUIDACERIO,
AGACIO; HEINE, HEINRICH; HOCHHUTH,
ROLF; LE BE, GUILLAUME; LE FEVRE DE LA
BODERIE, GUY; LIGHTFOOT, JOHN; MAES,
ANDREAS; MERCIER, JEAN; MUENSTER,
SEBASTIAN; NOLA, ELIJAH BEN MENAHEM
DA; NOSTRADAMUS; PAGNINI, SANTES;
PARAF, PIERRE; PAULI, JOHANNES;
PELLICANUS, CONRAD; PISTORIUS,
JOHANNES; PLANTAVIT DE LA PAUSE,
JEAN; PLANTIN, CHRISTOPHE; POCOCKE,
EDWARD; POSTEL, GUILLAUME; PSALMS,
BOOK OF; PUBLISHING; RABINOWITZ,
SAMUEL JACOB; RAFFALOVICH, ISAIAH;
REUCHLIN, JOHANNES; RICIUS, PAULUS;
SCALIGER, JOSEPH JUSTUS; SCHICKARD,
WILHELM; SLOTKI, ISRAEL WOLF;
SOLA, DE; STUDENTS' MOVEMENTS,
JEWISH; TREMELLIUS, JOHN IMMANUEL;
TRITHEMIUS, JOHANNES; TRITHEMIUS,
JOHANNES; TYNDALE, WILLIAM;
VELTWYCK, GERARD; VIGENERE,
BLAISE DE; WAKEFIELD, ROBERT;
WIDMANSTETTER, JOHANN ALBRECHT;
WOLF, FRIEDRICH; ZUCKMAYER, CARL

Lisa Silverman*, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of History, University of
Wisconsin, Milwaukee: bauer, otto;

BEDA; BERMANN, RICHARD ARNOLD;
BRAUNTHAL, JULIUS; DONATH, ADOLPH;
KRAUS, KARL

Morris Silverman, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Hartford, Connecticut: hartford;

KOPPLEMANN, HERMAN PAUL

Meir Silverstone, LL.B.; Attorney
and former Director General,
Ministry of the Interior, Jerusalem

Jakob Naphtali Hertz Simchoni,

Dr.Phil.; Encyclopaedia Judaica
(Germany); Historian, Berlin:

AARON SAMUEL BEN MOSES SHALOM OF
KREMENETS; ABBA MARI BEN ELIGDOR;
ABRAHAM BEN JOSIAH TROKI; ABRAHAM
BEN JOSIAH YERUSHALMI; ABRAHAM
BEN JUDAH BEN ABRAHAM; ELIJAH BEN
AARON BEN MOSES; LUZKI, ABRAHAM
BEN JOSEPH SOLOMON

Ernest E. Simke, Honorary
Consul-General of Israel, Manila,
Philippines: Philippines

Erica (B.) Simmons*, Ph.D.;
Historian, Toronto, Canada:

HADASSAH, THE WOMEN'S ZIONIST
ORGANIZATION OF AMERICA; JACOBS,
ROSE GELL

Akiba Ernst Simon, Dr. Phil.;

Emeritus Professor of Education,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

BAECK, LEO

Aryeh Simon, B.A.; Educator,
Youth Village, Ben Shemen, Israel:

LEHMANN, SIEGFRIED

Isidore Simon, M.D.; Professor of
the History of Hebrew Medicine,
Centre Universitaire d'Etudes Juives,
Paris: Abraham ben solomon of

SAINT MAXIMIN; ACOSTA, CHRISTOBAL;
ISAAC BEN TODROS; JOSEPH BEN AHMAD
IBN HASDAI; NATHAN, MORDECAI

Michael Simon, Dr.Phil.; Former
Ambassador, Ministry for Foreign
Affairs, Jerusalem: flag

Rachel Simon*, Ph.D.; Princeton
University, New Jersey: Benghazi-,

DJERBA; LIBYA; TRIPOLI; WOMAN:
MODERN PERIOD IN MUSLIM WORLD

Uriel Simon*, Ph.D.; Professor
Emeritus of Bible, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: ibn ezra,

ABRAHAM BEN MEIR; RUDIN, JACOB
PHILIP

Perrine Simon-Nahum*: les

COLLOQUES DES INTELLECTUELS JUIFS
DE LANGUE FRANCAISE; SIMON, PIERRE;
TRIGANO, SHMUEL

David Jacob Simonsen, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Chief Rabbi of Denmark,
Copenhagen: bible

Shlomo Simonsohn, Ph.D.;

Professor of Jewish History, Tel Aviv
University: mantua; neppi, hananel;

TRENT; TREVISO; TRIESTE; VERONA

Uriel Simri, Ed.D.; Former
Scientific Director of the Wingate
Institute for Physical Education and
Sport, Netanyah: sports

Yuval Sinai*, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
Netanya Academic College, Israel:

PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE; WITNESS

Mendel Singer, Writer, Haifa:

SCHUSSHEIM, AARON LEIB

Mo she Singer, Moshav Beit

Yehoshua: ha-noar ha-ivri-akiba

Sikander Singh*, Dr.Phil.; Lecturer,
Heinrich-Heine-Universitat,
Duesseldorf, Germany: heine,

HEINRICH

Nancy Sinkoff*, Associate Professor
of Jewish Studies and History,
Rutgers, The State University of New
Jersey: socialism

Colette Sirat*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Hebrew Medieval Paleography
and Philosophy, Ecole Pratique des
Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne University,
Paris, France: al-constantini,

ENOCH BEN SOLOMON; BLUMENKRANZ,
BERNHARD; JACOB BEN MOSES OF
BAGNOLS; LEVI BEN ABRAHAM BEN
HAYYIM; SCHWAB, MOISE; SOCIETE DES
ETUDES JUIVES; WOGUE,
LAZARE ELIEZER

Rene Samuel Sirat*, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Chief Rabbi of the Central
Consistory and Vice Chairperson of
the Conference of European Rabbis,
Paris, France: del medico, henri e.;

KRASUCKI, HENRI

Magdalena Sitarz*, German and
Yiddish Philologist, Institute of
German Philology, Jagiellonian
University: asch, sholem

Harvard Sitkoff, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of American History,
Washington University, Saint Louis,

Missouri: javits, jacob koppel

David Sitton, Chairman of the
Executive of the Jerusalem Council
of the Sephardi Community,
Jerusalem

Gabriel Sivan, Ph.D.; Author,
Educator, Former Director,
Information and Education
Department, South African Zionist
Federation, Jerusalem: schonfield,

HUGH JOSEPH

Tracy (Ellen) Sivitz*, M.A., M.
Phil., A.B.; Attorney, New York:

AMIT; RAKOVSKY, PUAH

Aaron Skaist, Ph.D., Rabbi; Senior
Lecturer in Bible and in Semitic
Languages, Bar-Ilan University,

Ramat Gan: Mesopotamia

Gretchen Skidmore*, M.A.;
Director, Civic and Defense
Initiatives Education Division,
United States Holocaust Memorial
Museum, Washington, D.C.:

KINDERTRANSPORT

Deborah Skolnick Einhorn*,

M.A.; Student, Brandeis University,

156

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Waltham, Massachusetts:

PHILANTHROPY

Larry Skolnick* : dayton

Nathan Skolnick, M.A.; Bridgeport,
Connecticut

Fred Skolnik*, Editor in Chief,
Encyclopaedia Judaica Second
Edition: assimilation; education,

JEWISH; HAREDIM; HISTORY: MODERN
TIMES - FROM THE 1880S TO THE EARLY
21ST CENTURY; ISRAEL, STATE OF: LABOR;
JEWISH IDENTITY; PEMBER, PHOEBE
YATES; VILNA; YOSEF, OVADIAH; ZIONIST
CONGRESSES

Richard Skolnik, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of History, City College
of the City University of New
York: cantor, jacob aaron;

DICKSTEIN, SAMUEL; FRIEDSAM,
MICHAEL; GOLDSTEIN, JUDAH JAMISON;
GOLDWATER, SIGMUND SCHULZ; MOSES,
ROBERT

Karl Skorecki*, M.D.; Professor
of Medicine (Nephrology) and
Director of Research, Rappaport
Research Institute, Technion
- Israel Institute of Technology and
Rambam Medical Center, Haifa:

GENETIC ANCESTRY, JEWISH

Solomon Leon Skoss, Ph.D.;
Professor of Arabic, Dropsie College
for Hebrew and Cognate Learning,
Philadelphia: alfasi, david ben

ABRAHAM

Menahem Slae, M.A., Rabbi;
The Responsa Project, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: halakhic

PERIODICALS; INSURANCE; RESPONSA

Martin (E.) Sleeper*, Ed.D.;
Associate Director, Facing
History and Ourselves, Brookline,
Massachusetts: facing history and

OURSELVES

Nicolas Slonimsky, Musicologist,
Los Angeles: Berlin, irving;

BERNSTEIN, LEONARD; BLITZSTEIN,
MARC; COPLAND, AARON; DIAMOND,
DAVID; FOSS, LUKAS; SAMINSKY, LAZARE;
WEILL, KURT

Yehuda Slutsky, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in the History of the
Israel Labor Movement, Tel
Aviv University: aaronsohn;

ABKHAZ AUTONOMOUS SOVIET

SOCIALIST REPUBLIC; ACOSTA, JOAN
D'; AGURSKY, SAMUEL; AMZALAK,
HAYYIM; ANTEBI, ALBERT; ANTI-FASCIST
COMMITTEE, JEWISH; APPEL, JUDAH
LEIB; ARAZI, YEHUDA; ARCHANGEL;
ARTEMOVSK; ASHKHABAD; AVIGUR,
SHAUL; AZERBAIJAN; BAKHCHISARAI;
BALTA; BAR; BARANOVICHI; BARATZ,
HERMANN; BARNETT, ZERAH; BELAYA
TSERKOV; BELKIND; BELKOWSKY, ZEVI
HIRSCH; BELORUSSIA; BEN-GURION,
DAVID; BERLIN, ISRAEL; BERMANN,
VASILI; BERNSTEIN-KOGAN, JACOB;
BIENSTOK, JUDAH LEIB; BIRZAI; BLOOD
LIBEL; BOBRUISK; BOGUSLAV; BORISOV;
BRANDT, BORIS; BRAUNSTEIN, MENAHEM
MENDEL; BRODSKI; BRUCK, GRIGORI;
BRYANSK; BUCHBINDER, NAHUM;
BUCHMIL, JOSHUA HESHEL; CANDLE TAX;
CANTONISTS; CATHERINE II; CAUCASUS;
CHERKASSY; CHERNIGOV; CHERNOBYL;
CHORNY, JOSEPH JUDAH; CHWOLSON,
DANIEL; CRIMEA; DAUGAVPILS; DAYAN,
MOSHE; DECEMBRISTS; DENIKIN,
ANTON IVANOVICH; DENIKIN, ANTON
IVANOVICH; DEPUTIES OF THE JEWISH
PEOPLE; DERBENT; DIZENGOFF, MEIR;
DIZENGOFF, MEIR; DNEPROPETROVSK;
DORI, YAAKOV; DUBIN, MORDECAI;
DUBNO; DUBNOW, ZE'EV; DUBOSSARY;
DUBROVNO; DUMA; DUNAYEVTSY;
EBNER, MEIR; EISENBERG, AHARON
ELIYAHU; ELIASBERG, MORDECAI;
ERLANGER, MICHEL; ESTONIA; ETTINGER;
EYNIKEYT; FEINBERG; FEODOSIYA;
FOLKSPARTEI RUSSIA; FRIEDBERG,
ABRAHAM SHALOM; FRIEDLAND;
FRIEDMAN, NAPHTALI; FRUMKIN,
ISRAEL DOV; FUENN, SAMUEL JOSEPH;
GADYACH; GAISIN; GALANT, ELIAHU
VLADIMIROVICH; GILADI, ISRAEL;
GINSBURG, SAUL; GLUSKIN, ZE'EV;
GOLDBERG, BORIS; GOLDBERG, ISAAC
LEIB; GOLDSTEIN, SALWIAN; GOLITSYN,
COUNT NIKOLAI NIKOLAYEVICH;
GOLOVANEVSK; GOMEL; GORKI;
GORODOK; GROZNY; GRUNBERG,
ABRAHAM; HAGANAH; HA-KARMEL; HA-
SHOMER; HASKALAH; HAVIV-LUBMAN,
AVRAHAM DOV; HE-HALUTZ; HE-HAVER;
HISIN, HAYYIM; HOROWITZ, HAYYIM
DOV; IDELOVITCH, DAVID; ILINTSY;
ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION; INFORMERS;
IRKUTSK; ISAAC OF CHERNIGOV;
ISRAEL, STATE OF: DEFENSE FORCES;
ISRAEL, STATE OF: HISTORICAL SURVEY;
IZYASLAV; JAFFE, BEZALEL; JAFFE,
LEIB; JASINOWSKI, ISRAEL ISIDORE;
JAUNIJELGAVA; JEKABPILS; JELGAVA;
JEWISH SOCIETY FOR HISTORY AND
ETHNOGRAPHY; JOFFE, HILLEL; JONAVA;
JUDAIZERS; JURBARKAS; KALININDORF;
KALINKOVICHI; KAMENETS-PODOLSKI;
KAMINER, ISAAC; KANTOR, JUDAH

LEIB; KARASUBAZAR; KATKOV, MIKHAIL
NIKIFOROVICH; KATZ, BENZION;
KATZENELLENBOGEN, ZEVI HIRSH;
KATZENELSON, JUDAH LEIB BENJAMIN;
KATZENELSON, NISSAN; KAZAN;
KAZATIN; KAZYONNY RAVVIN; KHARKOV;
KHERSON; KHOROL; KIEV; KIROVOGRAD;
KIRZHNITZ, ABRAHAM; KLINTSY;
KOIDANOVO; KOKAND; KONOTOP;
KOROBKA; KOROSTEN; KORSUN-
SHEVCHENKOVSKI; KOSTOMAROV,
NIKOLAI IVANOVICH; KOVNER,
ABRAHAM URI; KRASNODAR; KRASNOYE;
KREMENCHUG; KRICHEV; KRIVOI
ROG; KRIVOYE OZERO; KRUSHEVAN,
PAVOLAKI; KUBA; KUIBYSHEV; KULISHER;
KUPERNIK, ABRAHAM; KURSK; KYBARTAI;
LANDAU, ADOLPH; LANDAU, GREGORY
ADOLFOVICH; LEBENSOHN, ABRAHAM
DOV; LEKHNO, DAVID; LEONTOVICH,
FEDOR; LEPEL; LERNER, HAYYIM
ZEVI BEN TODROS; LERNER, JOSEPH
JUDAH; LETICHEV; LEVIN, EMANUEL;
LEVIN, JUDAH LEIB; LEVIN, SHMARYA;
LEVINSOHN, ISAAC BAER; LEVONTIN,
JEHIEL JOSEPH; LEVONTIN, ZALMAN
DAVID; LEWIN-EPSTEIN, ELIAHU ZE'EV;
LEWINSKY, ELHANAN LEIB; LICHTENFELD,
GABRIEL JUDAH; LIOZNO; LIPMAN,
LEVI; LIPOVETS; LIPSCHITZ, JACOB HA-
LEVI; LISHANSKY, YOSEF; LITHUANIA;
LITIN; LOZINSKI, SAMUEL; LUBARSKY,
ABRAHAM ELIJAH; LUBAVITCH; LUBNY;
LUGANSK; LURIA, DAVID BEN JACOB
AARON; LURIE, JOSEPH; LUTOSTANSKI,
HIPPOLYTE; LYADY; MAGGID, DAVID;
MAGGID-STEINSCHNEIDER, HILLEL
NOAH; MAKAROV; MANASSEH BEN
JOSEPH OF ILYA; MANDELBERG,
AVIGDOR; MANDELSTAMM, BENJAMIN;
MANDELSTAMM, LEON; MANDELSTAMM,
MAX EMMANUEL; MANNE, MORDECAI
ZEVI; MAREK, PESACH; MARGOLIN,
MOSES; MARGOLIOTH, JUDAH LOEB;
MARGOLIS-KALVARYSKI, HAIM; MAY
LAWS,; MAZEH, JACOB; MEDZIBEZH;
MEEROVITCH, MENACHE; MILEYKOWSKY,
NATHAN; MINOR, OSIP S.; MINOR,
SOLOMON ZALMAN; MINSK; MOGILEV;
MOGILEV-PODOLSKI; MOHILEWER,
SAMUEL; MORGULIS, MANASSEH;
MOSCOW; MOTZKIN, LEO; MOZYR;
MSTISLAVL; MYSH, MICHAEL; NADAV,
ZEVI; NAIDITSCH, ISAAC ASHER;
NATHANSON, BERNHARD; NAVON,
JOSEPH; NEMIROV; NEVAKHOVICH,
JUDAH LEIB; NEW ISRAEL; NEZHIN;
NICHOLAS; NIKITIN, VICTOR; NIKOLAYEV;
NILI; NISSELOVICH, LEOPOLD;
NOVGOROD -SEVERSK; NOVOZYBKOV;
NUMERUS CLAUSUS; OLGOPOL; OMSK;
ORDZHONIKIDZE; OREL; ORSHA;
OSSOWETZKY, O. YEHOSHUA; OVRUCH;
PALE OF SETTLEMENT; PAPERNA,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

157

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

ABRAHAM JACOB; PATTERSON, JOHN
HENRY; PAVLOGRAD; PAVOLOCH;
PEREFERKOVICH, NEHEMIAH; PERETZ,
ABRAHAM; PETLYURA, SIMON; PEVZNER,
SAMUEL JOSEPH; PIRYATIN; PLEHVE,
VYACHESLAV KONSTANTINOVICH VON;
PLUNGIAN, MORDECAI; POBEDONOSTSEV,
KONSTANTIN PETROVICH; POCHEP;
PODOLIA; POGREBISHCHENSKI;
POGROMS; POLONNOYE; POLOTSK;
POLTAVA; POLYAKOV; POSENER,
SOLOMON; PRILUKI; PROSKUROV;
PRYLUCKI, ZEVI HIRSCH; PUBLISHING;
PUKHACHEWSKY, MICHAEL ZALMAN;
RAAB, JUDAH; RABBINOWITZ,
SAUL PHINEHAS; RABINOVICH,
JOSEPH; RABINOVICH, YEHUDAH
LEIB; RABINOWITZ, ELIAHU WOLF;
RADOMYSHL; RALL, YISRAEL; RALL,
YISRAEL; RAPOPORT; RATNER, YOHANAN;
RAZSVET; RECHITSA; REICHERSON,
MOSES; RODKINSON, MICHAEL LEVI;
ROGACHEV; ROKACH, SHIMON; ROKISKIS;
ROMM; ROMNY; ROSENBAUM, SEMYON;
ROSENTHAL, HERMAN; ROSENTHAL,
LEON; ROSTOV; RUSSIA; SAINT
PETERSBURG; SAKIAI; SALOMON, JOEL
MOSES; SAMARKAND; SAPIR, JOSEPH;
SARATOV; SCHAPIRA, HERMANN;
SCHEID, ELIE; SCHLESINGER, AKIVA
JOSEPH; SCHOENHACK, JOSEPH; SCHUB,
MOSHE DAVID; SCHULMAN, KALMAN;
SCHULMANN, ELIEZER; SCHWABACHER,
SIMEON ARYEH; SEDUVA; SEVASTOPOL;
SHAPIRA, ABRAHAM; SHATZKES, MOSES
AARON; SHCHEDRIN; SHEFTEL, MIKHAIL;
SHEINKIN, MENAHEM; SHEPETOVKA;
SHITRIT, BEHOR SHALOM; SHKLOV;
SHOCHAT, ISRAEL; SHOCHAT, MANIA
WILBUSHEWITCH; SHPOLA; SIBERIA;
SIMFEROPOL; SIMHONI, ASSAF; SIMHONI,
ASSAF; SKUODAS; SLIOZBERG, HENRY;
SLONIMSKI, HAYYIM SELIG; SLUCKI,
ABRAHAM JACOB; SMILANSKY, MOSHE;
SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF
CULTURE AMONG THE JEWS OF
RUSSIA; SOLIELI, MORDECAI; SOSIS,
ISRAEL; SPEYER, BENJAMIN; STAMPFER,
JEHOSHUA; STANISLAVSKY, SIMON JUDAH;
STEINBERG, JOSHUA; STEINBERG, JUDAH;
STERN, BEZALEL; STRASHUN, MATHIAS;
STYBEL, ABRAHAM JOSEPH; SUSSMAN,
ABRAHAM; SUWALSKI, ISAAK; SUWALSKI,
ISAAK; SYRKIN, JOSHUA; SYRKIN, MOSES
NAHUM SOLOMONOVICH; TAMARES,
AARON SAMUEL; TARNOPOL, JOACHIM
HAYYIM; TASHKENT; TAURAGE;
TEITEL, JACOB; TELLER, ISRAEL;
TELSIAI; TIOMKIN, VLADIMIR; TOMSK;
TRUMPELDOR, JOSEPH; TUGENDHOLD,
JACOB; UFA; UKMERGE; UTENA;
VERKHNEUDINSK; VINNIKOV, ISAAC N.;
VLADIVOSTOK; VOLOZHINER, ISAAC
BEN HAYYIM; VOSKHOD; WAY, LEWIS;

WENGEROFF, PAULINE; WILBUSCHEWITZ;
WILENSKY, YEHUDAH LEIB NISAN;
WITTE, SERGEY YULYEVICH, COUNT;
WLOCLAWEK; YEKOPO; YELLIN;
YEVSEKTSIYA; ZABLUDOW; Z AG ARE;
ZAMOSC; ZEDERBAUM, ALEXANDER;
ZEITLIN, JOSHUA; ZELECHOW; ZITRON,
SAMUEL LEIB; ZLATOPOLSKY, HILLEL;
ZUCKERMANN, ELIEZER

Rudolf Smend, Dr. Hied.; Professor
of Old Testament, Georg-August-
Universitat zu Gottingen, Germany:

DUHM, BERNHARD; EISSFELDT, OTTO;
GEDDES, ALEXANDER; HOELSCHER,
GUSTAV; ILGEN, KARL DAVID; JIRKU,
ANTON; MICHAELIS, JOHANN DAVID;
RAD, GERHARD VON; REUSS, EDUARD;
SPINOZA, BARUCH DE; VOLZ, PAUL;
WELLHAUSEN, JULIUS; ZIMMERLI,
WALTHER

Herbert Allen Smith, M.A.;
Director of the Manpower Planning
Authority, Jerusalem: Israel, state

OF: LABOR

Louanna Smith, Concord, New
Hampshire

Mark L. Smith*, M.A.; Graduate
Student at University of California:

FISCHEL, ARNOLD; HOROWITZ, PINCHAS
DAVID HA-LEVI; MARTIN, BERNARD;
TRUNK, ISAIAH

Morton Smith, Ph.D., Th.D.;
Professor of History, Columbia
University, New York: bickerman,

ELIAS JOSEPH; GOODENOUGH, ERWIN
RAMSDELL; MOORE, GEORGE FOOT

Michal Smoira-Cohn, Ph.Lic;
Director of Music, the Israel
Broadcasting Authority, Jerusalem

Israel Smotricz, Ph.D.; Tel Aviv:

ENDLICH,QUIRIN

Norman Henry Snaith, D.D.;
Former Principal, Wesley College,
Leeds; Former Lecturer in Hebrew
and Old Testament, the University
of Leeds: bible

Daniel C. Snell*, Ph.D.; Professor
of History, University of Oklahoma:

BABYLON; ELAM; NUZI

John M. Snoek, Reverend; Secretary
of the World Council of Churches'
Committee on the Church and the
Jewish People, Geneva: holocaust:

THE WORLD

Leonard V. Snowman, M.A.,
M.R.C.P; London: circumcision

Bernard Zvi Sobel, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Sociology, Haifa
University

Israel Soifer, B.A.; Jerusalem: adler,

ELMER; BLUMENTHAL, JOSEPH; DVIR;
KNOPF, ALFRED A.; LESLIE, ROBERT L.;
PUBLISHING; SCHUSTER, MAX LINCOLN

Alan (M.) Sokobin*, Ph.D.,
J.D., Rabbi; Lecturer in Law and
Associate Professor of History,
University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio:

TOLEDO

Moshe Zeev Sole, Dr.Phil., Rabbi;
Chief Secretary of the Rabbinical
Court, Jerusalem: klatzkin, jacob

Shmuel Soler, General Federation
of Labor, Tel Aviv: becker, aharon

David Solomon, M.A.; Researcher
in Jewish history, Jerusalem: caesar,

SEXTUS JULIUS; PHASAEL; POMPEY;
PROCURATOR; PTOLEMY; PTOLEMY
MACRON

Isidor Solomon, Toorak, Victoria,

Australia: ashkanasy, maurice;

COWEN, ZELMAN; ISAACS, SIR ISAAC
ALFRED; LANDA, ABRAM; LAWYERS;
POLITICS; SALOMONS, SIR JULIAN
EMANUEL; SOLOMON; STONE, JULIUS

Jeffrey R. Solomon*, Ph.D.;
President, The Andrea and Charles
Bronfman Philanthropies, New
York: foundations

Normon Solomon, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Founder-Director of the Centre for
the Study of Judaism and Jewish/
Christian Relations, Birmingham,
England: conservation; jewish-

CHRISTIAN RELATIONS

Avraham Soltes, D.H.L., Rabbi;

Musicologist, New York: sandler,

JACOB KOPPEL

Isaiah Sonne: libraries

Walter Sorell, M.A.; Associate
in Dance and Theater History,
Columbia University, New York:

GUGLIELMO DA PESARO

Yaakov Soroker, Jerusalem
Symphony Orchestra: kopytman,

MARK RUVIMOVICH

158

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Arnold Sorsby, M.D., C.B.E.,
F.R.C.S.; Emeritus Research
Professor of Ophthalmology,
the Royal College of Surgeons of
England, London: blindness

Henry Sosland, M.H.L., Rabbi; New
City, New York: gruening, ernest

HENRY

Edwin N. Soslow, M.A., Rabbi;
Lecturer in History and Literature,
the Hebrew Union College School
of Education, New York: passaic-

CLIFTON

Claire Sotnick, B.A.; New York:

WOLF

Henry (C.) Soussan*, Ph.D., Rabbi;

United States: gesellschaft zur

FOERDERUNG DER WISSENSCHAFT DES
JUDENTUMS

Dora Leah Sowden, M.A.; Critic
and Journalist, Jerusalem: arbatova,

MIA; BEIT, SIR ALFRED; BENATZKY,
RALPH; BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS; BERGSON,
MICHAEL; BERLIJN, ANTON; BRODSKY,
ADOLF; BRUELL, IGNAZ; BURSTEIN;
COHEN, FRANCIS LYON; CRANKO, JOHN;
DAMROSCH; DE PHILIPPE, EDIS; EISLER,
HANNS; ELMAN, MISCHA; MOISEIWITSCH,
BENNO; ORDMAN, JEANNETTE; SOUTH
AFRICAN LITERATURE; TOPOL,
CHAIM

Lewis Sowden, M.A.; Writer
and Journalist, Jerusalem:

ABRAHAMS, ISRAEL; BARNATO, BARNEY;
BLOEMFONTEIN; FELDBERG, LEON;
GREENBERG, LEOPOLD; HENOCHSBERG,
EDGAR SAMUEL; HERBSTEIN, JOSEPH;
JOEL, SOLOMON BARNATO; KENTRIDGE,
MORRIS; KOTTLER, MOSES; LIPSHITZ,
ISRAEL; LOVELL, LEOPOLD; MERRICK,
LEONARD; MILLIN, PHILIP; MILLIN,
SARAH GERTRUDE; MORRIS, HENRY
HARRIS; MOSENTHAL; OPPENHEIMER,
SIR ERNEST; ORNSTEIN, ABRAHAM
FREDERICK; PORT ELIZABETH; PRESS;
RABINOWITZ, JOEL; RABINOWITZ,
LOUIS ISAAC; RAMBERT, DAME MARIE;
SOLOMON; SOUTH WEST AFRICA; STERN,
IRMA; THEATER; ULLMANN, ERNEST;
WELENSKY, SIR ROY

Francesco Spagnolo*, Laurea (in
Philosophy); Executive Director,
American Sephardi Federation, New
York: rivista israelitica

Barry Spain, Ph.D.; Head of the
Department of Mathematics, City

of London Polytechnic: besicovitch,

ABRAM SAMOILOVITCH; BONDI, SIR
HERMANN; CANTOR, MORITZ BENEDICT;
FEJER, LEOPOLD; FUBINI, GUIDO;
HADAMARD, JACQUES SALOMON;
HAUSDORFF, FELIX; HURWITZ, ADOLF;
KARMAN, THEODORE VON; KRONECKER,
LEOPOLD; LANDAU, EDMUND; LEVI-
CIVITA, TULLIO; MINKOWSKI, HERMANN;
MORDELL, LOUIS JOEL; NEUMANN,
JOHANN LUDWIG VON; NOETHER;
SCHWARZ, KARL HERMANN AMANDUS;
SEGRE, CORRADO; SYLVESTER, JAMES
JOSEPH

Otto Immanuel Spear, Writer on
Philosophy, Ramat Gan: asher,

DAVID; BRUNNER, CONSTANTIN;
GOLDSCHMIDT, HENRIETTE; GOMPERZ,
THEODOR; LOEWITH, KARL

Heike Specht*, Ph.D.; Editor,
Publishing House Munich,
Germany: feuchtwanger, lion

Johanna L. Spector, D.H.S.;
Professor of Musicology, the Jewish
Theological Seminary of America,

New York: yemen

Shmuel Spector*, M.A.; Historian,

Jerusalem: abkhaz autonomous

SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC;
AGURSKY, MIKHAIL; ALEKSANDRIYA;
ALEKSANDRIYA; ANANYEV; ANTI-FASCIST
COMMITTEE, JEWISH; ARTEMOVSK;
ATARI; AXELROD, LUBOV; BAKHCHISARAI;
BALTA; BAUSKA; BELAYA TSERKOV; BELZ;
BENDERY; BERDICHEV; BEREGOVO;
BERESTECHKO; BEREZA; BEREZINO;
BEREZOVKA; BERSHAD; BIRZAI; BIRZULA;
BOBROVY KUT; BOBRUISK; BOGUSLAV;
BORISOV; BOROVOY, SAUL; BOTVINNIK,
MIKHAIL; BRAILOV; BRASLAV; BRATSLAV;
BRONSTEIN, DAVID; BYKHOV;
CHERKASSY; CHERNOBYL; CHUDNOV;
DAUGAVPILS; DEPUTIES OF THE JEWISH
PEOPLE; DERAZHNYA; DIMANSTEIN,
SIMON; DISKIN, CHAIM; DISNA; DIVIN;
DNEPROPETROVSK; DOKSHITSY;
DOLGINOVO; DOLINA; DONETSK;
DRAGUNSKI, DAVID ABRAMOVICH;
DRUYA; DUBNO; DUBOSSARY;
DUBROVNO; DYATLOVO; DYMSHYTS,
VENIAMIN E.; EFRON, ILYA; EHRENBURG,
ILYA GRIGORYEVICH; ESTHER; ESTONIA;
EYNIKEYT; FEODOSIYA; FRIEDMAN,
NAPHTALI; GADYACH; GAISIN; GALICH,
ALEXANDER ARKADYEVICH; GELFOND,
ALEXANDER LAZAREVICH; GERSHENZON,
MIKHAIL OSIPOVICH; GLUSSK;
GOLOVANEVSK; GOMEL; GORODENKA;
GORODOK; GORODOK; GRANDE,
BENZION MOISEEVICH; GROSSMAN,

LEONID PETROVICH; GROSSMAN, VASILI
SEMYONOVICH; GUZIK, HANNA; ILYA;
ISBAKH, ALEXANDER ABRAMOVICH;
IVANOVO; IVYE; IZMAIL; IZYASLAV;
JAUNIJELGAVA; JEKABPILS; JELGAVA;
JOCHELSON, VLADIMIR; JOFFE,
ADOLPH ABRAMOVICH; KAGANOVICH,
LAZAR MOISEYEVICH; KALININDORF;
KALINKOVICHI; KAMENETS-PODOLSKI;
KAMENEV; KANEV; KARASUBAZAR;
KAZAN; KAZATIN; KERCH; KHARKOV;
KHERSON; KHMELNIK; KHOROL;
KIEV; KIROVOGRAD; KLETS;
KLINTSY; KOIDANOVO; KOLOMYYA;
KONOTOP; KORETS; KOROSTEN;
KORSUN-SHEVCHENKOVSKI; KOVEL;
KRASLAVA; KRASNODAR; KRASNOYE;
KREISER, JACOB GRIGORYEVICH;
KREMENCHUG; KREMENETS; KRICHEV;
KRIMCHAKS; KRIVOI ROG; KRIVOYE
OZERO; KRUSTPILS; KURSK; KUTY;
LACHVA; LETICHEV; LIEPAJA; LIOZNO;
LIPOVETS; LITIN; LUBNY; LUDZA; LUTSK;
MAKAROV; MEDZIBEZH; MEKHLIS,
LEV ZAKHAROVICH; MELITOPOL;
MEZHIRECH; MOGILEV-PODOLSKI;
MOLODECHNO; MOSTISKA; MOZYR;
MSTISLAVL; NOVOZYBKOV; ODESSA;
OLGOPOL; OLYKA; OREL; ORSHA;
OVRUCH; PALANGA; PAVLOGRAD;
PAVOLOCH;PEREYASLAV-KHMELNITSKI;
POCHEP; RADOMYSHL; RADUN;
RECHITSA; REZEKNE; ROGACHEV;
ROMNY; ROSTOV; ROVNO; SARNY;
SATANOV; SHARGOROD; SHCHEDRIN;
SHEPETOVKA; SIMFEROPOL

Charles Samuel Spencer, Art Critic,

London: Abrahams, ivor; black, sir

MISHA; BOMBERG, DAVID; CARO, SIR
ANTHONY; COHEN, BERNARD; COHEN,
HAROLD; DANIELS, ALFRED; EHRLICH,
GEORG; FREEDMAN, BARNETT; GERTLER,
MARK; GLUCK, HANNAH; GORDON,
WILLY; HALTER, MAREK; HAYDEN, HENRI;
HERMAN, JOSEF; HILLMAN, DAVID;
INLANDER, HENRY; KANOVITZ, HOWARD;
KAY, BARRY; KESTLEMAN, MORRIS;
KLEIN, YVES; KLINE, FRANZ; KOPPEL,
HEINZ; KORMIS, FRED; KRAMER, JACOB;
KREMEGNE, PINCHAS; LE WITT, JAN;
LEVY-DHURMER, LUCIEN; MINTCHINE,
ABRAHAM; NEIZVESTNY, ERNST;
NEWMAN, BARNETT; OYVED, MOYSHE;
RABIN, OSCAR; RABIN, SAM; ROGERS,
CLAUDE MAURICE; ROSENBERG, EUGENE;
ROSENBERG, LAZAR; ROTHENSTEIN,
MICHAEL; ROTHENSTEIN, SIR WILLIAM;
SCHOEFFER, NICOLAS; SCHOTTLANDER,
BERNARD; SCHOTZ, BENNO; SEROV,
VALENTIN; SONNABEND, YOLANDA;
STERN, ERNEST; SUTTON, PHILIP;
TOPOLSKI, FELIKS; WERNER, MICHAEL;
WILSON, "SCOTTIE; ZVIA

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

159

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Daniel Sperber*, Ph.D., F.R.N.S.;
Senior Lecturer in Talmud, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: angaria;

APOSTOMOS; ARNONA; BARAITA
DE-NIDDAH; COINS AND CURRENCY;
CONFLICT OF OPINION; COSMETICS;
DEREKH EREZ; GENTILE; HUNYA OF
BETH-HORON; KOI; MIN; MISHMAROT
AND MAAMADOT; MONEY CHANGERS;
NATIONS, THE SEVENTY; OENOMAUS
OF GADARA; PESIKTA RABBATI;
SAVORA, SAVORAIM; SIFREI HA-MINIM;
SYNAGOGUE, THE GREAT; TABI; TANNA,
TANNAIM; TAX GATHERERS; THEODOSIUS
OF ROME; TITLES; WEIGHTS AND
MEASURES

S. (Shalom) David Sperling*,

Ph.D.; Rabbi; Professor of Bible,
Hebrew Union College, New

York: ABRAHAM; ADRAMMELECH;
AKHENATON; AMALEKITES; ARARAT;
ASHIMA; BET-REHOB; BIBLE; BOOK
OF THE COVENANT; CANAAN, CURSE
OF; CHRONICLES, BOOK OF; CROWNS,
DECORATIVE HEADDRESSES, AND
WREATHS; DAY OF ATONEMENT;
DEUTERONOMY; DINAH; ECSTASY;
EHRLICH, ARNOLD BOGUMIL; ELIJAH;
ELISHA; ENOCH; EPHOD; ETHBAAL;
EUNUCH; EVE; EWALD, HEINRICH
GEORG AUGUST; EXODUS, BOOK OF;
FIRE; FLESH; FLOOD, THE; FRANKFORT,
HENRI; GAD; GARDEN OF EDEN; GENESIS,
BOOK OF; GERSHON, GERSHONITES;
GESHEM, GASHMU; GEVIRTZ, STANLEY;
GINSBERG, HAROLD LOUIS; GOD,
NAMES OF; GOLIATH; GORDIS, ROBERT;
GREENBERG, MOSHE; GRESSMANN,
HUGO; HABAKKUK; HADAD; HAGAR;
HAGGAI; HALLO, WILLIAM; HAM;
HAMAN; HARAN, MENAHEM; HAZAEL;
HELD, MOSHE; HENGSTENBERG, ERNST
WILHELM; HEZEKIAH; HISTORIOGRAPHY;
HISTORY: BEGINNING UNTIL THE
MONARCHY; HISTORY: KINGDOMS
OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL; HITTITES;
HOELSCHER, GUSTAV; HOLINESS CODE;
HORSE; HOSHEA; HULDAH; HUNTING;
HUPFELD, HERMANN CHRISTIAN KARL;
HUR; HYKSOS; IDOLATRY; ILGEN, KARL
DAVID; ISAAC; JABIN; JACOB BEN HAYYIM
BEN ISAAC IBN ADONIJAH; JAEL; JAIR;
JAVAN; JEALOUSY; JEBUS, JEBUSITE;
JEHOAHAZ; JEHOIADA; JEHOIAKIM;
JEHOIARIB; JEREMIAH; JEROBOAM;
JEROBOAM II; JESSE; JETHRO; JEZEBEL;
JIRKU, ANTON; JOAB; JOASH; JOCHEBED;
JOEL; JONAH, BOOK OF; JONATHAN;
JONATHAN BEN UZZIEL; JOSHUA; JOSHUA,
BOOK OF; JOSIAH; JUDGES, THE BOOK
OF; KAUFMANN, YEHEZKEL; KENITE;
KETURAH; KING, KINGSHIP; KINGS, BOOK
OF; KITTEL, RUDOLF; KORAH; LEPROSY;

LEVINE, BARUCH; LEVITICUS, BOOK OF;
LEWY, JULIUS; LION; MALACHI, BOOK
OF; MALAMAT, ABRAHAM; MANASSEH;
MARTI, KARL; MAZAR, BENJAMIN; MEDES
AND MEDIA; MICAH; MIRIAM; MOLOCH,
CULT OF; MOSES; MOWINCKEL, SIGMUND
OLAF PLYTT; NAHUM; NEHUSHTAN;
OBADIAH, BOOK OF; PATRIARCHS, THE;
PHILISTINES; PHOENICIA, PHOENICIANS;
PROPHETS AND PROPHECY; RAB-
SARIS AND RAB-MAG; RAB-SHAKEH;
RED HEIFER; REPHAIM; REZIN; RUTH,
BOOK OF; SAMUEL; SARAH; SARNA,
NAHUM M.; SINAI, MOUNT; SOLOMON;
SONG OF SONGS; UGARITIC; WORSHIP;
ZECHARIAH; ZEPHANIAH

Ezra Spicehandler, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Hebrew Literature
and Director of Jewish Studies,
the Hebrew Union College- Jewish
Institute of Religion, Jerusalem:

BIALIK, HAYYIM NAHMAN; BROIDO,
EPHRAIM; GOLDBERG, LEA; GREENBERG,
URI ZEVI; HEBREW LITERATURE,
MODERN; RAHEL; SCHORR, JOSHUA
HESCHEL

Renato Spiegel, B.A.; Jerusalem:

SARFATI

Howard Spier, Ph.D.; Researcher,
Institute of Jewish Affairs, London:

ANTISEMITISM

Samuel (J.) Spinner*, M.A.,

Columbia University, New York:

DINESON, JACOB; TSUKUNFT

Judith Spitzer, B.A.; Jerusalem:

BEERI, TUVIA; BERNSTEIN, MOSHE;
BROWN, AIKA; FRENKEL, ITZHAK;
HALEVY, YOSEF; LIFSCHITZ, URI; MOREH,
MORDECA; NEIMAN, YEHUDAH; WEILL,
SHRAGA

Leo Spitzer*, Ph.D.; Kather Tappe
Vernon Professor of History,
Dartmouth College, Columbia
University, New York: Bolivia

Maurice Moshe Spitzer, Dr.Phil.;
Publisher, Jerusalem

Irving T. Spivack, M.A., M.S.;
Margate, New Jersey

Leon H. Spotts, Ph.D.; Executive
Director, Atlanta Bureau of Jewish
Education, Atlanta, Georgia: ben-

HORIN, MEIR; BLUMENFIELD, SAMUEL;
DININ, SAMUEL; DUSHKIN, ALEXANDER
MORDECHAI; GAMORAN, EMANUEL;
HONOR, LEO L.; HURWICH, LOUIS;

KAPLAN, LOUIS LIONEL; SCHOOLMAN,
BERTHA S.

Simon Spungin*, Journalist,
Haaretz, Tel Aviv: simmons, gene

Leo Srole, Ph.D.; Professor of Social
Sciences, Columbia College of
Physicians and Surgeons, New York:

SICKNESS

David G. Stahl*, A.B., D.M.D.; Past
President, N.H. Historical Society,
Retired, New Hampshire Jewish
Federation: new Hampshire

Samuel (M.) Stahl*, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Rabbi Emeritus, Temple Beth-El,
San Antonio, Texas: san antonio

Johann Jakob Stamm, Dr.Phil.,
Dr.Theol.; Professor of Old
Testament Studies and Ancient Near
Eastern Languages, the University of
Berne: names

Shaul Stampfer, Jerusalem:

RABINOVICH, ISAAC JACOB

Lena Stanley-Clamp, B.A.;
Assistant Director, Institute of
Jewish Affairs, London: Poland

Astrid Starck (-Adler)*, Dr.Phil.;
Professor for German and Yiddish,
Universite de Haute Alsace, France:

BASMAN BEN-HAYIM, RIVKE; BERINSKI,
LEV; FELZENBAUM, MICHAEL; MAYSE-
BUKH; WOOG, MAYER

Moshe Starkman, Writer, New

York: demblin, benjamin; kassel,

DAVID; PINSKI, DAVID; REJZEN, ZALMAN;
ROSENFELD, JONAH; ROSENFELD, MORRIS;
SHOMER; SPECTOR, MORDECAI

Arthur F. Starr*, B.A., G,H.
L., M.A.H.L.; Rabbi, Hebrew
Congregation of St. Thomas, Virgin
Islands: virgin islands

David Benjamin Starr*, Ph.D.;
Dean, Hebrew College, Boston:

HEBREW COLLEGE

Harry Starr, B.A., LL.B.;
President of the Lucius N. Littauer
Foundation, New York: littauer,

LUCIUS NATHAN

Barbara Staudinger*, Ph.D.;
Historian, Institute for the History
of Jews in Austria, St. Poelter,
Austria: burgenland; carinthia

160

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Martina Steer*, Ph.D.; Historian,

University of Vienna, Austria: badt-

STRAUSS, BERTHA

Sidney Steiman, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Affiliate Professor of Religion, the
Christian Theological Seminary;
Lecturer in Sociology, Marian
College, Indianapolis, Indiana:

INDIANA; INDIANAPOLIS

Hannah Stein, Executive Director
of the National Council of Jewish
Women, New York: national

COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN

Israela Stein*, B.A,; Student,
Assistant Librarian, Hebrew
University, Jewish National and
University Library, Department
of Jewish Music, Jerusalem: aber,

ADOLF; ABRAHAM, OTTO; ALPERT,
HERB; APEL, WILLI; APPLEBAUM, LOUIS;
ATZMON, MOSHE; AVENARY, HANOCH;
BACHARACH, BURT; BENDIX, VICTOR
EMANUEL; BERLINSKI, HERMAN;
BERNSTEIN, LEONARD; BIE, OSCAR;
BOSCOVITCH, ALEXANDER URIYAH;
BRAUN, YEHEZKIEL; BROOK, BARRY
SHELLEY; BUCHWALD, THEO; BURLE
MARX, WALTER; CASTELNUOVO-
TEDESCO, MARIO; CHASINS, ABRAHAM;
CHURGIN, BATHIA; DA-OZ, RAM; DESSAU,
PAUL; DIAMOND, DAVID; DUSHKIN,
SAMUEL; EHRLICH, ABEL; ERLANGER,
CAMILLE; FANO, GUIDO ALBERTO;
FIEDLER, ARTHUR; FOGELBERG, DAN;
GEDALGE, ANDRE; GEIRINGER, KARL;
GILBOA, JACOB; GOULD, MORTON;
GRAZIANI, YITZHAK; HENDEL, NEHAMA;
HERRMANN, BERNARD; HERZOG,
GEORGE; INBAL, ELIAHU; JACOBI, ERWIN
REUBEN; JACOBI, HANOCH; JACOBS,
ARTHUR; KIRCHNER, LEON; KRIPS, JOSEF;
LAKNER, YEHOSHUA; LEAR, EVELYN;
LEFKOWITZ, DAVID; LERT, ERNST;
LEVINE, JAMES; LEVY, MARVIN DAVID;
LIEBERMANN, ROLF; LIST, EMANUEL;
LONDON, GEORGE; MACHABEY,
ARMAND; MAJOR, ERVIN; MENDEL,
ARTHUR; MENDELSSOHN, ARNOLD;
MEZZROW, MILTON; MIRON, ISSACHAR;
NATRA, SERGIU; PAULY, ROSA;
PERGAMENT, MOSES; POPPER, DAVID;
PORGES, HEINRICH; PREVIN, ANDRE;
QUELER, EVE; REINER, FRITZ; RESNIK,
REGINA; RICARDO, DAVID; RIETI,
VITTORIO; RODAN, MENDI; ROLL,
MICHAEL; RONLY-RIKLIS, SHALOM;
ROSENSTOCK, JOSEPH; ROSENTHAL,
HAROLD; ROSENTHAL, MANUEL; RUDEL,
JULIUS; RUDOLF, MAX; SADAI, YIZHAK;
SADIE, STANLEY; SAMUEL, HAROLD;
SCHULLER, GUNTHER; SCHWARZ,

RUDOLF; SEGAL, URI; SHALLON, DAVID;
SHAW, ARTIE

Judith S. Stein, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of History, City College
of the City University of New York:

SCHWIMMER, ROSIKA; STEINGUT

Leonard J. Stein, M.A.; Barrister
and Historian, London

Siegfried Stein, Ph.D.; Professor
of Hebrew, University College,
London: moneylending

Stanley J. Stein, Ph.D.; Professor of
History, Princeton University, New
Jersey: nasatir, Abraham phineas

Jonah C. (Chanan) Steinberg*,

Ph.D.; Director of Talmudic Studies,
Rabbinical School of Hebrew
College, Boston: halivni, david

WEISS

Lucien Steinberg, M.A.; Research
Worker, Centre de Documentation
Juive Contemporaine, Paris: baum,

HERBERT; FRANCE; PARIS

Ronit Steinberg*, Lecturer,

Jerusalem: agam, yaacov; ardon,

MORDECAI; ARIKHA, AVIGDOR; AROCH,
ARIE; BEZALEL; BEZEM, NAFTALI; CASTEL,
MOSHE; DANZIGER, ITZHAK; FIMA,
EFRAIM; GERSHUNI, MOSHE; GROSS,
MICHAEL; GUTMAN, NAHUM; JANCO,
MARCEL; KADISHMAN, MENASHE;
KAHANA, AHARON; KARAVAN, DANI;
KUPFERMAN, MOSHE; LAVIE, RAFFI;
LITVINOVSKY, PINCHAS; OFEK,
AVRAHAM; PANN, ABEL; RUBIN, REUVEN;
SCHATZ, BORIS; SHEMI, YEHIEL; SIMA,
MIRON; STREICHMAN, YEHEZKEL;
TAGGER, SIONAH; TEVET, NAHUM; TICHO,
ANNA; TUMARKIN, IGAEL; ULLMAN,
MICHA

Naomi (M.) Steinberger*, M.A.,
M.S.; Director of Library Services,
Library of the Jewish Theological
Seminary, New York: libraries

Meyer R Steinglass, B.A.; New York

Chanan Steinitz, Dr. Phil.;
Musicologist, Ramot Hashavim,
Israel: dukas, paul

Adin Steinsaltz, Rabbi; Scholar,

Jerusalem: aaron ben moses ha-

LEVI OF STAROSIELCE; ABRAHAM DOV
BAER OF OVRUCH; ABRAHAM GERSHON
OF KUTOW; APTA, MEIR; ELIEZER BEN

JACOB HA-LEVI+B261 OF TARNOGROD;
JACOB SAMSON OF SHEPETOVKA; KALLO,
YIZHAK ISAAC; KAMENKA, ZEVI HIRSCH
OF; LAWAT, ABRAHAM DAVID BEN JUDAH
LEIB; LELOV; MARGOLIOUTH, MEIR OF
OSTRAHA; MEIR JEHIEL HA-LEVI OF
OSTROWIEC; ROTH, AARON; YESHIVOT;
ZHIDACHOV; ZUSYA OF HANIPOLI

Eleanor Sterling-Oppenheimer,

Ph.D.; Associate Professor of
Political Science, J.W. Goethe-
Universitat, Frankfurt on the Main:

FRANKFURT ON THE MAIN

David Stern*, B.A., Ph.D.; Ruth
Meltzer Professor of Classical
Hebrew Literature, University of
Pennsylvania: cohen, Arthur a.

Ephraim Stern, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
Archaeology, Tel Aviv University:

HAMOR; MIRIAM; PHINEHAS; WEIGHTS
AND MEASURES

Kenneth (S.) Stern*, A.B., J.D.;
Specialist on Antisemitism and
Extremism; Attorney; Author;
American Jewish Committee, New
York: holocaust denial

Malcolm H. Stern, D.H.L., Rabbi;

New York: bernstein, philip Sidney;

COHEN, JACOB RAPHAEL; HARBY, ISAAC;
MINIS; NASSY, DAVID DE ISAAC COHEN;
SAVANNAH; SHEFTALL; WASHINGTON,
GEORGE

Menahem Stern, Ph.D.;
Professor of Jewish History, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

AGORANOMOS; ALEXANDER
POLYHISTOR; AMMIANUS MARCELLINUS;
ANANIAS BEN NEDEBEUS; ANTONIUS
JULIANUS; ATHENS; CAECILIUS OF
CALACTE; CALIGULA, CAIUS CAESAR
AUGUSTUS; CAPITO, MARCUS
HERENNIUS; CARACALLA, MARCUS
AURELIUS ANTONINUS; CELSUS;
CRASSUS, MARCUS LICINIUS; DIASPORA;
EPICTETUS; FISCUS JUDAICUS; FLACCUS,
VALERIUS; GREEK LITERATURE, ANCIENT;
HASMONEANS; HISTORY: EREZ ISRAEL
- SECOND TEMPLE; HYRCANUS, JOHN;
JANNES and JAMBRES; JERUSALEM;
JESHUA; JULIUS CAESAR; MANETHO;
MATTHIAS BEN THEOPHILUS; NERO;
NICHOLAS OF DAMASCUS; PLINY THE
ELDER; POMPEIUS TROGUS; PORPHYRY;
PRIESTS AND PRIESTHOOD; QUIRINIUS,
P. SULPICIUS; STRABO; SUETONIUS;
ZEALOTS AND SICARII; ZENO, PAPYRI OF

Moshe Stern, Jerusalem: hiddushim

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

161

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Norton B. Stern, O.D.; Editor,
Venice, California: zellerbach

Samuel Miklos Stern, D.Phil.;
Fellow of All Souls College and
Lecturer in the History of Islamic
Civilization, the University of
Oxford: abu al-faraj harun ibn

AL-FARAJ; BANETH; BORISOV, ANDREY
YAKOVLEVICH; GERMANY; GOLDENTHAL,
JACOB

Walter Stern *: Silverman, morris

Manny Sternlicht, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Psychology, Yeshiva
University, New York: ma slow,

ABRAHAM H.

Bernard Sternsher, Ph.D.; Professor
of History, Bowling Green State
University, Ohio: lilienthal, david

ELI; NILES, DAVID K.

Marie Joseph Stiassny, Lic.Th.;
Ratisbonne Monastery, Jerusalem:

RATISBONNE BROTHERS

Guy D. Stiebel*, Archaeologist,
Institute of Archaeology, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

MASADA

Ernest Stock, Ph.D.; Lecturer
in Politics and Director of the
Jacob Hiatt Institute of Brandeis
University, Jerusalem: Jewish
agency

Silvio Shalom Stoessl, M.D.; Tel

Aviv: CARINTHIA

Jeremy Stolow*, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor, McMaster University,
Hamilton, Canada: artscroll

Bryan Edward Stone*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of History, Del
Mar College, Corpus Christi, Texas:

TEXAS

Gerald Stone*, M.L.S.; Library and

Archives, Ottawa, Canada: Ottawa

Kurt (Franklin) Stone*, B.A.,
M.A.H.L., D.D.; Professor, Florida
Atlantic University, Boca Raton,
Florida: ackerman, gary; ansorge,

MARTIN CHARLES; BACHARACH, ISAAC;
BEILENSON, ANTHONY CHARLES;
BERKLEY, ROCHELLE; BERMAN, HOWARD
LAWRENCE; BOSCHWITZ, RUDOLPH
ELI; CANTOR, ERIC; CARDIN, BENJAMIN
LOUIS; CHUDOFF, EARL; COHEN, JOHN

SANFORD; COHEN, WILLIAM S.; COHEN,
WILLIAM WOLFE; COPPERSMITH, SAM

Michael E. Stone, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Jewish Hellenism and
in Iranian and Armenian Studies,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ABEL-MAUL; ABRAHAM, OTHER BOOKS
OF; ADAM, OTHER BOOKS OF; AHIKAR,
BOOK OF; ANTICHRIST; BARUCH, BOOK
OF; BARUCH, REST OF THE WORDS OF;
BIBLE; DAMASCUS, BOOK OF COVENANT
OF; DANIEL, BOOKS OF; ELIJAH,
APOCALYPSE OF; EZEKIEL, APOCRYPHAL
BOOKS OF; EZRA, APOCALYPSE OF;
HABAKKUK, PROPHECY OF; ISAAC,
TESTAMENT OF; ISAIAH, MARTYRDOM
OF; JACOB, TESTAMENT OF; LAMECH;
LAMECH, BOOK OF; NOAH, BOOKS OF;
OIL OF LIFE; PROPHETS, LIVES OF THE;
SHADRACH, MESHACH, ABED-NEGO

Heinrich Strauss, Dr. Phil.; Art
Historian, Jerusalem: menorah

Herbert A. Strauss, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of History, City
College of the City University of
New York: begin, emile-auguste;

BLOCH, CAMILLE; BUEDINGER, MAX;
FRIEDJUNG, HEINRICH; PHILIPPSON;
PHILIPPSON; PRIBRAM, ALFRED FRANCIS;
SALOMON, JULIUS

Lauren B. Strauss*, Ph.D.;
Independent Scholar and Professor,
Washington, D.C.: Jewish woman,

THE; GIKOW, RUTH; HARKAVY,
MINNA B.

Arie Strikovsky, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
Talmud, the Technion, Haifa: red

HEIFER; SIMONA

Avrum Stroll, Ph.D.; Professor
of Philosophy, the University of
California, San Diego: al-harizi,

JUDAH BEN SOLOMON; BAR-HILLEL,
YEHOSHUA; BLACK, MAX; FEIGL,
HERBERT; GOODMAN, NELSON;
HART, HERBERT LIONEL ADOLPHUS;
HOOK, SIDNEY; KAUFMANN, FELIX;
LAZEROWITZ, MORRIS; NAGEL, ERNEST;
WAISMANN, FRIEDRICH; WHITE, MORTON
GABRIEL

John Strugnell, M.A.; Professor
of Christian Origins, Harvard
University: philo or liber

ANTIQUITATUM BIBLICARUM

Dirk Jan Struik, Ph.D.; Emeritus
Professor of Mathematics,
Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, Cambridge: kolman,

ARNOST

Susan Strul, Writer, Jerusalem:

ALTER, ROBERT B.; DAWIDOWICZ, LUCY;
DOCTOROW, EDGAR LAWRENCE; ELKIN,
STANLEY; FEIFFER, JULES; FRIEDAN,
BETTY; JONG, ERICA; KAPLAN, JOHANNA;
OLSEN, TILLIE; SINCLAIR. CLIVE

Harvey (Joel) Strum*, Ph.D.;
Professor of History and Political
Science, Sage College of Albany,
New York: albany; Schenectady

Bernard Suler, Dr. Phil.;
Encyclopaedia Judaica (Germany);
Berlin: alchemy; averroes;

BONAFED, SOLOMON BEN REUBEN;
KASPI, NETHANEL BEN NEHEMIAH;
KELLERMANN, BENZION; LABI, SOLOMON;
LEVY, JACOB; MARGARITA, ANTON;
MARTINI, RAYMOND

Dror Franck Sullaper*, B.A.;
Journalist, Kol Israel, French
Language News Department,

Jerusalem: abecassis, eliette-, adler,

ALEXANDRE; AMADO LEVY-VALENSI,
ELIANE; ARON, RAYMOND; ASHKENAZI,
LEON; ATLAN, HENRI; ATTALI, BERNARD;
ATTALI, JACQUES; BACRI, JEAN-PIERRE;
BADINTER, ELIZABETH; BADINTER,
ROBERT; BARBARA; BARUK, HENRI;
BENICHOU, PAUL; BENSOUSSAN,
GEORGES; BENVENISTE, EMILE; BERL,
EMMANUEL; BERNHEIM, GILLES;
BLANCHOT, MAURICE; BOBER, ROBERT;
BRENNER,FREDERIC; CALLE, SOPHIE;
CHOURAQUI, ANDRE; CIXOUS, HELENE;
COPE, JEAN-FRANCOIS; DIDI-HUBERMAN,
GEORGES; DRAI, RAPHAEL; DRAY, JULIEN;
ELKABBACH, JEAN-PIERRE; ELKANN,
JEAN-PAUL; FABIUS, LAURENT; FARHI,
DANIEL; FARHI, GABRIEL; FINKIELKRAUT,
ALAIN; GIROUD, FRANCOISE; GRAY,
MARTIN; GRESH, ALAIN; GRUMBACH,
ANTOINE; GRUMBERG, JEAN-CLAUDE;
HALTER, MAREK; IONESCO, EUGENE

Esther Sulman, New London,
Connecticut

Samuel L. Sumberg, Ph.D.;
Professor of Germanic and Slavic
Languages, City College of the
City University of New York: baum,

VICKI; FULDA, LUDWIG; HOLLAENDER;
KINGSLEY, SIDNEY; LOTHAR, ERNST;
LOTHAR, RUDOLF; MOSENTHAL,
SALOMON HERMANN; ROESSLER, CARL;
WARFIELD, DAVID

Frank N. Sundheim, M.A., Rabbi;

162

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Lecturer in Religion, the University
of Tampa, Florida: American

COUNCIL FOR JUDAISM

Monique Susskind Goldberg*,

MA., Rabbi; Schechter Institute for
Jewish Studies, Jerusalem: golinkin,

DAVID

Joanna Sussman*, B.A.; University
of Minnesota, Director of Kar-Ben
Publishing, Minneapolis: kar-ben/

LERNER

Sara Sviri*, Ph.D.; Distinguished
Visiting Professor, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: sufism

Craig Svonkin*, M.A.; Lecturer,
University of California, Riverside:

BELLOW, SAUL; BLOOM, HAROLD;
CHABON, MICHAEL; GINSBERG, ALLEN;
OZICK, CYNTHIA; STEIN, GERTRUDE;
TRILLING, LIONEL

Deborah K. Swanson*: city of hope

NATIONAL MEDICAL CENTER

Manfred Eric Swarsensky, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Madison, Wisconsin:

TWERSKI, JACOB ISRAEL

Louis J. Swichkow, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Historian, Milwaukee, Wisconsin:

LEVITAN, SOLOMON; PADWAY, JOSEPH
ARTHUR; SCHEINFELD, SOLOMON
ISAAC

Donald Sylvan*: Jewish education

SERVICE OF NORTH AMERICA

Marie Syrkin, M.A.; Emeritus
Professor of English Literature,
Brandeis University, Waltham,
Massachusetts: zuckerman, baruch

Judith E. Szapor*, Ph.D.; Instructor,
York University, Toronto, Canada:

GRAY, HERBERT ESER; JACOBS, SAMUEL
WILLIAM; KANEE, SOL; STEIN, JANICE
GROSS

Yechiel (Sheintukh) Szeintuch*,

Ph.D.; Professor of Yiddish
Literature and Language; the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

PERLOV, YITSKHOK; STEIMAN, BEYNUSH;
STRIGLER, MORDECAI

Leon Aryeh Szeskin, Ph.D.;
Director, Department of Economic
Survey and Advice, Rural Planning
and Development Authority, Israel
Ministry of Agriculture, Tel Aviv:

COOPERATIVES; EGGED; HAMASHBIR
HAMERKAZI; TNUVA

David Szonyi, Program Associate,
Department of Community
Education, Jewish Theological
Seminary of America

Zvi H. Szubin, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Classical Languages
and Hebrew, City College of the City
University of New York: humility;

MERCY; RIGHTEOUSNESS

Robert P. Tabak*, Ph.D.; Rabbi.;
Chaplain, Hospital of the University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia:

HOSPITALS; LEVINTHAL; PENNSYLVANIA;
PHILADELPHIA; RECONSTRUCTIONIST
RABBINICAL COLLEGE; TEUTSCH, DAVID

Joseph Tabory*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Dean of Libraries, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: afikoman

Gad Tadmor, M.D.; Savyon, Israel:

WOOLF, MOSHE

Hayim Tadmor, Ph.D.; Professor of
Assyriology, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: cambyses; elaM;

JEHOAHAZ; JEHOASH; JEHORAM; JOASH;
LANDSBERGER, BENNO; LEWY, JULIUS

Emily Taitz*, Ph.D.; Author,
Historian, Great Neck, New York:

BACHARACH, EVA; CONAT, ABRAHAM
BEN SOLOMON; DREYZL, LEAH; ESTERKE;
FIRZOGERIN; FISHELS, ROIZL OF CRACOW;
GOLDSCHMIDT, JOHANNA SCHWABE;
MIRIAM BAT BENAYAH; SARAH OF
TURNOVO; STERNBERG, SARAH FRANKEL

Josef Tal, Composer and Senior
Lecturer in Musicology, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: david,

FERDINAND; GERSHWIN, GEORGE;
HALEVY, JACQUES FROMENTAL ELIE;
HILLER, FERDINAND

Shlomo Tal, M.A., M.Jur., Rabbi;
Director of the Ze'ev Gold Institute,
Jerusalem: cleves get; isserles, moses

BEN ISRAEL; KATZENELLENBOGEN, MEIR
BEN ISAAC; LEVIN, ZEVI HIRSCH BEN
ARYEH LOEB; MINTZ, MOSES BEN ISAAC;
POLLACK, JACOB BEN JOSEPH; RESPONSA;
SAMUEL BEN DAVID MOSES HA-LEVI

Michael Adin Talbar, B.A.;
Ministry of Commerce and
Industry, Jerusalem

Cheryl Tallan*, M.A.; Independent

Scholar, Toronto, Canada: brandeau,

ESTHER; HAVA OF MANOSQUE; KANDLEIN
OF REGENSBURG; LAZA OF FRANKFURT;
LICORICIA OF WINCHESTER; MERECINA
OF GERONA; NATHAN, VENGUESSONE

Frank Talmage, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Medieval and Modern
Hebrew, the University of Toronto:

KIMHI, DAVID; KIMHI, JOSEPH; KIMHI,
MOSES; NETHANEL BEN AL-FAYYUMI

Jacob L. Talmon, Ph.D.; Professor
of Modern History, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: namier, sir

LEWIS

David Tamar, Ph.D.; Lecturer in
Jewish History, Haifa University:

CARO, JOSEPH BEN EPHRAIM; EPSTEIN,
MOSES MORDECAI; GALANTE, ABRAHAM
BEN MORDECAI; GALANTE, MOSES
BEN JONATHAN; GALANTE, MOSES
BEN MORDECAI; GALLICO, ELISHA BEN
GABRIEL; GEDALIAH HA-LEVI; GERSHON,
ISAAC; GRUENHUT, DAVID BEN NATHAN;
HAGIZ, JACOB; HAGIZ, MOSES; ISAIAH
HASID FROM ZBARAZH; JOSHUA IBN NUN;
KLAUSNER, ABRAHAM; KOIDONOVER,
AARON SAMUEL BEN ISRAEL;
PROVENCAL, DAVID BEN ABRAHAM

Ittai Joseph Tamari*, Ph.D.;
Lecturer, Ludwig-Maximilians-
Universitat, Munich: auerbach,

ERICH

Meir Tamari, Ph.D.; Chief
Economist, Office of the Governor
of the Bank of Israel, Jerusalem:

BUSINESS ETHICS

David Tanne, Chairman of the
Board of Directors, Tefahot-
Mortgage Bank; Former Director
General of the Ministry of Housing:

AMIDAR; ISRAEL, STATE OF: ALIYAH

Abraham J. Tannenbaum, Ph.D.;
Professor of Education, Columbia

University, New York: bettelheim,

BRUNO; BLOOM, BENJAMIN SAMUEL;
CREMIN, LAWRENCE ARTHUR; LORGE,
IRVING; PASSOW, AARON HARRY;
SCHWAB, JOSEPH J.

Carlos A. Tapiero*, M.A.; Rabbi,
Director of Education, Maccabi
World Union, Ramat Gan:

GUATEMALA

Shimshon Tapuach, Ph.D.;
Ministry of Agriculture, Tel Aviv:

AGRICULTURE

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

163

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Judit Targarona (Borras)*, Ph.D.;
Profesora Titular, Universidad

Complutense, Madrid, Spain: de

PIERA, SOLOMON BEN MESHULLAM

Noga Tarnopolsky*, A.B.;
Journalist, Freelancer, Jerusalem:

TARNOPOLSKY, SAMUEL

Esther Tarsi-Gay, Dr.Phil.; the
Graduate Library School of the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

CHILDREN'S LITERATURE

Aryeh Tartakower, Ph.D., S.P.D.;
Former Lecturer in the Sociology of
the Jews, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem; Former Chairman of the
Israel Executive of the World Jewish
Congress, Jerusalem: bienenstock,

MAX; HITAHADUT; LEWITE, LEON;
REFUGEES; REICH, LEON; STAND, ADOLF;
THON, OSIAS

Israel Moses Ta-Shma, M.A.,
Rabbi; Editorial staff, Encyclopaedia
Hebraica, Jerusalem: Abraham;

ABRAHAM BEN ISAAC OF MONTPELLIER;
ABULAFIA, MEIR; AGHMATI, ZECHARIAH
BEN JUDAH; AGRAT BAT MAHALATH;
ALFASI, ISAAC BEN JACOB; ASHER BEN
SAUL; ASHKENAZI, DAN; BABEL, TOWER
OF; BARUCH BEN ISAAC OF ALEPPO;
BARUCH BEN ISAAC OF WORMS; BARUCH
BEN SAMUEL OF MAINZ; BONFILS, JOSEPH
BEN SAMUEL; DAVID; DAVID BEN LEVI OF
NARBONNE; DAVID BEN SAADIAH; DAY
AND NIGHT; DUEREN, ISAAC BEN MEIR;
ELHANAN BEN ISAAC OF DAMPIERRE;
ELIEZER BEN NATHAN OF MAINZ;
ELIEZER BEN SAMUEL OF METZ; ELIEZER
OF TOUL; ELIEZER OF TOUQUES; EZRA
OF MONTCONTOUR; GABBAI, MOSES
BEN SHEM-TOV; GENEALOGY; GERONDI,
SAMUEL BEN MESHULLAM; HAGOZER,
JACOB AND GERSHOM; HAKDAMAH;
HANANEL BEN HUSHI'EL; HA-PARNAS,
SEFER; HASSAGOT; HAVDALAH; HAYYIM
BEN SAMUEL BEN DAVID OF TUDELA;
HAYYIM PALTIEL BEN JACOB; HEFEZ BEN
YAZLIAH; HUZPIT HA-METURGEMAN;
IBN MIGASH, JOSEPH BEN MEIR HA-LEVI;
IBN PLAT, JOSEPH; IBN SHUAIB, JOSHUA;
ISAAC BAR DORBELO; ISAAC BEN ELIEZER;
ISAAC BEN JOSEPH OF CORBEIL; ISAAC
BEN MENAHEM THE GREAT; ISAAC
BEN SAMUEL OF DAMPIERRE; ISAAC OF
EVREUX; ISAIAH BEN ELIJAH DI TRANI;
ISAIAH BEN MALI DI TRANI; ISRAELI,
ISRAEL; ISSUR VE-HETTER; JACOB BEN
SAMSON; JACOB BEN YAKAR; JACOB OF
CORBEIL; JACOB OF ORLEANS; JAMA,
SAMUEL IBN; JEHIEL BEN JOSEPH OF
PARIS; JEROHAM BEN MESHULLAM; JOB,

THE BOOK OF; JOEL BEN ISAAC HA-LEVI;
JONATHAN BEN AMRAM; JONATHAN BEN
DAVID HA-KOHEN OF LUNEL; JONATHAN
BEN ELEAZAR; JOSEPH BEN BARUCH OF
CLISSON; JOSEPH BEN HIYYA; JOSEPH
BEN JUSTU OF JAEN; JOSEPH BEN MOSES
OF TROYES; JOSEPH ROSH HA-SEDER;
JOSHUA HA-GARSI; JUDAH; JUDAH BEN
BARZILLAI, AL-BARGELONI; JUDAH
BEN KALONYMUS BEN MEIR; JUDAH
BEN MOSES HA-DARSHAN; JUDAH BEN
NATHAN; JUDAH BEN YAKAR; JUDAH
III; KARET; KASHER, MENAHEM; KIMHI,
MORDECAI; LANDAU, JACOB; LATTES,
JUDAH; LIMA, MOSES BEN ISAAC JUDAH;
LURIA, SOLOMON BEN JEHIEL; MACHIR
BEN JUDAH; MAIMON BEN JOSEPH;
MASNUT, SAMUEL BEN NISSIM; MEIR
BEN BARUCH HA-LEVI; MEIR BEN ISAAC
OF TRINQUETAILLE; MEIRI, MENAHEM
BEN SOLOMON; MEKIZE NIRDAMIM;
MENAHEM BEN SOLOMON; MENAHEM
OF MERSEBURG; MESHULLAM BEN
MOSES; MESHULLAM BEN NATHAN OF
MELUN; MINHAGIM BOOKS; MORDECAI
BEN HILLEL HA-KOHEN; MOSES BEN
ABRAHAM OF PONTOISE; MOSES BEN
JACOB OF COUCY; MOSES HA-DARSHAN;
MOSES OF EVREUX; MUELHAUSEN, YOM
TOV LIPMANN; NAHMANIDES; NAHMIAS,
JOSEPH BEN JOSEPH; NETHANEL BEN
ISAIAH; NETHANEL OF CHINON; NIDDAH;
NISSIM BEN JACOB BEN NISSIM IBN
SHAHIN; PEREZ BEN ELIJAH OF CORBEIL;
PETTER BEN JOSEPH; RAGOLER, ELIJAH
BEN JACOB; RASHI; RESPONSA; REUBEN
BEN HAYYIM; RISHONIM; SAADIAH GAON;
SAMSON BEN ELIEZER; SAMSON BEN
ISAAC OF CHINON; SAMSON BEN JOSEPH
OF FALAISE; SAMSON BEN SAMSON OF
COUCY; SAMUEL BEN NATRONAI; SAMUEL
BEN SOLOMON OF FALAISE; SAMUEL OF
EVREUX; SEFER HA-NEYAR; SHEMAIAH OF
TROYES; SIMEON BEN MENASYA; SIMEON
BEN SAMUEL OF JOINVILLE; SOLOMON
BEN JUDAH "OF DREUX"; SOLOMON BEN
MEIR; SOLOMON BEN SAMSON; TOSAFOT;
VIDAL, CRESCAS; YOSE BEN JUDAH; YOSE
BEN KIPPAR; YOSE BEN MESHULLAM;
YOSE HA-GELILI

Yitzhak Julius Taub, B.A., M.Jur.;
Journalist; Former Secretary
General of the Bank of Israel;
Director of "The Bialik Institute,"
Jerusalem: bar-yosef, yehoshua;

COINS AND CURRENCY; HOROWITZ,
DAVID

Gerald E. Tauber, Ph.D.; Professor
of Mathematical Physics, Tel Aviv
University: ehrenfest, paul ; einstein,

ALBERT; MANDELSHTAM, LEONID
ISAAKOVICH

Oded Tavor, B.A.; the Shiloah
Center for Middle Eastern and
African Studies, Tel Aviv University:

SYRIA

Yossi Tavor*, B.Mus.; Journalist,
Culture Observer, Voice of Israel,
Israeli Broadcasting Authority,
Jerusalem: dance; eifman, boris;

PLISETSKAYA, MAYA

Joan E. Taylor*, B.A., B.D., Ph.D.;
Adjunct Senior Lecturer, Religious
Studies, University of Waikato,
Hamilton, New Zealand: ein

FASHKHAH; THERAPEUTAE

Avigdor (Victor) Tcherikover,

Ph.D.; Professor of Ancient History,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ALEXANDRIA; ARISTEAS, LETTER OF

Guido (Gad) Tedeschi, D.Jur.;
Professor of Civil Law, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: ehrlich,

EUGEN; GLASER, JULIUS ANTON;
OPPENHEIM, LASSA FRANCIS LAWRENCE

Tom Teicholz*, J.D., M.S.J.; Film
Producer/Journalist, Santa Monica,
California: demjanjuk, john; motion

PICTURES

Sheldon Teitelbaum*, B.A.; Writer,
The Jerusalem Report, Agoura Hills,
California: kantor, michael-, kripke,

SAUL AARON; LAS VEGAS; LOS ANGELES;
NEVADA; SCIENCE FICTION AND
FANTASY, JEWISH

Sefton D. Temkin, Ph.D.; Rabbi;
Professor of Judaic Studies, State
University of New York at Albany:

COHEN; ADLER, CYRUS; ADLER, SAMUEL;
ALTHEIMER, BENJAMIN; AMERICAN
HEBREW, THE; AMERICAN ISRAELITE;
BENAS, BARON LOUIS; BERKOWITZ,
HENRY; BERNHEIM, ISAAC WOLFE;
BIRMINGHAM; BOSTON; BRICKNER,
BARNETT ROBERT; CEMETERY; COHON,
SAMUEL SOLOMON; COURANT,
RICHARD; DUKER, ABRAHAM GORDON;
ECKMAN, JULIUS; EINHORN, DAVID;
FELSENTHAL, BERNHARD; FOUNDATIONS;
FRANZBLAU, ABRAHAM NORMAN;
FRIEND, HUGO MORRIS; GOLD, HENRY
RAPHAEL; HACKENBURG, WILLIAM
BOWER; HEIDENHEIM, WOLF; HELLER;
HERTZ, EMANUEL; HOCHEIMER, HENRY;
JEWISH QUARTERLY REVIEW; KIRSTEIN,
LOUIS EDWARD; KOHLER, KAUFMANN;
KRAUSKOPF, JOSEPH; LAZARON, MORRIS
SAMUEL; LEIPZIGER, EMIL WILLIAM;
LEVINTHAL; LIEBMAN, JOSHUA LOTH;

164

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

MACAULAY, THOMAS BABINGTON;
MENDES; MERZBACHER, LEO; MESSEL;
MEYER, MARTIN ABRAHAM; MOSES,
ISAAC S.; PHILIPSON, DAVID; ROSENDALE,
SIMON WOLFE; SARACHEK, JOSEPH;
SCHINDLER, SOLOMON; SCHLOESSINGER,
MAX; SHANKMAN, JACOB K.; SHULMAN,
CHARLES E.; SINGER, ISIDORE;
TRACHTENBERG, JOSHUA; UNITED
STATES OF AMERICA; VOORSANGER,
JACOB; WALEY; WISE, JONAH
BONDI

David Tene, D.del'U; Senior
Lecturer in Hebrew Language, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem.: ibn

JANAH, JONAH; LINGUISTIC LITERATURE,
HEBREW; YEHUD1 BEN SHESHET

Shelly Tenenbaum*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of Sociology,
Clark University, Worcester,
Massachusetts: low, minnie

Philipp Theisohn*, Ph.D.;
Research Associate, Eberhard Karls
University, Tubingen, Germany:

ANDERS, GUENTHER; AUSLAENDER,
ROSE; BEER-HOFMANN, RICHARD;
EINSTEIN, CARL; FRANZOS, KARL
EMIL; HEYM, STEFAN; HILDESHEIMER,
WOLFGANG; HOFMANNSTHAL, HUGO
VON; HOLITSCHER, ARTHUR; MOMBERT,
ALFRED; MOSENTHAL, SALOMON
HERMANN; MUEHSAM, ERICH; VAN
HODDIS, JAKOB; WINDER, LUDWIG

Pascal Themanlys, Writer,

Jerusalem: milbauer, Joseph

Jeffrey Howard Tigay, M.H.L.,
Rabbi; Hamden, Connecticut:

ABRECH; ADOPTION; ADULTERY;
ASENAPPER; BLINDNESS; DRUNKENNESS;
EBER; ETHAN; ETHBAAL; LAMENTATIONS,
BOOK OF; PARADISE

Jef Tingley* , B.A.; Marketing
Director, Jewish Federation of
Greater Dallas: Dallas

Ofra Tiro sh- Becker*, Ph.D.;

Lecturer, The Center for the Study
of Jewish Languages and Literatures,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

CONSTANTINE

Hava Tirosh-Samuelson*, Ph.D.;
Professor of History, Arizona
State University, Tucson, Arizona:

BEATITUDE; PHILOSOPHY, JEWISH

Ariel Toaff, Ph.D., Rabbi; the
Rabbinical College of Italy, Rome:

CALABRIA; CATANZARO; DE' ROSSI,
GIOVANNI BERNARDO; ELIJAH BEN
SHABBETAI BE'ER; ELIJAH OF PESARO;
JARE; LECCE; MODENA; NAPLES; ORVIETO;
OTRANTO; PERUGIA; PESARO; RAVENNA;
RECANATI; REGGIO DI CALABRIA; REGGIO
EMILIA; RIMINI; SALERNO; SAN MARINO;
SENIGALLIA; SFORNO, OBADIAH BEN
JACOB; SIENA; SINIGAGLIA; SIPONTO;
SPOLETO; TARANTO

Yosef Tobi*, Ph.D.; Professor,
University of Haifa: abdallah, yusef;

ADANI, MAHALAL; ADANI, SAMUEL BEN
JOSEPH; ADEN; AMRAN; ARUSI, ABRAHAM
BEN MOSES HA-LEVI; BAYHAN; BENAYAH;
DHAMAR; GLASER, EDUARD; HABBAN;
HADRAMAWT; HAYDAN; HIBSHUSH,
HAYYIM; HIjAZ; JAMAL SULAYMAN;
KAWKABAN; KORAH, AMRAM BEN YIHYE;
KORAH, SHALOM BEN YIHYE; KUHAYL,
SHUKR BEN SALIM; MANAKHAH; MAWZA;
MOCHA; NADDAF, ABRAHAM HAYYIM;
NIEBUHR, CARSTEN; QUEEN OF SHEBA;
RABI' IBN ABI AL-HUQAYQ; SA'DAH; SA'Dl,
SAID BEN SOHELOMO; SANA; SHAR'AB;
SHEIKH, ABRAHAM BEN SHALOM HA-LEVI
AL-; SHIBAM; TAYMA; YEMEN; YUSUF
ASAR YATHAR DHU NUWAS

Alexander Tobias, Ph.D.;
Librarian, the Jewish Theological
Seminary of America, New York:

ABRAHAM ABUSCH BEN ZEVI HIRSCH;
BUECHLER, ADOLF; CALENDAR
REFORM; HAHN, JOSEPH YUSPA BEN
PHINEHAS SELIGMANN; HAYYIM BEN
BEZALEL; KALMAN OF WORMS; KISCH,
BRUNO ZECHARIAS; KUBOVY, ARYEH
LEON; LUZZATTO, SAMUEL DAVID;
MARGOLIOUTH, MOSES; MARMORSTEIN,
ARTHUR; MILLER, LOUIS E.; PINNER,
EPHRAIM MOSES BEN ALEXANDER
SUSSKIND; ROSENBAUM, MORRIS;
ZEDNER, JOSEPH; ZIMMELS, HIRSCH
JACOB; ZUCKERMAN, BENEDICT

Henry J. Tobias*, Ph.D.; Professor
Emeritus of History, University of
Oklahoma: albuquerque; katz,

MOSES; KRANTZ, PHILIP; MAGIDOV,
JACOB; NEW MEXICO; VINCHEVSKY,
MORRIS

Thomas J. Tobias, B.S.; Charleston,

South Carolina: azuby, Abraham;

COHEN, PHILIP MELVIN; DA COSTA,
ISAAC; DE LA MOTTA, JACOB; DE LEON;
ELZAS, BARNETT ABRAHAM; MOISE,
ABRAHAM; MOISE, PENINA; MOSES,
RAPHAEL J.; SALVADOR; TOBIAS,
ABRAHAM; TOBIAS, JOSEPH

Theo Toebosch*, M.A.; Journalist/

Writer, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands: jitta, daniel josephus

Uri (Erich) Toeplitz, Musician
and Teacher, Tel Aviv University -
Rubin Academy of Music:

ZUKERMAN, PINCHAS; AVNI, TZEVI;
BRAUN, YEHEZKIEL; DA-OZ, RAM;
DAUS, AVRAHAM; EDEN-TAMIR; FRIED,
MIRIAM; GILBOA, JACOB; GRAZIANI,
YITZHAK; HEIFETZ, JASCHA; HOROVITZ,
VLADIMIR; HUBERMAN, BRONISLAW;
INBAL, ELIAHU; JACOBI, HANOCH; JAFFE,
ELI; KALICHSTEIN, JOSEPH; KLEMPERER,
OTTO; KOUSSEVITZKY, SERGE; LAKNER,
YEHOSHUA; MAAYANI, AMI; MENUHIN,
SIR YEHUDI; MILSTEIN, NATHAN; NATRA,
SERGIU; ORGAD, BEN ZION; PIATIGORSKY,
GREGOR; PRESSLER, MENAHEM; RONLY-
RIKLIS, SHALOM; RUBINSTEIN, ARTUR;
SADAI, YIZHAK; SCHIDLOWSKY, LEON;
SETER, MORDECHAI; SHMUELI, HERZL;
SMOIRA-COHN, MICHAL; STERN, ISAAC

Marvin Tokayer, M.A., Rabbi;
Former rabbi of Tokyo community;
Writer, Jerusalem: hahn, Joseph ben

MOSES; HEILBRONN, JOSEPH BEN DAVID
OF ESCHWEGE; JAPAN

Samuel Tolansky, Ph.D., D.Sc,
D.I.C., F.R.A.S., F.R.S.; Professor of
Physics, Royal Holloway College,
the University of London

Bina Toledo Freiwald*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor, Concordia
University, Montreal, Canada:

MAYNARD, FREDELLE BRUSER

Jerucham Tolkes, Writer, Tel Aviv:

CHORIN, AARON; SALKIND, JACOB MEIR;
SILBERSCHLAG, EISIG; SONNE, ISAIAH;
WALLENROD, REUBEN; WEINBERG,
ZEVI ZEBULUN; WENDROFF, ZALMAN;
WUENSCHE, AUGUST KARL; ZHITLOWSKY,
CHAIM

William Toll*, Ph.D.; Adjunct
Professor, University of Oregon:

PISCO, SERAPHINE EPPSTEIN

Haim Toren, M.A.; Writer,
Jerusalem: aricha, yosef

Samuel Totten*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Genocide Studies, University of
Arkansas, Fayetteville; Member of
the Institute on the Holocaust and
Genocide, Jerusalem: holocaust

Charles Touati, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Assistant Professor of Jewish
Philosophy, Ecole Pratique des

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165

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne, Paris: levi

BEN GERSHOM; VAJDA, GEORGES

E.L. Touriel, M.D., Los Angeles:

PUGLIESE, UMBERTO

Jacob Toury, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Jewish History, Tel Aviv
University: antisemitism

Barry (C.) Trachtenberg*, Ph.D.;
Professor, University at Albany, New
York: erik, max; niger, shmuel

Henry Trachtenberg*, B.A., M.A.,
Ph.D.; Analyst Historian, Historic

Resources Branch of Culture,
Heritage and Tourism, Manitoba,
Canada: heaps, Abraham albert ;

WEIDMAN, HIRAM AND MORDECAI S.

Leon Trahtemberg*, M.A.;
Principal, Leon Pinelo Jewish
School, National Council of
Education, Lima, Peru: lima; peru

Barbara Trainin Blank*, Writer,
President of Blank Page Writing
and Editorial Services, Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania: harrisburg

Hans L. Trefousse, Ph.D.; Professor
of History, Brooklyn College
of the City University of New
York: handlin, oscar; josephson,

MATTHEW; MYERS, GUSTAVUS

Esther Trepanier*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Art History, University of
Quebec, Montreal: caiserman-roth,

GHITTA; MUHLSTOCK, LOUIS

Emanuela Trevisan Semi*,

Professor in Modern Hebrew
and Jewish Studies, Ca' Foscari
University, Venice, Italy: beta Israel;

FAITLOVITCH, JACQUES

Mirjam Triendl (-Zadoff)*, M.A.;
Junior Staff Member, Doctoral
Student, for Jewish History of
Culture, University of Munich,
Germany: bettauer, hugo;

BILLROTH, THEODOR; BROD, MAX;
BUNZL; FREUD, ANNA; FRIEDELL, EGON;
HEIMANN, MORITZ; KADIMAH; KALEKO,
MASCHA; KERR, ALFRED; LUXEMBURG,
ROSA; SCHOLEM, WERNER; TORBERG,
FRIEDRICH; VEREIN ZUR ABWEHR DES
ANTISEMITISMUS; WOLF, GERSON

Harold Troper*, Ph.D.; Professor of
History and Education, University
of Toronto, Canada: Arnold, abe;

ASPER, ISRAEL H.; AZRIELI, DAVID;
BARRETT, DAVID; BLANKSTEIN, CECIL;
BRONFMAN; CAPLAN, ELINOR; CARR,
JUDY FELD; CASS, FRANK; COHEN,
NATHAN; COTLER, IRWIN; DIAMOND,
JACK; GOTLIEB, ALLAN; HERZOG, SHIRA;
JOURNALISM; KOFFLER, MURRAY;
LAMBERT, PHYLLIS; LAWYERS; LEWIS,
STEPHEN; LITTMAN, SOL; ONTARIO;
POLITICS; PRESS; REICHMANN; SEGAL,
HUGH; SIEGEL, IDA LEWIS; TANENBAUM;
TORONTO

Amram Tropper* : avot

Daniel Tropper, Ph.D.; Director,
Gesher Foundation, Jerusalem

Isaiah Trunk, Historian, YIVO
Institute for Jewish Research, New
York: Poland

Hiller Tryster, Film Critic and
Journalist, Jerusalem

Dan Tsalka, Writer and Critic, Tel

Aviv: AMICHAI, YEHUDA; GILBOA, AMIR

Tsemah Tsamriyon, Ph.D.;
Educator, Haifa: hameassef

Benyamim Tsedaka, Writer,
Editor Aleph-Bet, Holon, Israel:

SAMARITANS

Jacob Tsur, Former Ambassador
and former Chairman of the Board
of Directors, the Jewish National
Fund, Jerusalem: ariel, Joseph;

BLUMEL, ANDRE; JEWISH NATIONAL
FUND

Tom Tugend*, M.A., Contributing
Editor, Jewish Journal of Greater Los
Angeles, Sherman Oaks, California:

HIER, MARVIN; SIMON WIESENTHAL
CENTER

Gerald (J.J.) Tulchinsky*, Ph.D.;
Emeritus Professor of History,
Queens University, Kingston,
Canada: ansell, david Abraham;

BERCOVICH, PETER; CAISERMAN, HANAE
MEIER; CANADA; COHEN, LYON; CROLL,
DAVID ARNOLD; DAVIS, MORTIMER B.;
DUNKELMAN, BENJAMIN; DUNKELMAN,
ROSE; PHILLIPS, LAZARUS; ROSE, FRED;
ROTHSCHILD, ROBERT PHINEAS

Joseph Turner*: schweid, eliezer

Michael Turner*, Ph.D.; Professor,
UNESCO Chair for Urban Design
and Conservation Studies, Bezalel

Academy of Arts and Design,
Jerusalem: environmental

SCIENCES

Chava Turniansky, M.A.; Instructor
in Yiddish Language and Literature,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

TASHRAK; ZE'ENAH U-RE'ENAH

Naphtali Herz Tur- Sinai
(Torczyner), Dr. Phil.; Emeritus
Professor of Hebrew Language, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem;
President of the Academy of the
Hebrew Language, Jerusalem:

MUELLER, DAVID HEINRICH

Chasia Turtel, M.A.; Researcher
in Jewish History, Jerusalem: beilis,

MENAHEM MENDEL; BLONDES, DAVID;
BOPPARD; CLEVES; COTTBUS; DEUTZ;
FRANKFURT ON THE ODER; HANAU;
JUELICH; KIEL; KREFELD; KREUZNACH;
LANDAU

Shaul Tuval, M.A.; Ministry for
Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem: japan;

PHILIPPINES

David Twersky*, B.A.; Contributing

Editor, NY Sun; Director
International Relations, American
Jewish Congress, West Orange, New
Jersey: new jersey

Isadore Twersky, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Hebrew Literature and
Philosophy, Harvard University,

Cambridge, Massachusetts:

ABRAHAM BEN DAVID OF POSQUIERES

Yohanan Twersky, Writer and
Editor, Tel Aviv: amir, anda

Gail Twersky Reimer*, Ph.D.;

Founding Director, Jewish Women's
Archive, Brookline, Massachusetts:

SCHWARTZ, FELICE NIERENBERG

Ida Libert Uchill, B.A.; Denver,
Colorado

Jacob B. Ukeles*, Ph.D.; President,

Ukeles Associates, New York: new

YORK CITY

Ellen M. Umansky*, Ph.D.; Carl
and Dorothy Professor of Judaic
Studies, Fairfield University,
Fairfield, Connecticut: ackerman,

PAULA HERSKOVITZ; FRANK, RAY;
LICHTENSTEIN, TEHILLA; MONTAGU,
LILY; STERN, ELIZABETH GERTRUDE
LEVIN; THEOLOGY

166

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Rhoda K. Unger*, Ph.D.; Professor,
Resident Scholar, Women's
Studies Research Center, Brandeis
University, Waltham, Massachusetts:

JAHODA, MARIE; MEDNICK, MARTHA
TAMARA SCHUCH; PSYCHOLOGY;
TOBACH, ETHEL

Moshe Unna, Dipl. Agr.; Former
Member of the Knesset, Kibbutz
Sedeh Eliyahu: ha-po'el ha-mizrachi;

KIBBUTZ MOVEMENT

Alan Unterman, Ph.D.; Jerusalem:

FORGIVENESS; LOPIAN, ELIJAH; RUAH HA-
KODESH; SHEKHINAH

Morris Unterman, Rabbi; London:

SHERMAN, ARCHIE

Ephraim Elimelech Urbach, Dott.
in.lett., Rabbi; Professor of Talmud,
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ABBAYE

Symcha Bunim Urbach, Rabbi;
Associate Professor of Jewish
Philosophy, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: zeitlin, hillel

Ludmilla Uritskaya: an -ski

COLLECTIONS

Ann Ussishkin, M.A.; Jerusalem:

JEWISH COLONIZATION ASSOCIATION;

TEMPLERS

David Ussishkin 5 *", Professor of

Archaeology, Tel Aviv University,
Tel Aviv: megiddo

Baruch Uziel, Former Member of
the Knesset; Tel Aviv: arditi, albert

JUDAH; BEN-AROYA, AVRAHAM

Bela Adalbert Vago, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in History, Haifa University
and the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: arrow cross party; baky,

LASZLO; CODREANU, CORNELIU ZELEA;
HUNGARY; IRON GUARD; SIMA, HORIA

Samuel Vaisrub, M.D. M.R.C.P;
Associate Professor, Chicago
Medical School; Senior Editor,
Journal of the American Medical
Association: medicine

Georges Vajda, D.es L.; Professor of
Medieval Jewish Thought, Directeur
d'Etudes a TEcole Pratique des
Hautes Etudes, Sorbonne, Paris:

ALBALAG, ISAAC; BAHYA BEN JOSEPH IBN
PAQUDA; BIBLIOTHEQUE NATIONALE;

DUNASH IBN TAMIM; IBN MOTOT,
SAMUEL BEN SAADIAH; IBN WAQAR,
JOSEPH BEN ABRAHAM; MALKAH, JUDAH
BEN NISSIM IBN

Heather Valencia*, Ph.D.;
Honorary Research Fellow,
University of Stirling, Scotland:

HALPERN, MOYSHE-LEYB; KARPINOVITSH,
AVROM

Hugo Mauritz Valentin, Dr. Phil.;
Professor of History, the University
of Uppsala, Sweden: brick, daniel;

EHRENPREIS, MARCUS; ELKAN, SOPHIE;
FRAENKEL, LOUIS; HECKSCHER, ELI
FILIP; ISAAC, AARON; JOSEPHSON; KLEIN,
GOTTLIEB; LAMM, MARTIN; LEVERTIN,
OSCAR IVAR; MANNHEIMER, THEODOR;
SWEDEN; WARBURG, KARL JOHAN;
WILHELM, KURT

W.J. (Willem Jan) van Asselt*,

Ph.D.; Associate Professor, Church
History, Theological Faculty Utrecht
University, The Netherlands:

COCCEIUS, JOHANNES

Wout (Wouter Jacques) van
Bekkum*, Ph.D.; Professor of
Semitic Languages and Cultures,
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,
Germany: Amsterdam; Netherlands,
the

Adam Simon Van Der Woude,

M.A.; Professor of Old Testament,
the State University of Groningen,
the Netherlands: vriezen,

THEODORUS CHRISTIAAN

Joris van Eijnatten*, Ph.D.;
Senior Lecturer, Early Modern
History, VU University
Amsterdam, The Netherlands:

COSTA, ISAAC DA

H.RK. (Hendrik Frans Karel)
van Nierop*, Ph.D.; Professor of
Early Modern History, University
of Amsterdam, The Netherlands:

NIEROP, VAN

Robert Jan van Pelt*, Ph.D.;
Professor, University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, Canada: Auschwitz

Peter van Rooden*, Ph.D.; Chair,
Department of Sociology and
Anthropology, University of
Amsterdam, The Netherlands:

EMPEREUR, CONSTANTIJN L'

Edward van Voolen, Ph.D., Rabbi;

Curator, Joods Historisch Museum,
Amsterdam

Elaine Varady, Israel Museum,

Jerusalem: Israel, state of: cultural

LIFE

Benjamin (Benno) Varon (Weiser),
Abs. Med.; Ambassador, Ministry
for Foreign Affairs, Jerusalem:

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC; PARAGUAY

Simon Vega, Ben Shemen, Israel:

BLANES, JACOB; DARMSTADT, JOSEPH;
MYERS, MOSES

Mervin F. Verbit, Ph.D.; Professor
of Sociology, Brooklyn College:

MIXED MARRIAGE, INTERMARRIAGE

Geza Vermes*, F.B.A.; Professor
of Jewish Studies, University of
Oxford, Oriental Institute, England:

SCHURER, EMIL

Saul Viener, M.A.; Richmond,

Virginia: calisch, edward nathan;

ELCAN, MARCUS; ISAACS, ISAIAH; JACOBS,
SOLOMON; MYERS, SAMUEL

Claude (Andre) Vigee, Ph.D.;
Professor of French Literature, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

CLAUDEL, PAUL; GOLL, YVAN; SCHWARZ-
BART, ANDRE

David Vinitzky, Givatayim, Israel:

BERLIAND, SHLOMO MEIR

Manfred H. Vogel, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of the History
and Literature of Religions,
Northwestern University,
Evanston, Illinois: kant, immanuel;

MONOTHEISM

Samuel Volkman, Rabbi;

Charleston, W. Virginia: west

VIRGINIA

Leon Volovici*, Ph.D.; Senior
Researcher, The Vidal Sassoon
International Center for the Study of
Anti-Semitism, Jerusalem, Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: benador,

URY; CORNEA, PAUL; COSAS.U, RADU;
CROHMALNICEANU, OVID S.; DUDA,
VIRGIL; ROMANIA

Eva M. von Dassow* , Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor, University of
Minnesota: hurrian

Frauke von Rohden*, Ph.D.; Senior

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

167

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Lecturer, Freie Universitaet Berlin,

Germany: rebecca bat meir tiktiner

Albert Vorspan* : schindler,

ALEXANDER M.

Max Vorspan, D.H.L., Rabbi; Vice
President, University of Judaism,
Los Angeles: boyar, louis h. ;

HELLMAN, ISAIAS WOLF; HOLLZER,
HARRY AARON; KOHN, JACOB; LOS
ANGELES; MAGNIN, EDGAR FOGEL;
NEWMARK; PACHT, ISAAC; SILBERBERG,
MENDEL; STROUSE, MYER; WEINSTOCK,
HARRIS

Carl Hermann Voss, Ph.D.,
Reverend; Author and Lecturer,
Jacksonville, Florida: wise, Stephen

SAMUEL

Simon J. De Vries, Th.D.; Professor
of Old Testament, the Methodist
Theological School in Ohio,
Delaware: kuenen, Abraham

Ben Zion Wacholder, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Talmud and Rabbinics,
the Hebrew Union College-Jewish
Institute of Religion, Cincinnati,

Ohio: ARISTEAS; BIBLE; CLEODEMUS
MALCHUS; DEMETRIUS; EUPOLEMUS;
HECATAEUS OF ABDERA; JOB, TESTAMENT
OF; PHILO; THALLUS; THEODOTUS

Miriam Dworkin Waddington,

M.A., M.S.W.; Associate Professor of
English Literature, York University,
Toronto

Michael Wade, B.A. (Hons.), Dipl.
Ed.; Instructor in English and in
African Literature, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem: jacobson,

DAN

Maurice Wagner, M.A.; General
Secretary of the Central African
Jewish Board of Deputies, Bulawayo,
Rhodesia: bulawayo; Salisbury;

ZAMBIA; ZIMBABWE

Stanley M. Wagner*, Ph.D.;
D.H.L., Professor Emeritus; Rabbi
Emeritus, University of Denver;
BHM-BJ Congregation, Denver,
Colorado: Denver; kauvar, charles

ELIEZER HILLEL; KIRSHBLUM, MORDECAI;
MANDELBAUM, BERNARD; RACKMAN,
EMANUEL; WURZBURGER, WALTER S.

Felix Bernard Wahle, Tel Aviv
Shalom Salomon Wald*, Ph.D.;

The Jewish People Policy Planning
Institute, Jerusalem: china

Stephen G. Wald*, Ph.D.; Talmud
and Rabbinics, Jerusalem: abba

HILKIAH; AGGADAH; AGRAT BAT
MAHALATH; AKIVA; AM HA-AREZ;
ANDROGYNOS; AVOT; BAR KAPPARA;
BARAITA DE-MELEKHET HA-MISHKAN;
BARAITA, BERAITOT; BAVA MEZIA; BEN
STADA; BERURYAH; DAMA, SON OF
NETINA; DRUNKENNESS; EDUYYOT;
ELEAZAR BEN ARAKH; ELEAZAR BEN
HANANIAH BEN HEZEKIAH; ELEAZAR
BEN HARSOM; ELIEZER BEN HYRCANUS;
ELISHA BEN AVUYAH; EZEKIEL;
GENESIS RABBAH; HAGIGAH; HALLAH;
HILLEL; IMMA SHALOM; JOHANAN BEN
GUDGADA; JOHANAN BEN NAPPAHA;
JOHANAN BEN ZAKKAI; JOHANAN HA-
SANDELAR; JOSHUA BEN HANANIAH;
JOSHUA BEN KORHA; JOSHUA BEN
PERAHYAH; JOSHUA HA-GARSI; JUDAH
BAR ILAI; JUDAH BEN BATHYRA; JUDAH
BEN BAVA; JUDAH BEN DOSOTHEOS;
JUDAH BEN GERIM; JUDAH BEN
SHAMMUA; JUDAH BEN TABBAI; JUDAH
BEN TEMA; JUDAH HA-NASI; KAHANA;
KILAYIM; MARTHA; MATTIAH BEN
HERESH; MEIR; MISHNAH; NAHUM OF
GiMZO; NATHAN HA-BAVLI; NEHEMIAH;
NEHORAI; NEHUNYA BEN HA-KANAH;
NEZIKIN; OSHAIAH RABBAH; PAPA;
RIGHT AND LEFT; SHEMAIAH; SIMEON
BAR YOHAI; SIMEON BEN NETHANEL;
SIMEON BEN SHETAH; TALMUD; TALMUD,
BABYLONIAN; TALMUD, JERUSALEM;
TOSEFTA

Solomon H. Waldenberg, M.A,
Rabbi; Santurce, Puerto Rico

Miriam Waldman*, Ph.D.; Head
of Department, Environmental
and Agricultural Research
Programs; Israel Ministry of
Science and Development; Tel Aviv:

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

James Walker*, Ph.D.; Professor
of History; University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, Canada: abella, rosalie

SILBERMAN; BOROVOY, A. ALAN; COHEN,
MAXWELL; LASKIN, BORA; MATAS, DAVID

Jehuda Wallach, Ph.D.; Colonel
(Res.) Israel Defense Forces; Senior
Lecturer in Military History, Tel
Aviv University: beer, Israel; laskov,

HAYYIM; MARCUS, DAVID DANIEL; SINAI
CAMPAIGN; ZUR, ZEVI

Michael Wallach, B.Sc; Assistant
Editor, Jewish Chronicle, London:

FISHER, SAMUEL, BARON FISHER
OF CAMDEN; GOODMAN, ARNOLD
ABRAHAM, LORD; GROSS, JOHN JACOB;
GUTTMANN, SIR LUDWIG; KISSIN, HARRY,
BARON; TOLANSKY, SAMUEL

Harold M. Waller*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Political Science, McGill
University, Montreal, Canada: ezrin,

HERSHELL; MONTREAL; STEINBERG

Bart (Barend Theodoor) Wallet*,

M.A.; Junior Researcher, Hebrew,
Aramaic and Jewish Studies,
University of Amsterdam, The
Netherlands: amelander, menahem

MANN BEN SOLOMON HA-LEVI;
AMSTERDAM; ASSER; BERGH, VAN DEN;
BREGSTEIN, MARCEL HENRI; COHEN,
BENJAMIN; FELIX LIBERTATE; GODEFROI,
MICHAEL HENRI; GOUDSMIT, JOEL
EMANUEL; MEIJERS, EDUARD MAURITS;
MEYER, JONAS DANIEL; NETHERLANDS,
THE; OPPENHEIM, JACQUES; POLITICS;
VISSER, LODEWIJK ERNST

Kenneth Waltzer, Ph.D.; Teaching
Fellow in American History,
Harvard University, Cambridge,

Massachusetts: lovestone, jay;

PRESSMAN, LEE; ROSE, ALEX; ZARITSKY,
MAX

Chaim Wardi, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Christianity in the
Middle East and Africa, Tel
Aviv University: Israel, state of:

RELIGIOUS LIFE AND COMMUNITIES

Itamar Warhaftig*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer, Bar-Ilan University,
Ramat Gan: consumer protection;

OBLIGATIONS, LAW OF; UNJUST
ENRICHMENT; WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Shillem Warhaftig, Dr.Jur.;
Ministry of Justice, Jerusalem:

LABOR LAW; NATHANSON, JOSEPH
SAUL; STRASHUN, MATHIAS; STRASHUN,
SAMUEL BEN JOSEPH

Iris Waskow*, B.A.; Senior Director
of Communications, University of
Judaism, Los Angeles: university of

JUDAISM, THE; WEXLER, ROBERT D.

Henry Wasserman, M.A.;
Everyman's University, Tel Aviv:

BADEN BEI WIEN; BISMARCK, OTTO VON;
BROKERS; CONSTRUCTION; DEPARTMENT
STORES; DIAMOND TRADE AND
INDUSTRY; DOBRUSCHKA-SCHOENFELD;
EPHRAIM; FERDINAND; GOLDSMITHS
AND SILVERSMITHS; GOMPERZ; GOSLAR;

168

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

HEP! HEP!; HOENIGSBERG; JEITELES;
KLOSTERNEUBURG; LEIDESDORFER;
LINZ; LIVESTOCK, TRADE IN; MARKET
DAYS AND FAIRS; MECKLENBURG;
MEYER, SELIGMANN; MILITARY SERVICE;
MINTMASTERS AND MONEYERS; MUHR,
ABRAHAM; NIETZSCHE, FRIEDRICH
WILHELM; OETTINGEN; OPPENHEIMER,
SAMUEL; OSTRAVA; PALATINATE;
PEDDLING; POMERANIA; PRUSSIA;
REGENSBURG; ROTHENBURG OB
DER TAUBER; ROTHSCHILD; SCHMID,
ANTON VON; SCHOENERER, GEORG
VON; SCHOTTLAENDER, BENDET;
SECONDHAND GOODS AND OLD
CLOTHES, TRADE IN; SHIPS AND SAILING;
SLAVE TRADE; STOCK EXCHANGES;
SUGAR INDUSTRY AND TRADE;
TAILORING; TEXTILES; THURINGIA;
TOBACCO TRADE AND INDUSTRIES;
ULM; VERBAND NATIONALDEUTSCHER
JUDEN; VEREIN ZUR ABWEHR DES
ANTISEMITISMUS; VORARLBERG; WEBER,
KOLOMAN

David J. Wasserstein*, Professor of
History and Jewish Studies, Director
of the Program in Jewish Studies,
Vanderbilt University, Nashville: Abd

AL-HAQQ AL-ISLAMI; CALIPH; MULUK
AL-TAWATF; SAMAUAL BEN JUDAH IBN
ABBAS AL-MAGHRIBI; STERN, SAMUEL
MIKLOS

James F. Watts, Jr., Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of History, City College
of the City University of New York:

EINSTEIN, LEWIS

Bernard Wax, M.A.; Director of the
American Jewish Historical Society,
Waltham, Massachusetts: fall river

James A. Wax, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Memphis, Tennessee: Memphis;

TENNESSEE

Meyer Waxman, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Jewish Philosophy and
Literature, the Hebrew Theological
College of Chicago: literature,

JEWISH

Mordecai Waxman, M.H.L., Rabbi;

Great Neck, New York: literature,

JEWISH

George Julius Webber, LL.D.;
Barrister at Law, Former Reader
in English Law, the University of
London: lawyers

Annette Weber*, Ph.D.; Chair for
Jewish Art, Hochschule fur Jlidische

Studien, Heidelberg, Germany: art:

WESTERN EUROPE; DICKER-BRANDEIS,
FRIEDL; HIRSCHFELD-MACK, LUDWIG

Brom Weber, Ph.D.; Professor of
English, the University of California,
Davis: frank, waldo david;

GREENBERG, SAMUEL BERNARD; WEST,
NATHANAEL

Harold S. Wechsler, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor of Education,
University of Chicago

Fred (Frederick W.) Weidmann*,

M.Div., Ph.D.; Director of the
Center for Church Life and
Professor of Biblical Studies,
Auburn Theological Seminary, New
York; Adjunct, Union Theological
Seminary; Pastoral Associate,
Advent Lutheran Church; Society
of Biblical Literature; American
Academy of Religion; New York:

BIBLE

Irwin Weil, Ph.D.; Professor of
Russian and Russian Literature,
Northwestern University, Evanston,
Illinois: gorki, maxim

Shalva Weil, D.Phil.; Senior
Researcher, NCJW Research
Institute for Innovation in
Education, the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem

Asher Weill*, Editor and Publisher,
Editor, ARIEL -the Israel Review
of Arts and Letters, Jerusalem:

PUBLISHING; WEIDENFELD, GEORGE,
BARON

Georges Weill, M.A., Archiviste-
Paleographe; Directeur des Services
d'Archives des Hauts-de-Seine,
France: anchel, Robert; armleder;

BAR-LE-DUC; GROSS, HEINRICH; KAHN,
LEON; LEVY, ALFRED; LIBER, MAURICE;
LOEB, ISIDORE; REVUE DES ETUDES
JUIVES

Abraham Wein, M.A.; Historian,

Jerusalem: arenda; berman, adolf

ABRAHAM; BERMAN, JAKUB; DIAMAND,
HERMAN; DICKSTEIN, SZYMON;
DROBNER, BOLESLAW; JOGICHES, LEON;
KATZ-SUCHY, JULIUSZ; LIEBERMAN,
HERMAN; MINC, HILARY; SZYR,
EUGENIUSZ; WARSKI-WARSZAWSKI,
ADOLF; WOHL, HENRYK; ZAMBROWSKI,
ROMAN

David Weinberg*, Ph.D.; Professor

of History and Director, Cohn-
Haddow Center for Judaic Studies,
Wayne State University, Detroit:

CENTRE DE DOCUMENTATION JUIVE
CONTEMPORAINE; COLMAR; FRANCE;
GRENOBLE; GURS; LANZMANN, CLAUDE;
LILLE; LYONS; MANS, LE; MARSEILLES;
METZ; MONTPELLIER; NANTES;
NATZWEILER-STRUTHOF; NICE; ROUEN;
TOULOUSE; TOURS; VERDUN-SUR-
GARONNE

David M. Weinberg, Spokesman,
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan: bar-

ILAN UNIVERSITY

Gerhard (L.) Weinberg*, Ph.D.;
Professor of History Emeritus,
University of North Carolina:

HITLER, ADOLF

Jill Weinberg*, M.S.W.; Midwest
Director, United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum, Highland Park,
Illinois: schakowsky, janice d.

Werner Weinberg, Ph.D.; Professor
of Hebrew Language and Literature,
the Hebrew Union College -Jewish
Institute of Religion, Cincinnati,

Ohio: KABAK, AARON ABRAHAM;
LETTERIS, MEIR

Deborah (R.) Weiner*, Ph.D.;
Research Historian, Jewish Museum
of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland:

BALTIMORE

Hanna Weiner, B.A.; Kibbutz Nebt
Mordekhai: abiezer; adoniram;

AGAG; AHIMAN, SHESHAI, TALMAI

Hollace Ava Weiner*, M.A.; Writer,
Historian, Archivist, Fort Worth,
Texas: frisch, ephraim; Goldberg,

JEANNETTE MIRIAM

Miriam Weiner*, B.A.; Genealogist,
Author and Historian, President,
Routes to Roots Foundation,
Inc, Secaucus, New Jersey:

INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
JEWISH GENEALOGICAL SOCIETIES

Morton Weinfeld*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Sociology, McGill University,
Montreal, Canada: Canada;

ROSENBERG, LOUIS; SPECTOR,

NORMAN

Moshe Weinfeld, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer in Bible, the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem:

CONGREGATION; COVENANT;

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

169

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

DEUTERONOMY; ELDER; JOSIAH;
MOLOCH, CULT OF; ORDEAL OF
JEALOUSY; PRESENCE, DIVINE; RUTH,
BOOK OF; TITHE

Samuel Weingarten-Hakohen,

Jerusalem: bettelheim, samuel;

BRATISLAVA; GRISHABER, ISAAC; HELLER,
ZEVI HIRSCH; JAFFE-MARGOLIOT, ISRAEL
DAVID; JOAB BEN JEREMIAH; PLAUT,
HEZEKIAH FEIVEL; PROSSTITZ, DANIEL;
SIDON, SIMEON; SINGER, PESAH; STEIN,
ELIEZER LIPMAN; UNGAR, JOEL OF
RECHNITZ; WEISS, JOSEPH MEIR; WEISZ,
MAX

Jacob Weingreen, Ph.D.; Former
Professor of Hebrew, University
of Dublin: Hebrew grammar, an

INTRODUCTION TO

Uriel Weinreich, Ph.D.; Professor of
Linguistics and of Yiddish Studies,
Columbia University, New York:

YIDDISH LANGUAGE

Bernard Dov Sucher Weinryb,

Emeritus Professor of History and
of Economics, Dropsie University,
Philadelphia: mainz

Donald Weinstein, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of History, Rutgers
University, New Brunswick, New

Jersey: segre, arturo

Menachem Weinstein, M.A.;
Instructor in the Institute for
Research in the History and
Culture of Oriental Jewry, Bar-Ilan
University, Ram at Gan

Roni Weinstein*, Ph.D.; Research
Fellow, Modern and Contemporary
Department, Pisa University, Italy:

COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER

David Weinstock*, M.M.,

Ph.D.; Assistant Professor,
Communication/Journalism, Grand

Valley State University, Allendale,
Michigan: savannah; trenton; wolf,

ERIC ROBERT

Phyllis Holman Weisbard*, M.A.,
M.Ed.; Women's Studies Librarian,
University of Wisconsin: neugarten,

BERNICE

David B. Weisberg, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor of Bible and
Semitic Languages, Hebrew Union
College-Jewish Institute of Religion,
Cincinnati, Ohio: murashu's sons

Dvora E. Weisberg*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor of Rabbinics,
Hebrew Union College, Los Angeles:

AGGADAH

Meyer Wolf Weisgal, Chancellor of
the Weizmann Institute of Science,
Rehovot, Israel: weizmann institute

OF SCIENCE

Aharon Weiss, Ph.D.; Researcher,
Jerusalem: Baranovichi;

BERESTECHKO; BIELSK PODLASKI;
BORISLAV; BRASLAV; BUCHACH; BUSK;
CHORTKOV; DAVID -GORODOK; DISNA;
DOLGINOVO; DROGOBYCH; DRUYA;
GLINYANY; GLUBOKOYE; GORODENKA;
GORODOK; HOLOCAUST; ILYA; IVYE;
JAROSLAW; JUDENRAT; KALUSH;
KAMENKA-BUGSKAYA; KLETS; KOBRIN;
KOLOMYYA; KOMARNO; KORETS;
KOSOV; KOVEL; KREMENETS; KRYNKI;
KRZEPICE; KUTY; LACHVA; LANCUT;
LESHNEV; LEZAJSK; LIDA; LUBLIN; LUTSK;
LYAKHOVICHI; MIR; MONASTYRISKA;
NADVORNAYA; NESVIZH; NOVOGRUDOK;
OSHMYANY; OSTROG; OSTROLEKA;
PEREMYSHLYANY; PINSK; PODGAITSY;
PODVOLOCHISK; PRUZHANY; PRZEMYSL;
RADZIWILLOW; ROGATIN; ROPCZYCE;
ROVNO; ROZWADOW; RUZHANY;
RYMANOW; SAMBOR; SANOK; SARNY;
SIEMIATYCZE; SLONIM; SOKOLKA;
TARTAKOVER, SAVIELLY GRIGORYEVICH;
TYKOCIN; ZAMBROW; ZHOLKVA;
ZMIGROD NOWY; ZWOLEN

Andrea L. Weiss*, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Bible, Hebrew Union
College- Jewish Institute of Religion,
New York: poetry

Avi Weiss*, M.A., M.H.L.; Senior
Rabbi of the Hebrew Institute of
Riverdale,; National President of the
AMCHA, Yeshivat Chovevei Tor ah
Rabbinical School, Riverdale, New
York: student struggle for soviet

JEWRY

Avraham A. Weiss, Dr. Phil.;
Senior Clinical Lecturer in Clinical
Psychology, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: rapaport, david

Benjamin Weiss, New York:

MISHNAT HA-MIDDOT

Joseph G. Weiss, Ph.D.; Professor of
Jewish Studies, London University

Julius Weiss, B.A., LL.B.; New
York: Palestine economic

CORPORATION

Raphael Weiss, M.A.; Instructor in
Bible, Tel Aviv University: ehrlich,

ARNOLD BOGUMIL

Lee Shai Weissbach*, Ph.D.;
Professor of History, University of
Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky:

KENTUCKY; LOUISVILLE

Rivka Weiss-Blok*, M.A.; General
Director (retired), Jewish Historical
Museum, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands: rembrandt van rijn

Chava Weissler*, Ph.D.; Philip and
Muriel Berman Professor of Jewish
Civilization, Lehigh University,
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: bas tovim,

SARAH; HOROWITZ, SARAH REBECCA
RACHEL LEAH; SERL BAS JACOB BEN WOLF
KRANZ; SHIFRAH OF BRODY; TEHINNAH;
TKHINES

Deborah R. Weissman, M.A.;
Lecturer, School for Overseas
Students and the Melton Center for
Jewish Education in the Diaspora,
the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem

Paul Weissman, Jerusalem:

ANTISEMITISM

Joseph Weitz, Writer and Former
Head of the Development Authority
of the Jewish National Fund,
Jerusalem: Israel, state of:

A LI YAH

Raanan Weitz, Ph.D.; Member
of the World Zionist Executive;
Director of the Settlement Study
Center, Rehovot, Israel

Felix Weltsch, Writer and
Philosopher, the Jewish National
and University Library, Jerusalem:

BROD, MAX; KAFKA, FRANZ

Robert Weltsch, Dr.Jur.; Writer
and Director of the Leo Baeck
Institute, London: adler, friedrich;

ALLGEMEINE ZEITUNG DES JUDENTUMS;
BAUER, OTTO; BERNSTEIN, ARON DAVID;
BERNSTEIN, EDUARD; BRAUNTHAL,
JULIUS; GERMANY; HAGGADAH,
PASSOVER

Beth S. Wenger*, Ph.D.; Katz
Family Term Chair in American
Jewish History; Associate
Professor of History, University of
Pennsylvania: solomon, hannah

GREENEBAUM

170

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Charles Wengrov, Rabbi; Jerusalem

HALICZ; KOHEN; SHAHOR

Eugen Werber, Writer, Scholar,
Lecturer on Judaica, Belgrade:

ALBAHARI, DAVID; KIS, DANILO; PAPO,
IZIDOR JOSEF

R.J. Zwi Werblowsky, D.es-
L.; Professor of Comparative
Religion, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem; Former Dean,
Faculty of the Humanities: aaron;

ANTHROPOMORPHISM; CAIN; CARO,
JOSEPH BEN EPHRAIM; CHRISTIANITY;
DUALISM; MANICHAEISM; OTTO,
RUDOLPH

Preben Wernb erg -M oiler, D.Phil;
Professorial Fellow of St. Peter s
College and Reader in Semitic
Philology, the University of Oxford:

DISCIPLINE, MANUAL OF

Alfred Werner, J.D.; Art Critic and

Writer, New York: aronson, naum

LVOVICH; BAKST, LEON; BERENSON,
BERNARD; CHAGALL, MARC; EPSTEIN,
SIR JACOB; FREUNDLICH, OTTO;
GLICENSTEIN, ENRICO; GOTTLIEB,
MAURYCY; GROSS, CHAIM; HART,
SOLOMON ALEXANDER; HOROVITZ,
LEOPOLD; JOSEPHSON; KAUFMANN,
ISIDOR; KISLING, MOISE; KOGAN, MOYSE;
KOLNIK, ARTHUR; KRAYN, HUGO;
LASANSKY, MAURICIO; LEVY, RUDOLF;
LIEBERMANN, MAX; LILIEN, EPHRAIM
MOSES; LIPCHITZ, JACQUES; LISMANN,
HERMANN; LISSITZKY, EL; MANE-KATZ;
MARCOUSSIS, LOUIS; MODIGLIANI,
AMEDEO; MUTER, MELA; MYERS,
MYER; NADELMAN, ELIE; OPPENHEIM,
MORITZ DANIEL; ORLIK. EMIL; ORLOFF,
CHANA; PASCIN, JULES; PASTERNAK,
LEONID OSIPOVICH; PEVSNER,
ANTON and NAUM NEHEMIA; PICART,
BERNARD; PILICHOWSKI, LEOPOLD;
PISSARRO, CAMILLE; REMBRANDT VAN
RIJN; RYBACK, ISSACHAR; SALOMON,
CHARLOTTE; SCULPTURE; SHAHN,
BEN; SOLOMON, SIMEON; SOUTINE,
CHAIM; SZYK, ARTHUR; URY, LESSER;
WALKOWITZ, ABRAHAM; WEBER, MAX;
ZADKINE, OSSIP

Samuel Werses, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Hebrew Literature, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

ERTER, ISAAC; HEBREW LITERATURE,
MODERN; KLAUSNER, JOSEPH GEDALIAH;
LACHOWER, YERUHAM FISHEL; PERL,
JOSEPH

Paul G. Werskey, M.A.; Lecturer

in Science Policy, the University of
Edinburgh: bernays

Benjamin West, Writer, Tel Aviv:

KIEV

Robert (David) Wexler*, Ph.D.;
President and Colen Distinguished
Lecturer, University of Judaism, Los
Angeles: wolpe, david j.

D.H. White, Publisher, Houston:

HOUSTON

Libby (K.) White*, M.L.S.,
M.A.L.S.; Director, Joseph
Meyerhoff Library, Hebrew
University, Baltimore: Amsterdam,

BIRDIE; BALABANOFF, ANGELICA;
BERNARD, JESSIE; KUNIN, MADELEINE
MAY

Stephen J. Whitfield*, Ph.D.;
Professor of American Studies,
Brandeis University, Watham,
Massachusetts: brandeis university

Sally Whyte, Member, International
Association of Art Critics,
Conseil International de la Danse
(UNESCO), London: berkoff,

STEVEN; ISAACS, SIR JEREMY; MOSHINSKY,
ELIJAH; SHER, SIR ANTHONY; SUZMAN,
JANET

Aaron Wiener, M.A.; Engineer,
Director General of Tahal, Water
Planning for Israel, Tel Aviv:

MEKOROT WATER COMPANY; TAHAL

Theodore Wiener, M.H.L., Rabbi;
Washington, D.C.: biographies and

AUTOBIOGRAPHIES; ENCYCLOPEDIAS;
FESTSCHRIFTEN

Helene Wieruszowski, Ph.D.; New

York: kantorowicz, ernst hartwig;

LEVISON, WILHELM; LIEBERMANN, FELIX

Christian Wiese*, Dr. Habil.;
Associate Professor for Modern
Jewish History and Thought,
University of Erfurt, Erfurt,
Germany: delitzsch, franz; jonas,

HANS

Ephraim Jehudah Wiesenberg,

Ph.D., Rabbi; Reader in Hebrew,
the University of London: adar-,

AV; CALENDAR; ELUL; IYYAR; KISLEV;
MARHESHVAN; NISAN; SHEVAT; SIVAN;
TAMMUZ; TEVET; TISHRI

Geoffrey Wigoder, D. Phil., Editor

in Chief of the Encyclopaedia
Judaica (1st ed.) print and CD-
Rom Edition; Director, Oral
History Division and Jewish Film
Archives, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem; History Consultant, Beth
Hatefutsoth, Tel Aviv; Jerusalem:

ABRAHAM BAR HIYYA; AUSCHWITZ
CONVENT; BETH HATEFUTSOTH;
CHRISTIANITY; ISRAEL, STATE OF:
CULTURAL LIFE; MOTION PICTURES;
TERKEL, STUDS

Carsten (L.) Wilke*, Ph.D.;
Research Fellow, Salomon Ludwig
Steinheim Institute for German
Jewish History, University of
Duisburg and Essen, Germany:

REVAH, ISRAEL SALVATOR; SEPHIHA,
HAIM VIDAL

Jacqueline (B.) Williams*,
Researcher, Writer, Seattle,
Washington: Seattle; Washington

H.G.M. Williamson*, B.A.,
M.A., Ph.D., D.D.; Regius
Professor of Hebrew and Student
of Christ Church, University of
Oxford, England: angloisrael

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Adam Wills*, Associate Editor,
The Jewish Journal of Greater Los
Angeles, Los Angeles: benjamin,

RICHARD; BOGDANOVICH, PETER;
BROOKS, ALBERT; BROOKS, JAMES L.;
BRUCKHEIMER, JERRY; BURSTYN, MIKE;
CAAN, JAMES; CHETWYND, LIONEL;
CLAYBURGH, JILL; COEN, JOEL and
ETHAN; COOPER, JACKIE; CSUPO, GABOR;
CURTIS, JAMIE LEE; CURTIZ, MICHAEL;
DANGERFIELD, RODNEY; DAVIS, SAMMY
JR.; EISNER, MICHAEL DAMMANN;
ELFMAN, DANNY; EVANS, ROBERT;
FELDSHUH, TOVAH; FISHER, CARRIE
FRANCES; FULLER, SAMUEL MICHAEL;
FURIE, SIDNEY J.; GABOR, JOLIE, MAGDA,
ZSA ZSA, and EVA; GILBERT, MELISSA
ELLEN; GOLAN, MENAHEM; GOLDMAN,
WILLIAM; GOODRICH, FRANCES and
HACKETT, ALBERT; GORCEY, LEO; GOULD,
ELLIOTT; GRAZER BRIAN; GREENE,
SHECKY; GUGGENHEIM, CHARLES;
HEAD, EDITH; HERSKOVITZ, MARSHALL
and ZWICK, EDWARD; HILLER, ARTHUR;
JAGLOM, HENRY; KAUFMAN, PHILIP;
KEMPNER, AVIVA; KOPPLE, BARBARA;
LANSING, SHERRY LEE; LAWRENCE, STEVE
and GORME, EDYIE; LEVANT, OSCAR;
MALTIN, LEONARD; MANKIEWICZ,
HERMAN JACOB; MAY, ELAINE; MAYSLES,
ALBERT and DAVID PAUL; MEDVED,
MICHAEL; MICHAELS, LORNE; MONROE,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

171

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

MARILY; MOONVES, LES; MYERSON,
BESS; NEWMAN, ALFRED; NEWMAN,
RANDY; NIMOY, LEONARD; OVITZ,
MICHAEL; PALMER, LILLI; PENN, SEAN;
RADNER, GILDA; REDSTONE, SUMNER
MURRAY; REISER, PAUL; RICKLES, DON;
RIVERS, JOAN; RUDIN, SCOTT; SELDES,
MARIAN; SHANDLING, GARRY; SHATNER,
WILLIAM; SHEARER, NORMA; SHERMAN,
ALLAN; SHILS, EDWARD ALBERT; SIEGEL,
BENJAMIN "BUGSY"; SILVER, JOAN
MICKLIN; SILVER, RON; SODERBERGH,
STEVEN; SONNENFELD, BARRY; SORKIN,
AARON; SPELLING, AARON; STEIN, JULES
CEASAR; TAYLOR, ELIZABETH; WALETZKY,
JOSH; WASSERMAN, LEW; WEBB, JACK;
WEINSTEIN, HARVEY and BOB; WEST,
MAE; WINKLER, HENRY; WINSTON, STAN;
WISEMAN, FREDERICK; YOUNGMAN,
HENNY

Renee Winegarten, Ph.D.; Literary
Critic, London: golding, louis;

GOLLANCZ, SIR ISRAEL; LEVERSON, ADA;
WOOLF, LEONARD

Gershon Winer, New York:

HERZLIAH HEBREW TEACHERS'
INSTITUTE; JEWISH TEACHERS' SEMINARY
AND PEOPLE'S UNIVERSITY; MOTKE
HABAD

■

Heinrich Zwi Winnik, M.D.;
Associate Professor of Psychiatry,
the Hebrew University- Talbieh
Psychiatric Hospital, Jerusalem:

DEUTSCH, FELIX; DEUTSCH, HELENE;
EITINGON, MAX; SAKEL, MANFRED
JOSHUA

David Winston, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Hellenistic and Judaic
Studies, the Graduate Theological
Union, Berkeley, California:

LYSIMACHUS OF ALEXANDRIA; MOSES

Nathan H. Winter, Ph.D., J.D.;
Associate Professor of Hebrew
Culture and Education, New York
University: ascoli; benderly, samson

Chaim Wirszubski, Ph.D.;

Professor of Classical Studies, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA, GIOVANNI

Mark Wischnitzer, Dr.Phil.;
Professor of Jewish History, Yeshiva
University, New York: chieftain;

GUILDS; LABANO; OLYKA; OSWIECIM;
SANDOMIERZ

Rachel Wischnitzer, M.A., Dipl.
Arch.; Emeritus Professor of Fine

Arts, Yeshiva University, New York:

ARK

Kirk Wisemayer*: vineland

Ruth Wisse, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Yiddish Literature,
McGill University, Montreal:

BERGELSON, DAVID; EINHORN, DAVID;
ROGOFF, HARRY; SHAPIRO, LAMED

Alfred Witkon, Dr. Jur.; Justice of
the Supreme Court, Jerusalem

Rebecca Wittmann*, Ph.D.;
Assistant Professor; University of
Toronto; Toronto, Canada: war

CRIMES TRIALS

Aharon Arnold Wiznitzer, Ph.D.,
D.H.L.; Historian, Los Angeles

Elli Wohlgelernter*, B.A.;
Journalist, Jerusalem: Abrahams;

ABRAMS, "CAL"; ABRAMSON, JESSE;
ADELSTEIN-ROZEANU, ANGELICA;
ALBERT, MARV; ALCOTT, AMY; ALLEN,
MEL; ARAD, YAEL; ARATON, HARVEY;
ARCEL, RAY; ARUM, ROBERT; ATTELL,
ABRAHAM WASHINGTON; AUERBACH,
"RED"; AXELROD, ALBERT; BAER, MAX;
BARNA, VICTOR; BERENSON, SENDA;
BERG, JACKIE "KID"; BERG, MORRIS;
BERGER, ISAAC; BERGMANN, RICHARD;
BERKOW, IRA; BERKOWITZ, MICKEY;
BERNSTEIN, SID; BETTMAN, GARY;
BIMSTEIN, "WHITEY"; BLUM, WALTER;
BOUDREAU, LOU; BRENNER, TEDDY;
BUXTON, ANGELA; CHESS, LEONARD;
COHEN, SASHA; COHN, LINDA;
COPELAND, LILLIAN; COSELL, HOWARD;
CUBAN, MARK; DANIEL, DAN; DARMON,
PIERRE; DAVIS, AL; DAVIS, AL "BUMMY";
DREYFUSS, BARNEY; ELLIOT, "MAMA"
CASS; EPSTEIN, BRIAN SAMUEL; FIELDS,
JACKIE; FISCHLER, STAN; FLAM, HERB;
FLEISCHER, NATHANIEL STANLEY;
FLEISHER, LARRY; FRANKLIN, SIDNEY;
FRIDMAN, GAL; FRIEDMAN, BENJAMIN;
FRIEDMAN, KINKY; GAYLORD, MITCHELL;
GOLDBERG, MARSHALL; GOLDENBERG,
CHARLES ROBERT; GOLDSTEIN, RUBY;
GOROKHOVSKAYA, MARIA; GOTTLIEB,
EDWARD; GRAHAM, BILL; GREEN, SHAWN
DAVID; GREENBERG, HENRY BENJAMIN;
GREENSPAN, BUD; GRUNFELD, ERNIE;
GUZIK, JACOB; HALBERSTAM, DAVID;
HARMATZ, WILLIAM; HARRISON,
LESTER; HERSHKOWITZ, VICTOR;
HOLLANDERSKY, ABRAHAM; HOLMAN,
NATHAN; HOLTZMAN, KENNETH DALE;
HOLZMAN, WILLIAM; HUGHES, SARAH
ELIZABETH; IZENBERG, JERRY; JACOBS,
HIRSCH; JACOBS, JAMES LESLIE; JACOBS,

JOE; JAFFEE, IRVING W; JAY, ALLAN LOUIS
NEVILLE; KAHN, ROGER; KELETI, AGNES;
KOPPETT, LEONARD; KOUFAX, SANDY;
KRAFT, ROBERT K.; KRAYZELBURG,
LENNY; KRISS, GRIGORI; LANSKY, MEYER;
LEBOW, FRED; LEIBER & STOLLER;
LEONARD, BENNY; LEVINSKY, BATTLING;
LEVY, MARV; LEWIS, TED; LIEBERMAN,
NANCY ELIZABETH; LIEBLING, A.J.;
LIPSYTE, ROBERT MICHAEL; LITWACK,
HARRY; LUCKMAN, SIDNEY; MATZAH;
MESSING, SHEP; MILLER, MARVIN JULIAN;
MIX, RONALD JACK; MODELL, ARTHUR
B.; OCHS, PHILIP DAVID; PATKIN, MAX;
PAUL, GABRIEL HOWARD; PIKE, LIPMAN
EMANUEL; PODOLOFF, MAURICE; POLLIN,
ABE; POMUS, DOC; POVICH, SHIRLEY
LEWIS; REESE, JIMMIE; REINSDORF, JERRY;
ROSEN, ALBERT LEONARD; ROSENBLOOM,
MAX EVERITT; ROSS, BARNEY; SALITA,
DMITRIY; SAPERSTEIN, ABRAHAM M.;
SAVITT, RICHARD; SCHAAP, RICHARD
J.; SCHACHT, ALEXANDER; SCHULTZ,
DUTCH; SHAMSKY, ARTHUR LOUIS;
SHERRY, LAWRENCE and NORMAN
BURT; SPITZ, MARK ANDREW; SPORTS;
STARK, ALBERT; STONE, STEVEN
MICHAEL

Salomon Wolf, Ph.D.; Jerusalem:

KORNIK, MEIR BEN MOSES

Adela Wolfe, M.A.; Jerusalem: adam
Ronald Wolfson* : hoffman,

LAWRENCE A.

Penny Diane Wolin*, B.F.A.;
Photographer, Crazy Woman
Creek Press, Sebastopol, California:

WYOMING

William Wollheim, Writer, New
York

Jeffrey R. Woolf*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat
Gan: colon, Joseph ben solomon

Leon Wulman, M.D.; New York:

OZE or OSE

Max Wurmbrand, Ramat Gan:

FAITLOVITCH, JACQUES; HAM;
PROSTITUTION; SAALSCHUETZ, JOSEPH
LEWIN; SALZ, ABRAHAM ADOLPH;
SILBERFARB, MOSES; ZAMENHOF, LUDWIK
LAZAR

Uri Shraga Wurzburger, M.Sc;
Managing Director of the Timna
Copper Mines, Israel: metals

AND MINING; PRECIOUS STONES AND
JEWELRY

172

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Walter S. Wurzburger, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Visiting Associate Professor
of Philosophy, Yeshiva University,
New York: orthodoxy; piety and

THE PIOUS; PROPHETS AND PROPHECY;
REVELATION

Michael Wygoda*, Ph.D.; Senior
Director of Jewish Law, Ministry of
Justice, Jerusalem: agency; lease and

HIRE; LOST PROPERTY

Stanislaw Wygodzki, Writer,
Givatayim, Israel: brandys,

KAZIMIERZ; HEMAR, MARIAN; JASIENSKI,
BRUNO; JASTRUN, MIECZYSLAW; LEC,
STANISLAW JERZY; LESMIAN, BOLESLAW;
PEIPER, TADEUSZ; RUDNICKI, ADOLF;
SCHULZ, BRUNO; SLONIMSKI, ANTONI;
STERN, ANATOL; STRYJKOWSKI, JULJAN;
WAT, ALEXANDER; WITTLIN, JOZEF

Veit Wyler, Dr.Jur.; Attorney and
Editor, Zurich: Guggenheim, paul-,

PRESS

Edith Wyschogrod, Ph.D.; Assistant
Professor of Philosophy, Queens
College of the City University of
New York

Xun Zhou*, Ph.D.; ESRC Research
Fellow, SOAS, University of London,
England: china

Avraham Yaari, Writer and
bibliographer, Jerusalem: Abraham

HA-LEVI; ALEXANDRIA; ALSHEIKH,
SHALOM BEN JOSEPH; ASHKENAZI, JONAH
BEN JACOB; BAGHDAD; BENJAMIN BEN
ELIJAH; BERDICHEV; BERMAN, SIMEON;
BING, ISAAC BEN SAMUEL; BULA,
RAPHAEL MOSES; CAIRO; CALCUTTA;
DAVID BEN JOSHUA; DAYYAN; DISKIN,
MORDEKHAI; DIWAN, JUDAH BEN
AMRAM; ELIJAH OF LA MASSA; ELISHA
HAYYIM BEN JACOB ASHKENAZI;
FELMAN, AHARON LEIB; GALANTE,
JEDIDIAH BEN MOSES; GEDALIAH OF
SIEMIATYCZE; GEDILIAH, ABRAHAM
BEN SAMUEL; HABILLO, DAVID; ISRAEL;
ISRAEL BEN SAMUEL OF SHKLOV; LURIA,
JEHIEL BEN ISRAEL ASHKENAZI; MALKHI,
EZRA BEN RAPHAEL MORDECAI; MALKHI,
MOSES; MALKHI, MOSES BEN RAPHAEL
MORDECAI; MEIR BEN HIYYA ROFE;
NAZIR, MOSES HA-LEVI; PETHAHIAH
OF REGENSBURG; PORGES, MOSES BEN
ISRAEL NAPHTALI; RAPPAPORT, ISAAC
BEN JUDAH HA-KOHEN; SAFED; SAMUEL
BEN SAMSON; SHALEM, SAMUEL; SIMHAH
BEN JOSHUA OF ZALOZHTSY; TOLEDO,
MOSES DE; URI BEN SIMEON OF BIALA;
VOLTERRA, MESHULLAM BEN MENAHEM,

DA; YIZHAKI, ABRAHAM BEN DAVID;
ZOREF, ABRAHAM SOLOMON ZALMAN

Nurith Yaari*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer, Tel Aviv University:

LEVIN, HANOCH; SOBOL, YEHOSHUA;
YERUSHALMI, RINA; YIZRAELY, YOSSI

Hanna (N.) Yablonka*, Ph.D.;
Associate Professor, Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev, Beersheva:

EICHMANN, ADOLF OTTO

Yigael Yadin, Ph.D.; Lieutenant
General (Res.), Israel Defense
Forces; Professor of Archaeology,
the Hebrew University of
Jerusalem: hazor; temple; temple

SCROLL

Aharon Yadlin, B.A.; Member of
the Knesset; Deputy Minister of
Education and Culture, Kibbutz
Hazerim: hevrat ha-ovedim

• ♦

Leon J. Yagod, D.H.L., Rabbi;

Irvington, New Jersey: tradition

Chaim Yahil, Ph.D.; Director
General of the Ministry for Foreign
Affairs; Chairman of the Israel
Broadcasting Authority, Jerusalem:

BERLIN; CZECHOSLOVAKIA; EDELSTEIN,
JACOB; FINALY CASE; GENEVA; GERMANY;
GOLDMANN, NAHUM; ISRAEL, STATE
OF: HISTORICAL SURVEY; KAHN,
FRANZ; MASARYK, JAN GARRIGUE;
MASARYK, THOMAS GARRIGUE; NORWAY;
POHORELICE; PRAGUE; RUFEISEN,
JOSEPH; SALONIKA; SCHMOLKA, MARIE;
SPIEGEL, LUDWIG; STEIN, AUGUST;
STEINER, HANNAH; SWEDEN; UHERSKE
HRADISTE; UNRRA; VALENTIN, HUGO
MAURICE; VAN DAM, HENDRIK GEORGE;
WINTER, GUSTAV; ZDOVSKA STRANA;
ZIDOVSKA STRANA; ZIONISM

Leni Yahil, Ph.D.; Historian,

Jerusalem: bernadotte, folke,

EARL OF WISBORG; BRANDES, GEORG;
DENMARK; GASSING; MADAGASCAR
PLAN; MENDELSSOHN, MOSES; NORWAY;
QUISLING, VIDKUN ABRAHAM
LAURITZ JONSS0N; RIESSER, GABRIEL;
STOCKHOLM; WOLFF, ABRAHAM
ALEXANDER

Bracha Yaniv*, Ph.D.; Senior
Lecturer, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat

Gan: PAROKHET and KAPPORET; torah
ORNAMENTS

Yaacov Yannai, Commissioner
General of the National Parks

Authority, Tel Aviv: national parks

IN ISRAEL

Itamar Yaos-Kest, B.A.; Writer and
Poet, Tel Aviv: benjamin, laszlO;

DERY, TIBOR; RADNOTI, MIKLOS

Edith Yapou-Hoffmann, Ph.D.;
Instructor in Art History, Tel Aviv
University: Israels, jozef

Jacob Yardeni, D.D.S.; Former
Senior Lecturer, the School of
Dentistry, the Hebrew University -
Hadassah Medical School,
Jerusalem: Gottlieb, bernhard

Galia Yardeni -Agmon, Ph.D.;

Writer, Jerusalem: gutmann, david

MEIR; PINES, YEHIEL MICHAEL

Baruch Yaron, Dr. Phil.; Former
Librarian, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: baracs, kAroly; biro,

LAJOS; BRODY, ZSIGMOND; CHILDREN'S
LITERATURE; DENES, BELA; DOCZY,
LAJOS; EGYENLOSEG; EMOD, TAMAS;
EOTVOS, BARON JOZSEF; EPPLER,
SANDOR; FALK, MIKSA; FALUDY, GYORGY;
FEJTO, FRANCOIS; FENYES, ADOLF;
FENYO, MIKSA; FISCHER, GYULA; FRANKL,
ADOLF; FRIEDMAN, DENES; GABOR,
IGNAC; GELLERI, ANDOR ENDRE; GERO,
ERNO; GISZKALAY, jANOS; GYONGYOS;
HAJDU, MIKLOS; HAJNAL, ANNA;
HATVANY-DEUTSCH; HELTAI, JENO;
HEVESI, SANDOR; HODMEZOVASARHELY;
HUNGARIAN LITERATURE; IGNOTUS,
HUGO; JASZI, OSZKAR; KACZER, ILLES;
KAPOSVAR; KARDOS, LASZLO; KATZ,
MENAHEM; KIRJATH SEPHER; KISS,
JOZSEF; KISVARDA; KOBOR, TAMAS;
KOHLBACH, BERTALAN; KOMLOS,
ALADAR; KORMENDI, FERENC; KRAUSZ,
ZSIGMOND; KUNFI, ZSIGMOND; LAKATOS,
LASZLO; LENGYEL, JOZSEF; LENGYEL,
MENYHERT; MEZOFI, VILMOS; MOHACSI,
JENO; MOLNAR, FERENC; MULT ES JOVO;
MUNKACSI, ERNO; NAGYBACZONI-
NAGY, VILMOS; NAMENYI, ERNEST;
NEOLOGY; NUMERUS CLAUSUS; PAKS;
PALAGYI, LAJOS; PAP, KAROLY; PATAI,
JOZSEF; PESTSZENTERZSEBET; PRESS;
PUBLISHING; RAKOSI, MATYAS; REVESZ,
BELA; REVICZKY, IMRE; RICHTMANN,
MOZES; SANDOR, PAL; SATORALJAUJHELY;
SCHULHOF, ISAAC; SOMOGYI, BELA;
SOPRON; SPITZER, SAMUEL; STATUS
QUO ANTE; SZABO, IMRE; SZABOLCSI,
LAJOS; SZABOLCSI, MIKSA; SZEGED;
SZEKESFEHERVAR; SZENDE, PAL;
SZENES, BELA; SZENES, ERZSI; SZEP,
ERNO; SZERB, ANTAL; SZILAGYI, GEZA;
SZOLNOK; SZOMBATHELY; SZOMORY,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

173

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

DEZSO; TARBIZ; THEBEN, JACOB KOPPEL;
TUROCZI-TROSTLER, JOZSEF; UJVARI,
PETER; VAGO, JOZSEF; VESZI, JOZSEF;
VESZPREM; VIHAR, BELA; WERTHEIMER,
EDUARD VON; ZIPSER, MAJER; ZSOLDOS,
JENO; ZSOLT, BELA

Emuna Yaron*, Literary Executor,
Shmuel Yosef Agnon Papers and
Unpublished Works: agnon, shmuel

YOSEF

Reuven Yaron, D.Phil.; Professor
of Roman Law and Ancient Near
Eastern Law, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem: taubenschlag,

RAPHAEL

Hanri Yasova, Writer, Istanbul

Meir Ydit, Ph.D.; Dr.rer.Pol.,
Rabbi; Perth, Australia: ahot

KETANNAH; ASSI; AV, THE NINTH
OF; AVODAH; BADHAN; BE-MOZA'EI
MENUHAH; CANDLES; CEMETERY;
CHILDREN'S SERVICES; DIRINGER, DAVID;
DISINTERMENT; EIN KE-ELOHENU; EL
NORA ALILAH; HAZKARAT NESHAMOT;
HEAD, COVERING OF THE; HESPED;
HUKKAT HA-GOI; KABBALAT SHABBAT;
LAG BA-OMER; LEKHAH DODI; MEHIZAH;
MOON, BLESSING OF THE; SE'UDAH;
TAHANUN; TU BI-SHEVAT

Jacob Yehoshua, M.A.; Former
Director of the Moslem
Department, Ministry of Religious
Affairs, Jerusalem: Israel, state of:

RELIGIOUS LIFE AND COMMUNITIES

Ze'ev Yeivin, M.A.; Department of
Antiquities, Ministry of Education
and Culture, Jerusalem: banner;

BEARD AND SHAVING; BITUMEN;
CART AND CHARIOT; COOKING AND
BAKING; COSMETICS; CRAFTS; CROWNS,
DECORATIVE HEADDRESSES, AND
WREATHS; DOOR AND DOORPOST;
DRESS; FIRE; FOOD; IVORY; MILLSTONE;
PILLAR; SHIPS AND SAILING; THRONE;
THUNDER AND LIGHTNING; TOMBS AND
TOMBSTONES; WOOD; YOKE

Irwin Yellowitz, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of History, City
College of the City University of
New York: abelson, paul;

BRESSLER, DAVID MAURICE; DE LEON,
DANIEL; DYCHE, JOHN ALEXANDER;
GOLDMAN, EMMA; GOMPERS, SAMUEL;
HILLQUIT, MORRIS; LONDON, MEYER;
POTOFSKY, JACOB SAMUEL; RUBINOW,
ISAAC MAX; TAILORING; WALD,
LILLIAN

Meir Yoeli, M.Sc, M.D.; Professor
of Preventative Medicine, New York
University School of Medicine:

ADLER, SAUL AARON

Abraham Yoffe, Major General
(Res.), Israel Defense Forces;
Director of the Israel Nature
Reserves Authority, Tel Aviv:

LIPSCHUETZ, GEDALIAH BEN SOLOMON
ZALMAN; NATURE RESERVES IN ISRAEL

Abraham B. Yoffe, Critic and
Editor, Tel Aviv: shlonsky, Abraham ;

ZEMACH, SHLOMO

Gedalia Yogev, Ph.D.; Editor,
The Weizmann Letters, Jerusalem:

DIAMOND TRADE AND INDUSTRY

Mel and Cindy Yoken*, Ph.D.;
Chancellor Professor of French,
Officer dans l'Ordre des Palmes
Academiques, University of
Massachusetts, Dartmouth: new

BEDFORD

Nissim Yosha, M.A.; Center for
the Integration of the Heritage
of Oriental Jewry, Ministry of
Education, Jerusalem

Lillian Youman, Director, Jewish
Information and Referral Service,
Jewish Federation of Greater
Philadelphia, Philadelphia:

PHILADELPHIA

David A. Young, Jewish Federation
of St. Louis

D wight Young, Ph.D.; Associate
Professor of Ancient Near Eastern
Civilization, Brandeis University,
Waltham, Massachusetts: flood,

THE; NOAH

Toni Young*, B.A., M.A.; Historian,
Author, Jewish Historical Society of

Delaware, Wilmington, Delaware:

DELAWARE; WILMINGTON

William (A.) Younglove*, Ed.D.;
Teacher Supervisor, California State
University Long Beach, California:

CHILDREN'S LITERATURE

Leon I. (Israel) Yudkin*, Ph.D.;
Lit. Author and Visiting Professor,
Honorary Fellow, University
College, London, England: shabtai,

YAAKOV

Natan Zach, B.A.; Lecturer in

Hebrew and Comparative Literature,
Tel Aviv University: fichman, jacob;

LENSKI, HAYYIM; POMERANTZ, BERL;
POMERANTZ, BERL; STEINBERG, JACOB;
STERN, NOAH

Efraim Zadoff*, Ph.D.; Historian,
Editor, Research on Latin American
Jews, Jerusalem: alpersohn,

MARCOS; AMIA; ANGEL, AARON;
ARGENTINA; BARYLKO, JAIME; BEHAR,
LEON; BEIDERMAN, BERNARDO;
BENZAQUEN SAADIA; BERAJA, RUBEN
EZRA; BERGER, MEIR; BLEJER, DAVID;
BLEJER, MARIO ISRAEL; CHEHEBAR,
ISAAC; CONSTANTINER, JAIME;
CZENSTOCHOWSKI, WALTER; DAIA;
EDUCATION, JEWISH; ELNECAVE,
DAVID; FASTLICHT, ADOLFO; FELDMAN,
SHIMSHON SIMON; FINKELSTEIN,
CHAIM; GENEALOGY; GESANG, NATHAN-
NACHMAN; GOLDMAN, AHARON
HALEVI; GOLDMAN, MOISES; HARF,
HANNS; JOURNALISM; KAMENSZAIN,
TOBIAS; KITRON, MOSHE; LATIN
AMERICA; LERNER, JAIME; LEVY, ROBERT;
MILEVSKY, AHARON; NAJDORF, MIGUEL;
NICARAGUA; PARAGUAY; POLITICS;
RAFALIN, DAVID SHLOMO; ROSENBERG,
MOISHE; SCHLESINGER, GUILLERMO;
SEGALL, LASAR; SEROUSSI, ELIAS;
SINGERMAN, BERTA; SOURASKY; TURKOW,
MARC; YAGUPSKY, MAXIMO

Noam Zadoff*, M.A.; Doctoral
Student, Richard Koebuer Minerva
Center for German History, the
University of Jerusalem: arakhin;

BEKHOROT; BLUMENFELD, KURT
YEHUDAH; BLUMENTHAL, OSKAR;
BRUCKNER, FERDINAND; CHRONEGK,
LUDWIG; DAWISON, BOGUMIL; DOMIN,
HILDE; HEIMANN, MORITZ; KALISCH,
DAVID; KASTEIN, JOSEF; KOEBNER,
RICHARD; LANDAUER, GUSTAV;
OPHUELS, MAX; OPPENHEIMER, FRANZ;
POLGAR, ALFRED; ROSENBERG, ARTHUR;
SALOMON, ALICE; SATANOW, ISAAC;
SCHILDKRAUT, RUDOLPH; SCHMID,
ANTON VON; SCHOTTLAENDER, BENDET;
VIERTEL, BERTHOLD; WEININGER, OTTO;
WEISS, JOSEPH G.

Haim Zafrani, Ph.D., D.es-
L.; Charge de Recherche au
Centre National de la Recherche
Scientifique; Director of the Hebrew
Department of the University of
Paris- Vincennnes: abitbol; ankawa,

RAPHAEL BEN MORDECAI; HAGIZ; JUDEO-
ARABIC; SERERO, SAUL

David Zakay, Editor and Journalist,

Tel Aviv: anokhi, zalman yizhak

174

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Michael Zand, Ph.D.; Professor
of Persian and Tajik Language and
Literature, The Hebrew University
of Jerusalem; Chief Scientific
Consultant to The Shorter Jewish
Encyclopaedia in Russian, Jerusalem:

BUKHARA; GAPONOV, BORIS; GEORGIA;
KRIMCHAKS; MOUNTAIN JEWS;
WEISSMAN, BARUCH MORDECAI

Walter Zanger, M.A., Rabbi;
Jerusalem: ein kerem; Philippines

Melvin S. Zaret*, M.S.W.;
Consultant for Jewish Communities,
National Agencies and Executives
Milwaukee Jewish Federation
Executive Vice President, Emeritus
and Consultant, Milwaukee:

MILWAUKEE

Shaul Zarhi, M.Sc; Economist, Tel

Aviv: COOPERATIVES

Leah Zazulyer*, M.S.; Writer,
Translator, School Psychologist
Teacher (retired), New York: emiot,

ISRAEL

Mark Zborowski, Ph.D.; Research
Associate in Medicine, Mount Zion
Hospital and Medical Center, San
Francisco, California: shtetl

Jekutiel-Zwi Zehawi, Ph.D.;
Educator, Tel Aviv: ronai, jAnos;

SCHOENFELD, JOSEPH

Moshe Zeidner, B.A.; Tel Aviv:

MENE, MENE, TEKEL, U-FARSIN

Nadia Zeldes*, Ph.D.; Researcher,
Institute of Judaic Studies, the
Hebrew University of Jerusalem:

AGRIGENTO; ALGHERO; AMALFI;
APULIA; BARI; BENEVENTO; BRINDISI;
CAGLIARI; CALABRIA; CAPUA; CATANIA;
CATANZARO; COSENZA; DIENCHELELE;
FREDERICK II OF HOHENSTAUFEN;
GAETA; LECCE; MARSALA; MESSINA;
MITHRIDATES, FLAVIUS; MOSES OF
PALERMO; PALERMO; SALERNO; SAN
NICANDRO; TARANTO; TRAPANI;
VENOSA

Joyce Zemans*, M.A.; University
Professor, York University, Toronto,
Canada: etrog, sorel; frenkel,

VERA; ISKOWITZ, GERSHON; PACHTER,
CHARLES

Carol Zemel*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Art History, York, University,
Toronto, Canada: singer, yvonne

Hanna Zemer, B.A.; Editor of
Davar, Tel Aviv

Marcia Jo Zerivitz*, Founding
Executive Director and Chief
Curator, Jewish Museum of
Florida: broward county; Florida;

JACKSONVILLE; LEE AND CHARLOTTE
COUNTIES; MIAMI-DADE COUNTY;
NAPLES AND COLLIER COUNTY;
ORLANDO; PALM BEACH COUNTY; SAINT
PETERSBURG; SARASOTA; TALLAHASSEE;
TAMPA

Mordechay Zerkawod, Dr. Phil.;
Emeritus Professor of Bible, Bar-Ilan
University, Ramat Gan: ehrenkranz,

BENJAMIN ZEEB

Charles Zibbell, M.S.; Associate
Executive Director, Council of
Jewish Federations, New York:

PHILANTHROPY

David L. Zielonka, M.A.H.L.,
Rabbi; Professor of Religion, the
University of Tampa, Florida

Wendy (Ilene) Zierler*, B.A., M.A.,
Ph.D.; Assistant Professor, Modern
Jewish Literature and Feminist
Studies, Hebrew Union College-
Jewish Institute of Religion, New
York: pogrebin, letty cottin ; seid,

RUTH

Gershon Zilberberg, Editor of
Olam ha-Defuss, Tel Aviv: printing,

HEBREW

Abraham Zimels, M.A., Rabbi;
Senior Lecturer in Bible, the
University of the Negev, Beersheba:

BIBLE

Hirsch Jacob Zimmels, Ph.D.,
Rabbi; Former Principal and
Lecturer in Jewish History and
Rabbinics, Jews' College, London:

DAVID BEN SOLOMON IBN ABI ZIMRA;
DURAN, PROFIAT; DURAN, SIMEON
BEN ZEMAH; DURAN, SOLOMON BEN
SIMEON; DURAN, ZEMAH BEN SOLOMON;
EPSTEIN, ISIDORE; FREIMANN, JACOB;
IBN YAHYA, DAVID BEN JOSEPH; IBN
YAHYA, GEDALIAH BEN DAVID; IBN
YAHYA, JOSEPH BEN DAVID; ISAAC BEN
MELCHIZEDEK OF SIPONTO; ISAAC BEN
SHESHET PERFET; NORZI, JEDIDIAH
SOLOMON RAPHAEL BEN ABRAHAM;
TRANI, MOSES BEN JOSEPH; YATSH,
BARUCH BEN ISAAC IBN

Akiva Zimmerman, Lecturer

and Journalist on Hazzanut, Tel

Aviv: BACON, YIDEL; ACKERMAN,
SHABTAI; ALTER, ISRAEL; ARONI, TSVI;
BACON, HIRSCH LEIB; BACON, ISRAEL;
BACON, SHLOMO REUVEN; BAGLEY,
DAVID; BELGRADO, DAVID FERNANDO;
BEN-HAIM, YIGAL; BLOCH, CHARLES;
BRAUN, ARIE; DANTO, LOUIS; DI-ZAHAV,
EPHRAIM; EPHROS, GERSHON; ESHEL,
YITZHAK; GANCHOFF, MOSES; GANTMAN,
JUDAH LEIB; GERBER, MAYNARD;
GREENBLATT, ELIYAHU; HAINOVITZ,
ASHER; HAZZAN; HEILMANN, YITZHAK;
HERSTIK, NAFTALI; KALIB, SHOLOM;
KARMON, ISRAEL; KRAUS, MOSHE;
LEFKOWITZ, DAVID; LERER, JOSHUA;
LERER, SHMUEL; LUBIN, ABRAHAM;
MALOVANY, JOSEPH; MANDEL,
SHELOMOH; MEISELS, SAUL; MELAMED,
NISSAN COHEN; MENDELSON, JACOB
BEN-ZION; MENDELSON, SOLOMON;
MILLER, BEN-ZION; MULLER, BENJAMIN;
POLLAK, ZALMAN; PUTTERMAN,
DAVID; RABINOVICZ, HAIM BEN ZION;
RABINOVICZ, PINCHAS; RICARDO, DAVID;
ROSENFELD, ABRAHAM ISAAC JACOB;
SCHULHOF, MOSHE; SOBOL, MORDECHAI;
STERN, MOSHE; TALMON, ZVI; TAUBE,
MOSHE; TAUBE, SAMUEL BARUCH;
UNGAR, BENJAMIN; VIGODA, SAMUEL;
WEISGAL, ABBA JOSEPH; WOHLBERG,
MOSHE

Oren Zinder, Ph.D.; Jerusalem:

LANDAU, LEOPOLD

Zvi Harry Zinder, B.A.; Jerusalem:

PUBLIC RELATIONS

Zvi Zinger (Yaron), B.A., Rabbi; the
Jewish Agency, Jerusalem:

Avner Ziv, Ph.D.; Professor,
Department of Educational
Sciences, Tel Aviv University: humor

Ari Z. Zivotofsky*, Rabbinic
Ordination, Ph.D.; Lecturer,
Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan:

MATZAH

Dov Zlotnick, D.H.L., Rabbi;
Associate Professor of Rabbinic
Literature, the Jewish Theological
Seminary of America, New York

Moshe Nahum Zobel, Dr.Phil.;

Encyclopaedia Judaica (Germany);
Jerusalem: Abraham ben nathan;

AFENDOPOLO, CALEB BEN ELIJAH;
ALI BEN AMRAM; AL-NAKAWA, ISRAEL
BEN JOSEPH; AL-TARAS, SlDl IBN;
APTOWITZER, VICTOR; ASHI; ASSAF,
SIMHA; BACHER, WILHELM; BANET,

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

175

CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA

MORDECAI BEN ABRAHAM; BANET,
NAPHTALI BEN MORDECAI; BARUCH
BEN ISAAC OF REGENSBURG; BEN
ALAN, JOSHUA; BENVENISTE, HAYYIM
BEN ISRAEL; BLOCH, MOSES; BLOGG,
SOLOMON BEN EPHRAIM; BOSKOWITZ,
BENJAMIN ZE'EV HA-LEVI; BREUER,
SOLOMON; CONFORTE, DAVID; CRESCAS,
ASHER BEN ABRAHAM; GALEN,
CLAUDIUS; GOSLAR, NAPHTALI HIRSCH
BEN JACOB; GUNZBERG, ARYEH LEIB
BEN ASHER; IBN SHEM TOV, JOSEPH
BEN SHEM TOV; JONATHAN BEN JOSEPH
OF RUZHANY; JOSEPH BEN DAVID
HA-YEVANI; KAUFMANN, DAVID; NEW
CHRISTIANS

Danah Zohar, M.A.; Jerusalem:

BRILL, ABRAHAM ARDEN

Harry Zohn, Ph.D.; Professor
of German, Brandeis University,
Waltham, Massachusetts: altenberg,

PETER; AUERNHEIMER, RAOUL;
FEUCHTWANGER, LION; FRIEDELL, EGON;
FRISCH, EFRAIM; HOFFMANN, CAMILL;
KAUFMANN, FRITZ MORDECAI; KOLMAR,
GERTRUD; KRAMER, THEODOR; KRAUS,
KARL; PERUTZ, LEO; POLGAR, ALFRED;
SACHS, NELLY; SAMPTER, JESSIE ETHEL;
TREBITSCH, SIEGFRIED; TUCHOLSKY,
KURT; VIERTEL, BERTHOLD; ZWEIG,
STEFAN

Gary P. (Phillip) Zola*, Ph.D.;

Associate Professor of the American
Jewish Experience, Hebrew Union
College-Jewish Institute of Religion,
Cincinnati, Ohio: American Jewish

ARCHIVES; SARNA, JONATHAN DANIEL

Maurice Zolotow, B.A.; Los

Angeles: Schwartz, delmore

Sharon Zrachya*, Administrative
Assistant, Hod Hasharon, Israel:

ARNON, DANIEL ISRAEL; AVIDOV, ZVI;

COHEN, SEYMOUR STANLEY; FEUER,
HENRY; WEIL, JOSEPH

Philipp Zschommler*, M.A.;
Jewish Studies, Trainee at the Dai
Damascus, Hochschule fur Judische
Studien, Heidelberg, Germany:

ADLER, FRIEDRICH; BLAU, TINA;
FLECHTHEIM, ALFRED; FREUND, GISELE;
GRUNDIG, LEA and HANS; HEARTFIELD,
JOHN; KAHNWEILER, DANIEL-HENRY;
KATZ, HANNS LUDWIG; NUSSBAUM,
FELIX; NUSSBAUM, JAKOB; WOLPERT,
LUDWIG YEHUDA

Jeno Zsoldos, Ph.D.; Educator,

Budapest: Agai, adolf; balAzs,

BELA; BANETH, EZEKIEL BEN JACOB; BEN
CHANANJA; BERENY, ROBERT; BETTELHEIM;
BOKROS-BIRMAN, DEZSO; BRODY, SANDOR;
BUDAPEST; GOLDBERGER, IZIDOR; HIRSCH,
MARKUS; HIRSCHLER, IGNAC; HUNGARIAN
LITERATURE; ISTOCZY, GYOZO; KORNFELD,
ZSIGMOND; LANCZY, GYULA; LEDERER,
ABRAHAM; LOEWY, ISAAC; MEZEI,
MOR; MEZEY, FERENC; NAGYKANIZSA;
ROSENTHAL, NAPHTALI; SCHEIBER,
ALEXANDER; SCHWAB, LOW; SIMON,
JOSEPH; ULLMANN, ADOLPH; WAHRMANN,
ISRAEL; WAHRMANN, MORITZ; WEISS,
MANFRED

Susan Zuccotti*, Ph.D.;
Independent Historian (retired),
New York: bolzano

Louis Zucker, Ph.D.; Emeritus
Professor of English, the University
of Utah, Salt Lake City: idaho

Moshe Zucker, Ph.D., Rabbi;
Professor of Biblical Exegesis, the
Jewish Theological Seminary of
America, New York

Menahem Zulay, Dr. Phil.; Scholar
of Medieval Hebrew poetry,

Jerusalem: haduta ben Abraham;

INSTITUTE FOR THE RESEARCH OF
MEDIEVAL HEBREW POETRY; JUDAH HA-
LEVI BEI-RABBI HILLEL; ZEBIDAH

Efraim Zuroff*, Ph.D.; Coordinator,
Nazi War Crimes Research Institute,
Director Israel Office, Simon
Wiesenthal Center, Jerusalem:

HOLOCAUST, RESCUE FROM; SAR, SAMUEL
L.; SARACHEK, BERNARD; VAAD HA-
HATZALAH; WIESENTHAL, SIMON

Itay (B.) Zutra*, Ph.D.; Student,
The Jewish Theological Seminary
of America, New York: Friedman,

JACOB; KULBAK, MOYSHE; SHTERN,
ISRAEL; WEINSTEIN, BERISH

Benjamin Zvieli, M.A., Rabbi;
Director of Religious Broadcasting,
Jerusalem: Israel, state of: religious

LIFE AND COMMUNITIES; SYNAGOGUE

Alexander Zvielli, Director,
Jerusalem Post Archives, Jerusalem:

HUMPHREY, HUBERT H.; LANDAU, MOSHE;
SHAMGAR, MEIR; SUSSMAN, YOEL;
WITKON, ALFRED

Aharon Zwergbaum, LL.D.;
Legal Adviser, World Zionist
Organization, Jerusalem: basle

PROGRAM; MAURITIUS; PALESTINE
OFFICE; PATRIA; SHEKEL; ZIONISM

Irene E. Zwiep*, Ph.D.; Professor
of Hebrew and Jewish Studies,
Universiteit van Amsterdam, The
Netherlands: alting, jacobus;

BELINFANTE, ISAAC BEN ELIAH COHEN;
CAMPEN, MICHEL HERMAN VAN;
CUNAEUS, PETRUS; DOZY, REINHART
PIETER ANNE; MULDER, SAMUEL ISRAEL;
ROEST, MEIJER MARCUS; SCHULTENS,
ALBERT; SEELIGMANN, SIGMUND;
SURENHUIS, WILHELM

i 7 6

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume i

ABBREVIATIONS

GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS

This list contains abbreviations used in the Encyclopaedia (apart from the standard ones, such as geographical abbreviations,
points of compass, etc.). For names of organizations, institutions, etc., in abbreviation, see Index. For bibliographical abbrevia-
tions of books and authors in Rabbinical literature, see following lists.

o

t
>

<

Cross reference; i.e., an article is to be found under the word(s) immediately

following the asterisk (*).

Before the title of an entry, indicates a non-Jew (post-biblical times).

Indicates reconstructed forms.

The word following this sign is derived from the preceding one.

The word preceding this sign is derived from the following one.

ad loc.

A.H.

D

d.

Dan.

diss., dissert,

Du.

E.

ed.
eds.
e.g.
Eng.
et al.

ad locum, "at the place"; used in quotations of

commentaries.

Anno Hegirae, "in the year of Hegira," i.e.,

according to the Muslim calendar.

Akk.

Addadian.

A.M.

anno mundi, "in the yea

the world."

anon.

anonymous.

Ar.

Arabic.

Aram.

Aramaic.

Ass.

Assyrian.

b.

born; ben, bar.

Bab.

Babylonian.

B.C.E.

Before Common Era ( =

bibl.

bibliography.

Bui.

Bulgarian.

c> Cii.

Circa.

C.E.

Common Era ( = A.D.).

cf.

confer, "compare."

ch., chs.

chapter, chapters.

comp.

compiler, compiled by.

Cz.

Czech.

= B.C.)

f.,ff.

according to the documentary theory, the

Deuteronomy document.

died.

Danish.

dissertation, thesis.

Dutch.

according to the documentary theory, the Elohist

document (i.e., using Elohim as the name of God)

of the first five (or six) books of the Bible.

editor, edited, edition.

editors.

exempli gratia, "for example."

English.

et alibi, "and elsewhere"; or et alii, "and others";

"others."

and following page(s).
figure.

fl.

flourished.

fol., fols

folio(s).

Fr.

French.

Ger.

German.

Gr.

Greek.

Heb.

Hebrew.

Hg., Hung

Hungarian.

ibid

Ibidem, "in the same place. 3

incl. bibl.

includes bibliography.

introd.

introduction.

It.

Italian.

J

R.

r.

Resp.

»

according to the documentary theory, the Jahwist
document (i.e., using YHWH as the name of God)
of the first five (or six) books of the Bible.

Lat.

Latin.

lit.

literally.

Lith.

Lithuanian.

loc. cit.

loco citato, "in the [already] cited place."

Ms., Mss.

Manuscript(s).

n.

note.

n.d.

no date (of publication).

no., nos

number(s).

Nov.

Novellae (Heb. Hiddushim).

n.p.

place of publication unknown.

op. cit.

opere citato, "in the previously mentioned work."

P.

according to the documentary theory, the Priestly

document of the first five (or six) books of the

Bible.

p., pp.

page(s).

Pers.

Persian.

pi., pis.

plate(s).

Pol.

Polish.

Port.

Potuguese.

pt., pts.

part(s).

publ.

published.

rev.

Rabbi or Rav (before names); in Midrash (after an

abbreviation) - Rabbah.

recto, the first side of a manuscript page.

Responsa (Latin "answers," Hebrew Sheelot u-

Teshuvot or Teshuvot), collections of rabbinic

decisions.

revised.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

177

ABBREVIATIONS

Rom.
Rus(s)

Slov.

Sp.

s.v.

Sum

summ

suppl.

Romanian.
Russian.

Slovak.

Spanish.

sub verbo, sub voce, "under the (key) word.

Sumerian.

Summary.

supplement.

Swed.

tr., trans (1).
Turk.

Ukr.

v., vv.

Yid.

Swedish.

translator, translated, translation.
Turkish.

Ukrainian.

verso. The second side of a manuscript page; also
verse(s).

Yiddish.

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN RABBINICAL LITERATURE

Adderet Eliyahu, Karaite treatise by Elijah b. Moses *Bashyazi.

Admat Kodesh, Resp. by Nissim Hayyim Moses b. Joseph Mizrahi.

Aguddah, Sefer ha-, Nov. by * Alexander Suslin ha-Kohen.

Ahavat Hesed, compilation by "Israel Meir ha-Kohen.

Aliyyot de-Rabbenu Yonah, Nov. by * Jonah b. Avraham Gerondi.

Arukh ha-Shulhan, codification by Jehiel Michel * Epstein.

Asayin ( = positive precepts), subdivision of: (1) *Maimonides, Sefer
ha-Mitzvot; (2) *Moses b. Jacob of Coucy, Semag.

Asefat Dinim, subdivision of Sedei Hemed by Hayyim Hezekiah

*Medini, an encyclopaedia of precepts and responsa.

Asheri = *Asher b. Jehiel.

Aeret Hakhamim, by Baruch *Frankel-Teomim; pt, 1: Resp. to Sh.
Ar.; pt2: Nov. to Talmud.

Ateret Zahav, subdivision of the Levush, a codification by
Mordecai b. Abraham (Levush) *Jaffe; Ateret Zahav parallels
Tur. YD.

Ateret Zevi, Comm. To Sh. Ar. by Zevi Hirsch b. Azriel.

Avir Yaakov, Resp. by Jacob Avigdor.

Avkat Rokhel, Resp. by Joseph b. Ephraim *Caro.

Avnei Millu'im, Comm. to Sh. Ar., EH, by *Aryeh Loeb b. Joseph
ha-Kohen.

Avnei Nezer, Resp. on Sh. Ar. by Abraham b. Zeev Nahum Born-
stein of *Sochaczew.

Avodat Massa, Compilation of Tax Law by Yoasha Abraham Judah.

Azei ha-Levanon, Resp. by Judah Leib *Zirelson.

Ba'al ha-Tanya - *Shneur Zalman of Lyady.

Baei Hayyei, Resp. by Hayyim b. Israel *Benveniste.

Baer Heitev, Comm. To Sh. Ar. The parts on OH and EH are by

Judah b. Simeon *Ashkenazi, the parts on YD AND HM by

*Zechariah Mendel b. Aryeh Leib. Printed in most editions of

Sh. Ar.
Bah = Joel *Sirkes.
Bah, usual abbreviation for Bay it Hadash, a commentary on Tur by

Joel *Sirkes; printed in most editions of Tur.
Bayit Hadash, see Bah.
Berab = Jacob Berab, also called Ri Berav.
Bedek ha-Bayit, by Joseph b. Ephraim *Caro, additions to his Beit

Yosef (& comm. to Tur). Printed sometimes inside Beit Yosef, in

smaller type. Appears in most editions of Tur.
Beer ha-Golah, Commentary to Sh. Ar. By Moses b. Naphtali Hirsch

*Rivkes; printed in most editions of Sh. Ar.

Beer Mayim, Resp. by Raphael b. Abraham Manasseh Jacob.

Beer Mayim Hayyim, Resp. by Samuel b. Hayyim * Vital.

Beer Yizhak, Resp. by Isaac Elhanan *Spector.

Beit ha-Behirah, Comm. to Talmud by Menahem b. Solomon

*Meiri.
Beit Me'ir, Nov. on Sh. Ar. by Meir b. Judah Leib Posner.
Beit Shelomo, Resp. by Solomon b. Aaron Hason (the younger).
Beit Shemuel, Comm. to Sh. Ar., EH, by ^Samuel b. Uri Shraga

Phoebus.
Beit Yaakov, by Jacob b. Jacob Moses *Lorberbaum; pt.i: Nov. to

Ket.; pt.2: Comm. to EH.
Beit Yisrael, collective name for the commentaries Derishah, Per-

ishah, and Be'urim by Joshua b. Alexander ha-Kohen *Talk. See

under the names of the commentaries.
Beit Yizhak, Resp. by Isaac *Schmelkes.
Beit Yosef: (1) Comm. on Tur by Joseph b. Ephraim *Caro; printed

in most editions of Tur; (2) Resp. by the same.
Ben Yehudah, Resp. by Abraham b. Judah Litsch (t^U' 1 ?) Rosen-

baum.
Bertinoro, Standard commentary to Mishnah by Obadiah *Berti-

noro. Printed in most editions of the Mishnah.
[Beurei] Ha-Gra, Comm. to Bible, Talmud, and Sh. Ar. By ^Elijah

b. Solomon Zalmon (Gaon of Vilna); printed in major editions

of the mentioned works.
Be'urim, Glosses to Isserles Darkhei Moshe ( a comm. on Tur) by

Joshua b. Alexander ha-Kohen *Falk; printed in many editions

of Tur.
Binyamin Zeev, Resp. by ^Benjamin Zeev b. Mattathias of Arta.
Birkei Yosef, Nov. by Hayyim Joseph David *Azulai.
Ha-Buz ve-ha-Argaman, subdivision of the Levush (a codification

by Mordecai b. Abraham (Levush) *Jaffe); Ha-Buz ve-ha-Ar-
gaman parallels Tur, EH.

Comm. = Commentary

Daat Kohen, Resp. by Abraham Isaac ha-Kohen. *Kook.

Darkhei Moshe, Comm. on Tur Moses b. Israel ^Isserles; printed in
most editions of Tur.

Darkhei Noam, Resp. by ^Mordecai b. Judah ha-Levi.

Darkhei Teshuvah, Nov. by Zevi ^Shapiro; printed in the major edi-
tions of Sh. Ar.

Deah ve-Haskel, Resp. by Obadiah Hadaya (see Yaskil Avdi).

178

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

ABBREVIATIONS

Derashot Ran, Sermons by *Nissim b. Reuben Gerondi.

Derekh Hayyim, Comm. to Avot by *Judah Loew (Lob., Liwa) b.

Bezalel (Maharal) of Prague.
Derishah, by Joshua b. Alexander ha-Kohen *Falk; additions

to his Perishah (comm. on Tur); printed in many editions of

Tur.
Derushei ha-Zelah, Sermons, by Ezekiel b. Judah Halevi *Landau.
Devar Avraham, Resp. by Abraham *Shapira.
Devar Shemuel, Resp. by Samuel *Aboab.
Devar Yehosh.ua, Resp. by Joshua Menahem b. Isaac Aryeh Eh-

renberg.
Dikdukei Soferim, variae lections of the talmudic text by Raphael

Nathan*Rabbinowicz.
Divrei Emet, Resp. by Isaac Bekhor David.
Divrei Gebnim, Digest of responsa by Hayyim Aryeh b. Jehiel Zevi

*Kahana.
Divrei Hamudot, Comm. on Piskei ha-Rosh by Yom Tov Lipmann

b. Nathan ha-Levi ^Heller; printed in major editions of the Tal-
mud.
Divrei Hayyim several works by Hayyim *Halberstamm; if quoted

alone refers to his Responsa.
Divrei Malkhi'el, Resp. by Malchiel Tenebaum.
Divrei Rivot, Resp. by Isaac b. Samuel *Adarbi.
Divrei Shemuel, Resp. by Samuel Raphael Arditi.

Edut be-Ya'akov, Resp. by Jacob b. Abraham *Boton.

Edut bi-Yhosef, Resp. by Joseph b. Isaac "Almosnino.

Ein Ya'akov, Digest of talmudic aggadot by Jacob (Ibn) *Habib.

Ein Yizhak, Resp. by Isaac Elhanan *Spector.

Ephraim of Lentshitz = Solomon *Luntschitz.

Erekh Lehem, Nov. and glosses to Sh. Ar. by Jacob b. Abraham
^Castro.

Eshkol, Sefer ha-, Digest of halakhot by "Abraham b. Isaac of Nar-
bonne.

Et Sofer, Treatise on Law Court documents by Abraham b. Mordecai
*Ankawa, in the 2nd vol. of his Resp. Kerem Hamar.

Etan ha-Ezrahi, Resp. by Abraham b. Israel Jehiel (Shrenzl) *Ra-
paport.

Even ha-Ezel, Nov. to Maimonides' Yad Hazakah by Isser Zalman
*Meltzer.

Even ha-Ezer, also called Raban of Zafenat Pa'ne'ah, rabbinical work
with varied contents by *Eliezer b. Nathan of Mainz; not identi-
cal with the subdivision of Tur, Shulhan Arukh, etc.

Ezrat Yehudah, Resp. by *Isaar Judah b. Nechemiah of Brisk.

Gan Eden, Karaite treatise by * Aaron b. Elijah of Nicomedia.
Gersonides = *Levi b. Gershom, also called Leo Hebraecus, or

Ralbag.
Ginnat Veradim, Resp. by "Abraham b. Mordecai ha-Levi.

Haggahot, another name for Rema.

Haggahot Asheri, glosses to Piskei ha-Rosh by ^Israel of Krems;

printed in most Talmud editions.
Haggahot Maimuniyyot, Comm,. to Maimonides' Yad Hazakah by

*Meir ha-Kohen; printed in most eds. of Yad.
Haggahot Mordekhai, glosses to Mordekhai by Samuel *Schlettstadt;

printed in most editions of the Talmud after Mordekhai.
Haggahot ha-Rashash on Tosafot, annotations of Samuel *Strashun

on the Tosafot (printed in major editions of the Talmud).
Ha-Gra = * Elijah b. Solomon Zalman (Gaon of Vilna).

Ha-Gra, Commentaries on Bible, Talmud, and Sh. Ar. respectively,

by ^Elijah b. Solomon Zalman (Gaon of Vilna); printed in major

editions of the mentioned works.
Hai Gaon, Comm. = his comm. on Mishnah.
Hakham Zevi, Resp. by Zevi Hirsch b. Jacob "Ashkenazi.
Halakhot = Rif, Halakhot. Compilation and abstract of the Talmud

by Isaac b. Jacob ha-Kohen *Alfasi; printed in most editions of

the Talmud.
Halakhot Gedolot, compilation of halakhot from the Geonic period,

arranged ace. to the Talmud. Here cited ace. to ed. Warsaw (1874).

Author probably ^Simeon Kayyara of Basra.
Halakhot Pesukot le-Rav Yehudai Gaon compilation of halakhot.
Halakhot Pesukot min ha-Geonim, compilation of halakhot from

the geonic period by different authors.
Hananel, Comm. to Talmud by *Hananel b. Hushi'el; printed in

some editions of the Talmud.
Harei Besamim, Resp. by Aryeh Leib b. Isaac ^Horowitz.
Hassidim, Sefer, Ethical maxims by "Judah b. Samuel he-Hasid.
Hassagot Rabad on Rif, Glosses on Rif, Halakhot, by "Abraham b.

David of Posquieres.
Hassagot Rabad [on Yad], Glosses on Maimonides, Yad Hazakah,

by "Abraham b. David of Posquieres.
Hassagot Ramban, Glosses by Nahmanides on Maimonides' Sefer

ha-Mitzvot; usually printed together with Sefer ha-Mitzvot.
Hatam Sofer = Moses *Sofer.

•

Havvot Ydir, Resp. and varia by Jair Hayyim *Bacharach

Hayyim Or Zaru'a = ^Hayyim (Eliezer) b. Isaac.

Hazon Ish = Abraham Isaiah *Karelitz.

Hazon Ish, Nov. by Abraham Isaiah *Karelitz

Hedvat Ya'akov, Resp. by Aryeh Judah Jacob b. David Dov Meisels
(article under his father's name).

Heikhal Yizhak, Resp. by Isaac ha-Levi *Herzog.

Helkat Mehokek, Comm. to Sh. Ar., by Moses b. Isaac Judah
"Xima.

Helkat Ya'akov, Resp. by Mordecai Jacob Breisch.

Hemdah Genuzah, , Resp. from the geonic period by different au-
thors.

Hemdat Shelomo, Resp. by Solomon Zalman "Xipschitz.

Hida = Hayyim Joseph David *Azulai.

Hiddushei Halakhot ve-Aggadot, Nov. by Samuel Eliezer b. Judah
ha-Levi *Edels.

Hikekei Lev, Resp. by Hayyim "Talaggi.

Hikrei Lev, Nov. to Sh. Ar. by Joseph Raphael b. Hayyim Joseph
Hazzan (see article *Hazzan Family).

Hil. = Hilkhot ... (e.g. Hilkhot Shabbat).

Hinnukh, Sefer ha-, List and explanation of precepts attributed
(probably erroneously) to Aaron ha-Levi of Barcelona (see ar-
ticle *Ha-Hinnukh).

Hok Ya'akov, Comm. to Hil. Pesah in Sh. Ar., OH, by Jacob b. Jo-
seph *Reicher.

Hokhmat Sehlomo (1), Glosses to Talmud, Rashi and Tosafot by
Solomon b. Jehiel "Maharshal") *Luria; printed in many edi-
tions of the Talmud.

Hokhmat Sehlomo (2), Glosses and Nov. to Sh. Ar. by Solomon b.
Judah Aaron *Kluger printed in many editions of Sh. Ar.

Hur, subdivision of the Levush, a codification by Mordecai b. Abra-
ham (Levush) *Jaffe; Hur (or Levush ha-Hur) parallels Tur, OH,
242-697.

Hut ha-Meshullash, fourth part of the Tashbez (Resp.), by Simeon
b. Zemah *Duran.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

179

ABBREVIATIONS

Ibn Ezra, Comm. to the Bible by Abraham *Ibn Ezra; printed in the
major editions of the Bible ("Mikrabt Gedolot").

Imrei Yosher, Resp. by Meir b. Aaron Judah *Arik.

Ir Shushan, Subdivision of the Levush, a codification by Mordecai b.
Abraham (Levush) *Jaffe; Ir Shushan parallels Tur, HM.

Israel of Bruna = Israel b. Hayyim *Bruna.

Ittur. Treatise on precepts by *Isaac b. Abba Mari of Marseilles.

Jacob Be Rab = *Be Rab.

Jacob b. Jacob Moses of Lissa = Jacob b. Jacob Moses *Xorberbaum.

Judah B. Simeon = Judah b. Simeon *Ashkenazi.

Judah Minz = Judah b. Eliezer ha-Levi *Minz.

Kappei Aharon, Resp. by Aaron Azriel.

Kehillat Yaakov, Talmudic methodology, definitions etc. by Israel
Jacob b. Yom Tov *Algazi.

Kelei Hemdah, Nov. and pilpulim by Meir Dan *Tlotzki of Ostrova,
arranged ace. to the Torah.

Keli Yakar, Annotations to the Torah by Solomon *Xuntschitz.

Keneh Hokhmah, Sermons by Judah Loeb *Pochwitzer.

Keneset ha-Gedolah, Digest of halakhot by Hayyim b. Israel *Ben-
veniste; subdivided into annotations to Beit Yosef and annota-
tions to Tur.

Keneset Yisrael, Resp. by Ezekiel b. Abraham Katzenellenbogen (see
article ^Katzenellenbogen Family).

Kerem Hamar, Resp. and varia by Abraham b. Mordecai *Ankawa.

Kerem Shelmo. Resp. by Solomon b. Joseph *Amarillo.

Keritut, [Sefer], Methodology of the Talmud by ^Samson b. Isaac
of Chinon.

Kesef ha-Kedoshim, Comm. to Sh. Ar., HM, by Abraham *Wahr-
mann; printed in major editions of Sh. Ar.

Kesef Mishneh, Comm. to Maimonides, Yad Hazakah, by Joseph b.
Ephraim *Caro; printed in most editions of Yad Hazakah.

Kezot ha-Hoshen, Comm. to Sh. Ar., HM, by *Aryeh Loeb b. Joseph
ha-Kohen; printed in major editions of Sh. Ar.

Kol Bo [Sefer], Anonymous collection of ritual rules; also called
Sefer ha-Likkutim.

Kol Mevasser, Resp. by Meshullam *Rath.

Korban Aharon, Comm. to Sifra by Aaron b. Abraham *Ibn Hayyim;
pt. 1 is called: Middot Aharon.

Korban Edah, Comm. to Jer. Talmud by David Traenkel; with ad-
ditions: Shiyyurei Korban; printed in most editions of Jer. Tal-
mud.

Kunteres ha-Kelalim, subdivision of Sedei Hemed, an encyclopaedia
of precepts and responsa by Hayyim Hezekiah *Medini.

Kunteres ha-Semikhah, a treatise by *Levi b. Habib; printed at the
end of his responsa.

Kunteres Tikkun Olam, part of Mispat Shalom (Nov. by Shalom
Mordecai b. Moses *Schwadron).

Lavin (negative precepts), subdivision of: (1) ^Maimonides, Sefer
ha-Mitzvot; (2) *Moses b. Jacob of Coucy, Semag.

Lehem Mishneh, Comm. to Maimonides, Yad Hazakah, by Abra-
ham [Hiyya] b. Moses *Boton; printed in most editions of Yad
Hazakah.

*

Lehem Rav, Resp. by Abraham [Hiyya] b. Moses *Boton.

Leket Yosher, Resp and varia by Israel b. Pethahiah *Isserlein, col-
lected by ^Joseph (Joselein) b. Moses.

Leo Hebraeus = *Xevi b. Gershom, also called Ralbag or Ger-
sonides.

Levush = Mordecai b. Abraham *Jaffe.

Levush [Malkhut], Codification by Mordecai b. Abraham (Levush)
*7arTe, with subdivisions: [Levush ha-] Tekhelet (parallels Tur OH
1-241); [Levush ha-] Hur (parallels Tur OH 242-697); [Levush]
Ateret Zahav (parallels Tur YD); [Levush ha-Buz ve-ha-Argaman
(parallels Tur EH ); [Levush] Ir Shushan (parallels Tur HM); un-
der the name Levush the author wrote also other works.

Li-Leshonot ha-Rambam, fifth part (nos. 1374-1700) of Resp. by
*David b. Solomon ibn Abi Zimra (Radbaz).

Likkutim, Sefer ha-, another name for [Sefer] Kol Bo.

Maadanei Yom Tov, Comm. on Piskei ha-Rosh by Yom Tov Lip-

mann b. Nathan ha-Levi ^Heller; printed in many editions of

the Talmud.
Mabit = Moses b. Joseph Trani.

Magen Avot, Comm. to Avot by Simeon b. Zemah *Duran.
Magen Avraham, Comm. to Sh. Ar., OH, by Abraham Abele b.

Hayyim ha-Levi *Gombiner; printed in many editions of Sh.

Ar., OH.
Maggid Mishneh, Comm. to Maimonides, Yad Hazakah, by *Vi-

dal Yom Tov of Tolosa; printed in most editions of the Yad

Hazakah.
Mahaneh Efrayim, Resp. and Nov., arranged ace. to Maimonides'

Yad Hazakah , by Ephraim b. Aaron *Navon.
Maharai = Israel b. Pethahiah Tsserlein.
Maharal of Prague = *Judah Loew (Lob, Liwa), b. Bezalel.
Maharalbah = *Xevi b. Habib.
Maharam Alashkar = Moses b. Isaac *Alashkar.
Maharam Alshekh = Moses b. Hayyim *Alashekh.
Maharam Mintz = Moses *Mintz.
Maharam of Lublin = *Meir b. Gedaliah of Lublin.
Maharam of Padua = Meir ^Katzenellenbogen.
Maharam of Rothenburg = *Meir b. Baruch of Rothenburg.
Maharam Shik = Moses b. Joseph Schick.
Maharash Engel = Samuel b. Ze'ev Wolf Engel.
Maharashdam = Samuel b. Moses ^Medina.
Maharhash = Hayyim (ben) Shabbetai.
Mahari Basan = Jehiel b. Hayyim Basan.
Mahari b. Lev = Joseph ibn Lev.
Mahari'az = Jekuthiel Asher Zalman Ensil Zusmir.
Maharibal = ^Joseph ibn Lev.
Maharih = Jacob (Israel) *Hagiz.
Maharik = Joseph b. Solomon *Colon.
Maharikash = Jacob b. Abraham * Castro.
Maharil = Jacob b. Moses *Moellin.
Maharimat = Joseph b. Moses di Trani (not identical with the Ma-

harit).
Maharit = Joseph b. Moses *Trani.
Maharitaz = Yom Tov b. Akiva Zahalon. (See article *Zahalon

Family).
Maharsha = Samuel Eliezer b. Judah ha-Levi *Edels.
Maharshag = Simeon b. Judah Gruenfeld.
Maharshak = Samson b. Isaac of Chinon.
Maharshakh = ^Solomon b. Abraham.
Maharshal = Solomon b. Jehiel *Luria.
Mahasham = Shalom Mordecai b. Moses *Sschwadron.
Maharyu = Jacob b. Judah *Weil.
Mahazeh Avraham, Resp. by Abraham Nebagen v. Meir ha-Levi

Steinberg.
Mahazik Berakhah, Nov. by Hayyim Joseph David *Azulai.

180

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

ABBREVIATIONS

^Maimonides = Moses b. Maimon, or Rambam.
*Malbim = Meir Loeb b. Jehiel Michael.

Malbim = Malbim's comm. to the Bible; printed in the major edi-
tions.
Malbushei Yom Tov, Nov. on Levush, OH, by Yom Tov Lipmann b.

Nathan ha-Levi ^Heller.
Mappah, another name for Rema.
Mareh ha-Panim, Comm. to Jer. Talmud by Moses b. Simeon *Mar-

golies; printed in most editions of Jer. Talmud.
Margaliyyot ha-Yam, Nov. by Reuben *Margoliot.
Masat Binyamin, Resp. by Benjamin Aaron b. Abraham *Slonik

Mashbir, Ha- = ^Joseph Samuel b. Isaac Rodi.
Massa Hayyim, Tax halakhot by Hayyim *Palaggi, with the subdivi-
sions Missim ve-Arnomiyyot and Torat ha-Minhagot.
Massa Melekh, Compilation of Tax Law by Joseph b. Isaac *Ibn Ezra

with concluding part Ne'ilat Shear im.
Matteh Asher, Resp. by Asher b. Emanuel Shalem.
Matteh Shimon, Digest of Resp. and Nov. to Tur and Beit Yosef, HM,

by Mordecai Simeon b. Solomon.
Matteh Yosef, Resp. by Joseph b. Moses ha-Levi Nazir (see article

under his father's name).
Mayim Amukkim, Resp. by Elijah b. Abraham *Mizrahi.
Mayim Hayyim, Resp. by Hayyim b. Dov Beresh Rapaport.
Mayim Rabbim, , Resp. by Raphael *Meldola.
Me-Emek ha-Bakha, , Resp. by Simeon b. Jekuthiel Ephrati.
Meirat Einayim, usual abbreviation: Sma (from: Sefer Me'irat Ein-

ayim); comm. to Sh. Ar. By Joshua b. Alexander ha-Kohen *Falk;

printed in most editions of the Sh. Ar.
Melammed le-Ho% Resp. by David Zevi ^Hoffmann.
Meisharim, [Sefer], Rabbinical treatise by *Jeroham b. Meshul-

lam.
Meshiv Davar, Resp. by Naphtali Zevi Judah ^Berlin.
Mi-Gei ha-Haregah, Resp. by Simeon b. Jekuthiel Ephrati.
Mi-Maamakim, Resp. by Ephraim Oshry.
Middot Aharon, first part of Korb an Aharon, a comm. to Sifra by

Aaron b. Abraham *Ibn Hayyim.
Migdal Oz, Comm. to Maimonides, Yad Hazakah, by *Ibn Gaon

Shem Tov b. Abraham; printed in most editions of the Yad

Hazakah.

■

Mikhtam le-David, Resp. by David Samuel b. Jacob *Pardo.
Mikkah ve-ha-Mimkar, Sefer ha-, Rabbinical treatise by *Hai

Gaon.
Milhamot ha-Shem, Glosses to Rif, Halakhot, by *Nahmanides.
Minhat Hinnukh, Comm. to Sefer ha-Hinnukh, by Joseph b. Moses

*Babad.
Minhat Yizhak, Resp. by Isaac Jacob b. Joseph Judah Weiss.
Misgeret ha-Shulhan, Comm. to Sh. Ar., HM, by Benjamin Ze'ev

Wolf b. Shabbetai; printed in most editions of Sh. Ar.
Mishkenot ha-Ro'im, Halakhot in alphabetical order by Uzziel

Alshekh.
Mishnah Berurah, Comm. to Sh. Ar., OH, by ^Israel Meir ha-
Kohen.
Mishneh le-Melekh, Comm. to Maimonides, Yad Hazakah, by Judah

*Rosanes; printed in most editions of Yad Hazakah.
Mishpat ha-Kohanim, Nov. to Sh. Ar., HM, by Jacob Moses *Lorber-

baum, part of his Netivot ha-Mishpat; printed in major editions

of Sh. Ar.
Mishpat Kohen, Resp. by Abraham Isaac ha-Kohen *Kook.
Mishpat Shalom, Nov. by Shalom Mordecai b. Moses *Schwadron;

contains: Kunteres Tikkun Olam.

Mishpat u-Zedakah be-Yaakov, Resp. by Jacob b. Reuben *Ibn
Zur.

Mishpat ha-Urim, Comm. to Sh. Ar., HM by Jacob b. Jacob Moses
*Lorberbaum, part of his Netivot ha-Mishpat; printed in major
editons of Sh. Ar.

Mishpat Zedek, Resp. by ^Melammed Meir b. Shem Tov.

Mishpatim Yesharim, Resp. by Raphael b. Mordecai *Berdugo.

Mishpetei Shemuel, Resp. by Samuel b. Moses *Kalai (Kal'i).

Mishpetei ha-Tanna'im, Kunteres, Nov on Levush, OH by Yom Tov
Lipmann b. Nathan ha-Levi * Heller.

Mishpetei Uzziel (Uziel), Resp. by Ben-Zion Meir Hai *Ouziel.

Missim ve-Arnoniyyot, Tax halakhotby Hayyim *Palaggi, a subdivi-
sion of his work Massa Hayyim on the same subject.

Mitzvot, Sefer ha-, Elucidation of precepts by ^Maimonides; sub-
divided into Lavin (negative precepts) and Asayin (positive pre-
cepts).

Mitzvot Gadol, Sefer, Elucidation of precepts by *Moses b. Jacob
of Coucy, subdivided into Lavin (negative precepts) and Asayin
(positive precepts); the usual abbreviation is Semag.

Mitzvot Katan, Sefer, Elucidation of precepts by "Isaac b. Joseph of
Corbeil; the usual, abbreviation is Semak.

Moadim u-Zemannim, Rabbinical treatises by Moses Sternbuch.

Modigliano, Joseph Samuel = ^Joseph Samuel b. Isaac, Rodi (Ha-
Mashbir).

Mordekhai (Mordecai), halakhic compilation by ^Mordecai b. Hillel;
printed in most editions of the Talmud after the texts.

Moses b. Maimon = ^Maimonides, also called Rambam.

Moses b. Nahman = Nahmanides, also called Ramban.

Muram = Isaiah Menahem b. Isaac (from: Morenu R. Mendel).

Nahal Yizhak, Comm. on Sh. Ar., HM, by Isaac Elhanan *Spec-
tor.

Nahalah li-Yhoshua, Resp. by Joshua Zunzin.

Nahalat Shivah, collection of legal forms by ^Samuel b. David
Moses ha-Levi.

^Nahmanides = Moses b. Nahman, also called Ramban.

Naziv = Naphtali Zevi Judah ^Berlin.

Ne'eman Shemuel, Resp. by Samuel Isaac *Modigilano.

Ne'ilat Shearim, concluding part of Massa Melekh (a work on Tax
Law) by Joseph b. Isaac *Ibn Ezra, containing an exposition of
customary law and subdivided into Minhagei Issur and Min-
hagei Mamon.

Ner Maaravi, Resp. by Jacob b. Malka.

Netivot ha-Mishpat, by Jacob b. Jacob Moses Torberbaum; sub-
divided into Mishpat ha-Kohanim, Nov. to Sh. Ar., HM, and
Mishpat ha-Urim, a comm. on the same; printed in major edi-
tions of Sh. Ar.

Netivot Olam, Saying of the Sages by *Judah Loew (Lob, Liwa) b.
Bezalel.

Nimmukei Menahem of Merseburg, Tax halakhot by the same,
printed at the end of Resp. Maharyu.

Nimmukei Yosef, Comm. to Rif. Halakhot, by Joseph *Habib
(Habiba); printed in many editions of the Talmud.

Noda bi-Yhudah, Resp. by Ezekiel b. Judah ha-Levi *Landau; there
is a first collection (Mahadura Kamma) and a second collection
(Mahadura Tinyana).

Nov. = Novellae, Hiddushim.

Ohel Moshe (1), Notes to Talmud, Midrash Rabbah, Yad, Sifrei and
to several Resp., by Eleazar ^Horowitz.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

181

ABBREVIATIONS

Ohel Moshe (2), Resp. by Moses Jonah Zweig.

Oholei Tarn. Resp. by *Tam ibn Yahya Jacob b. David; printed in

the rabbinical collection Tummat Yesharim.
Oholei Ya'akov, Resp. by Jacob de ^Castro.
Or ha-Meir Resp by Judah Meir b. Jacob Samson Shapiro.
Or Sameah, Comm. to Maimonides, Yad Hazakah, by *Meir

Simhah ha-Kohen of Dvinsk; printed in many editions of the

Yad Hazakah.

*

Or Zaru'a [the father] = *lsaac b. Moses of Vienna.

Or Zaru'a [the son] = *Hayyim (Eliezer) b. Isaac.

Or Zaru'a, Nov. by *Isaac b. Moses of Vienna.

Orah, Sefer ha-, Compilation of ritual precepts by *Rashi.

Orah la-Zaddik, Resp. by Abraham Hayyim Rodrigues.

Ozar ha-Posekim, Digest of Responsa.

Pahad Yizhak, Rabbinical encyclopaedia by Isaac *Lampronti.

Panim Me'irot, Resp. by Meir b. Isaac *Eisenstadt.

Parashat Mordekhai, Resp. by Mordecai b. Abraham Naphtali
*Banet.

Peat ha-Sadeh la-Dinim and Peat ha-Sadeh la-Kelalim, subdivisions
of the Sedei Hemed, an encyclopaedia of precepts and responsa,
by Hayyim Hezekaih *Medini.

Penei Moshe (1), Resp. by Moses *Benveniste.

Penei Moshe (2), Comm. to Jer. Talmud by Moses b. Simeon *Mar-
golies; printed in most editions of the Jer. Talmud.

Penei Moshe (3), Comm. on the aggadic passages of 18 treatises of
the Bab. and Jer. Talmud, by Moses b. Isaiah Katz.

Penei Yehoshua, Nov. by Jacob Joshua b. Zevi Hirsch Talk.

Peri Hadash, Comm. on Sh. Ar. By Hezekiah da *Silva.

Perishah, Comm. on Tur by Joshua b. Alexander ha-Kohen Talk;
printed in major edition of Tur; forms together with Derishah
and Be'urim (by the same author) the Beit Yisrael.

Pesakim u-Khetavim, 2nd part of the Terumat ha-Deshen by Israel
b. Pethahiah *Isserlein' also called Piskei Maharai.

Pilpula Harifta, Comm. to Piskei ha-Rosh, Seder Nezikin, by Yom
Tov Lipmann b. Nathan ha-Levi ^Heller; printed in major edi-
tions of the Talmud.

Piskei Maharai, see Terumat ha-Deshen, 2nd part; also called Pe-
sakim u-Khetavim.

Piskei ha-Rosh, a compilation of halakhot, arranged on the Talmud,
by *Asher b. Jehiel (Rosh); printed in major Talmud editions.

Pithei Teshuvah, Comm. to Sh. Ar. by Abraham Hirsch b. Jacob
*Eisenstadt; printed in major editions of the Sh. Ar.

Rabad = * Abraham b. David of Posquieres (Rabad III.).

Raban = * Eliezer b. Nathan of Mainz.

Raban, also called Zafenat Pa'neah or Even ha-Ezer, see under the
last name.

Rabi Abad = * Abraham b. Isaac of Narbonne.

Radad = David Dov. b. Aryeh Judah Jacob *Meisels.

Radam = Dov Berush b. Isaac Meisels.

Radbaz = *David b Solomon ibn Abi Ziumra.

Radbaz, Comm. to Maimonides, Yad Hazakah, by *David b. Solo-
mon ibn Abi Zimra.

Ralbag = *Levi b. Gershom, also called Gersonides, or Leo He-
braeus.

Ralbag, Bible comm. by *Xevi b. Gershon.

Rama [da Fano] = Menahem Azariah *Fano.

Ramah = Meir b. Todros [ha-Levi] *Abulafia.

Ramam = *Menaham of Merseburg.

Rambam = ^Maimonides; real name: Moses b. Maimon.

Ramban = *Nahmanides; real name Moses b. Nahman.

Ramban, Comm. to Torah by *Nahmanides; printed in major edi-
tions. ("Mikrabt Gedolot").

Ran = *Nissim b. Reuben Gerondi.

Ran ofRif, Comm. on Rif, Halakhot, by Nissim b. Reuben Gerondi.

Ranah = ^Elijah b. Hayyim.

Rash = *Samson b. Abraham of Sens.

Rash, Comm. to Mishnah, by *Samson b. Abraham of Sens; printed
in major Talmud editions.

Rashash = Samuel *Strashun.

Rashba = Solomon b. Abraham *Adret.

Rashba, Resp., see also; Sefer Teshuvot ha-Rashba ha-Meyuhasot le-
ha-Ramban, by Solomon b. Abraham *Adret.

Rashbad = Samuel b. David.

Rashbam = ^Samuel b. Meir.

Rashbam = Comm. on Bible and Talmud by ^Samuel b. Meir; printed
in major editions of Bible and most editions of Talmud.

Rashbash = Solomon b. Simeon *Duran.

*Rashi = Solomon b. Isaac of Troyes.

Rashi, Comm. on Bible and Talmud by *Rashi; printed in almost
all Bible and Talmud editions.

Raviah = Eliezer b. Joel ha-Levi.

Redak = David *Kimhi.

Redak, Comm. to Bible by David *Kimhi.

Redakh = *David b. Hayyim ha-Kohen of Corfu.

Re'em = Elijah b. Abraham *Mizrahi.

Rema = Moses b. Israel Tsserles.

Rema, Glosses to Sh. Ar. by Moses b. Israel "Isserles; printed in al-
most all editions of the Sh. Ar. inside the text in Rashi type; also
called Mappah or Haggahot.

Remek = Moses Kimhi.

Remakh = Moses ha-Kohen mi-Lunel.

Reshakh = ^Solomon b. Abraham; also called Maharshakh.

Resp. = Responsa, Sheelot u-Teshuvot.

Ri Berav = *Berab.

Ri Escapa = Joseph b. Saul *Escapa.

Ri Migash = Joseph b. Meir ha-Levi *Ibn Migash.

Riba = Isaac b. Asher ha-Levi; Riba II (Riba ha-Bahur) = his grand-
son with the same name.

Ribam = Isaac b. Mordecai (or: Isaac b. Meir).

Ribash = *Isaac b. Sheshet Perfet (or: Barfat).

Rid= Tsaiah b. Mali di Trani the Elder.

Ridbaz = Jacob David b. Ze'ev *Willowski.

Rif = Isaac b. Jacob ha-Kohen *Alfasi.

Rif, Halakhot, Compilation and abstract of the Talmud by Isaac b.
Jacob ha-Kohen *Alfasi.

Ritba = Yom Tov b. Abraham *Ishbili.

Rizbam = Isaac b. Mordecai.

Rosh = *Asher b. Jehiel, also called Asheri.

Rosh Mashbir, Resp. by ^Joseph Samuel b. Isaac, Rodi.

Sedei Hemed, Encyclopaedia of precepts and responsa by Hayyim
Hezekiah *Medini; subdivisions: Asefat Dinim, Kunteres ha-Ke-
lalim, Peat ha-Sadeh la-Dinim, Peat ha-Sadeh la-Kelalim.

Semag, Usual abbreviation of Sefer Mitzvot Gadol, elucidation of
precepts by *Moses b. Jacob of Coucy; subdivided into Lavin
(negative precepts) Asayin (positive precepts).

Semak, Usual abbreviation of Sefer Mitzvot Katan, elucidation of
precepts by *lsaac b. Joseph of Corbeil.

182

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

ABBREVIATIONS

Sh. Ar. = Shulhan Arukh, code by Joseph b. Ephraim *Caro.

Sha'ar Mishpat, Comm. to Sh. Ar., HM. By Israel Isser b. Ze'ev
Wolf.

Shaarei Shevubt, Treatise on the law of oaths by *David b. Saa-
diah; usually printed together with Rif, Halakhot; also called:
Shearim ofR. Alfasi.

Shaarei Teshuvah, Collection of resp. from Geonic period, by dif-
ferent authors.

Shaarei Uzzi'el, Rabbinical treatise by Ben-Zion Meir Ha *Ouziel.

Shaarei Zedek, Collection of resp. from Geonic period, by differ-
ent authors.

Shadal [or Shedal] = Samuel David "Xuzzatto.

Shai la-Moreh, Resp. by Shabbetai Jonah.

Shakh, Usual abbreviation of Siftei Kohen, a comm. to Sh. Ar., YD
and HM by ^Shabbetai b. Meir ha-Kohen; printed in most edi-
tions of Sh. Ar.

Shabt-de-Rabbanan, Resp. by ^Solomon b. Judah ha-Kohen.

Shearim ofR. Alfasi see Shaarei Shevubt.

Shedal, see Shadal.

Sheelot u-Teshuvot ha-Gebnim, Collection of resp. by different au-
thors.

Sheerit Yisrael, Resp. by Israel Ze'ev Mintzberg.

Sheerit Yosef, Resp. by ^Joseph b. Mordecai Gershon ha-Kohen.

She Hat Yavez, Resp. by Jacob *Emden (Yavez).

She'iltot, Compilation arranged ace. to the Torah by *Aha (Ahai)
of Shabha.

Shem Aryeh, Resp. by Aryeh Leib *Lipschutz.

Shemesh Zedakah, Resp. by Samson *Morpurgo.

Shenei ha-Mebrot ha-Gedolim, Resp. by Elijah *Covo.

Shetarot, Sefer ha-, Collection of legal forms by *Judah b. Barzil-
lai al-Bargeloni.

Shevut Yaakov, Resp. by Jacob b. Joseph Reicher.

Shibbolei ha-Leket Compilation on ritual by Zedekiah b. Avra-
ham *Anav.

Shiltei Gibborim, Comm. to Rif, Halakhot, by ^Joshua Boaz b.
Simeon; printed in major editions of the Talmud.

Shittah Mekubbezet, Compilation of talmudical commentaries by
Bezalel *Ashkenazi.

Shivat Ziyyon, Resp. by Samuel b. Ezekiel ""Landau.

Shiyyurei Korban, by David *Fraenkel; additions to his comm. to
Jer. Talmud Korban Edah; both printed in most editions of Jer.
Talmud.

Sho'el u-Meshiv, Resp. by Joseph Saul ha-Levi *Nathanson.

Sh[ulhan] Ar[ukh] [of Ba'al ha-Tanyal], Code by *Shneur Zalman
of Lyady; not identical with the code by Joseph Caro.

Siftei Kohen, Comm. to Sh. Ar., YD and HM by ^Shabbetai b. Meir
ha-Kohen; printed in most editions of Sh. Ar.; usual abbrevia-
tion: Shakh.

Simhat Yom Tov, Resp. by Tom Tov b. Jacob *Algazi.

Simlah Hadashah, Treatise on Shehitah by Alexander Sender b.
Ephraim Zalman *Schor; see also Tevubt Shor.

Simeon b. Zemah = Simeon b. Zemah *Duran.

* * * *

Sma, Comm. to Sh. Ar. by Joshua b. Alexander ha-Kohen *Falk;

the full title is: Sefer Me'irat Einayim; printed in most editions

of Sh. Ar.
Solomon b. Isaac ha-Levi = Solomon b. Isaac *Levy.
Solomon b. Isaac of Troyes = *Rashi.

Tarn, Rabbenu = Tam Jacob b. Meir.

Tashbaz = Samson b. Zadok.

Tashbez = Simeon b. Zemah *Duran, sometimes also abbreviation
for Samson b. Zadok, usually known as Tashbaz.

Tashbez [Sefer ha-], Resp. by Simeon b. Zemah *Duran; the fourth
part of this work is called: Hut ha-Meshullash.

Taz, Usual abbreviation of Turei Zahav, comm., to Sh. Ar. by *David
b. Samnuel ha-Levi; printed in most editions of Sh. Ar.

(Ha)-Tekhelet, subdivision of the Levush (a codification by Mor-
decai b. Abraham (Levush) *Jaffe); Ha-Tekhelet parallels Tur,
OH 1-241.

Terumat ha-Deshen, by Israel b. Pethahiah *Isserlein; subdivided
into a part containing responsa, and a second part called Pesa-
kim u-Khetavim or Piskei Maharai.

Terumot, Sefer ha-, Compilation of halakhot by Samuel b. Isaac
*Sardi.

Teshuvot Baalei ha-Tosafot, Collection of responsa by the Tosaf-
ists.

Teshjvot Gebnei Mizrah u-Maaav, Collection of responsa.

Teshuvot ha-Geonim, Collection of responsa from Geonic period.

Teshuvot Hakhmei Provinzyah, Collection of responsa by different
Provencal authors.

Teshuvot Hakhmei Zarefat ve-Loter, Collection of responsa by dif-
ferent French authors.

Teshuvot Maimuniyyot, Resp. pertaining to Maimonides' Yad
Hazakah; printed in major editions of this work after the text;
authorship uncertain.

Tevubt Shor, by Alexander Sender b. Ephraim Zalman *Schor, a
comm. to his Simlah Hadashah, a work on Shehitah.

Tiferet Zevi, Resp. by Zevi Hirsch of the "AHW" Communities (Al-
tona, Hamburg, Wandsbeck).

Tiktin, Judah b. Simeon = Judah b. Simeon *Ashkenazi.

Toledot Adam ve-Havvah, Codification by *Jeroham b. Meshul-
lam.

Torat Emet, Resp. by Aaron b. Joseph *Sasson.

Torat Hayyim, , Resp. by Hayyim (ben) Shabbetai.

Torat ha-Minhagot, subdivision of the Massa Hayyim (a work on
tax law) by Hayyim *Palaggi, containing an exposition of cus-
tomary law.

Tosafot Rid, Explanations to the Talmud and decisions by "Isaiah
b. Mali di Trani the Elder.

Tosefot Yom Tov, comm. to Mishnah by Yom Tov Lipmann b. Na-
than ha-Levi ^Heller; printed in most editions of the Mishnah.

Tummim, subdivision of the comm. to Sh. Ar., HM, Urim ve-Tum-
mim by Jonathan *Eybeschuetz; printed in the major editions
ofSh. Ar.

Tur, usual abbreviation for the Arbaah Turim of * Jacob b. Asher.

Turei Zahav, Comm. to Sh. Ar. by *David b. Samuel ha-Levi; printed
in most editions of Sh. Ar.; usual abbreviation: Taz.

Urim, subdivision of the following.

Urim ve-Tummim, Comm. to Sh. Ar., HM, by Jonathan *Eybe-

schuetz; printed in the major editions of Sh. Ar.; subdivided in

places into Urim and Tummim.

Vikkuah Mayim Hayyim, Polemics against Isserles and Caro by
Hayyim b. Bezalel.

Tal Orot, Rabbinical work with various contents, by Joseph ibn
Gioia.

Yad Malakhi, Methodological treatise by *Malachi b. Jacob ha-
Kohen.

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

1S3

ABBREVIATIONS

Yad Ramah, Nov. by Meir b. Todros [ha-Levi] *Abulafia.
Yakhin u-Voaz, Resp. by Zemah b. Solomon *Duran.
Yam ha-Gadol, Resp. by Jacob Moses Toledano.
Yam shel Shelomo, Compilation arranged ace. to Talmud by Solo-
mon b. Jehiel (Maharshal) *Xuria.
Yashar, Sefer ha-, by *Tam, Jacob b. Meir (Rabbenu Tarn); ist pt.:

Resp.; 2nd pt.: Nov.
Yaskil Avdi, Resp. by Obadiah Hadaya (printed together with his

Resp. Deah ve-Haskel).
Yavez = Jacob *Emden.

Yehudah Ya'aleh, Resp. by Judah b. Israel *Aszod.
Yekar Tiferet, Comm. to Maimonides' Yad Hazakah,by David b.

Solomon ibn Zimra, printed in most editions of Yad Haza-

kah.
Yereim [ha-Shalem], [Sefer] , Treatise on precepts by ^Eliezer b.

Samuel of Metz.
Yeshubt Yaakov, Resp. by Jacob Meshullam b. Mordecai Ze'ev *Or-

nstein.
Yizhak Reiah, Resp. by Isaac b. Samuel Abendanan (see article

*Abendanam Family).

Zafenat Paheah (1), also called Raban or Even ha-Ezer, see under
the last name.

Zafenat Paheah (2), Resp. by Joseph *Rozin.

Zayit Raanan, Resp. by Moses Judah Leib b. Benjamin Auerbach.

Zeidah la-Derekh, Codification by *Menahem b. Aaron ibn Zerah.

Zedakah u-Mishpat, Resp. by Zedakah b. Saadiah Huzin.

Zekan Aharon, Resp. by Elijah b. Benjamin ha-Levi.

Zekher Zaddik, Sermons by Eliezer *Katzenellenbogen.

Zemah Zedek (1) Resp. by Menaham Mendel Shneersohn (see un-
der *Shneersohn Family).

Zera Avraham, Resp. by Abraham b. David Tizhaki.

Zera Emet Resp. by *Tshmael b. Abaham Isaac ha-Kohen.

Zevi la-Zaddik, Resp. by Zevi Elimelech b. David Shapira.

Zikhron Yehudah, Resp. by * Judah b. Asher

Zikhron Yosef, Resp. by Joseph b. Menahem *Steinhardt.

Zikhronot, Sefer ha-, Sermons on several precepts by Samuel
*Aboab.

Zikkaron la-Rishonim . . ., by Albert (Abraham Elijah) *Harkavy;
contains in vol. 1 pt. 4 (1887) a collection of Geonic responsa.

Ziz Eliezer, Resp. by Eliezer Judah b. Jacob Gedaliah Waldenberg.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS

Bibliographies in English and other languages have been extensively updated, with English translations cited where available.
In order to help the reader, the language of books or articles is given where not obvious from titles of books or names of peri-
odicals. Titles of books and periodicals in languages with alphabets other than Latin, are given in transliteration, even where
there is a title page in English. Titles of articles in periodicals are not given. Names of Hebrew and Yiddish periodicals well
known in English-speaking countries or in Israel under their masthead in Latin characters are given in this form, even when
contrary to transliteration rules. Names of authors writing in languages with non-Latin alphabets are given in their Latin al-
phabet form wherever known; otherwise the names are transliterated. Initials are generally not given for authors of articles in
periodicals, except to avoid confusion. Non-abbreviated book titles and names of periodicals are printed in italics. Abbrevia-
tions are given in the list below.

AASOR

AB

Abel, Geog

ABR

Abr.

Abrahams,

Companion
Abramson, Merkazim

Acts
ACUM

ADAJ

Adam
ADB

Add. Esth.

Annual of the American School of Oriental

Research (19196°.).

Analecta Biblica (1952!?.).

F.-M. Abel, Geographic de la Palestine, 2

vols. (1933-38).

Australian Biblical Review (1951!?.).

Philo, De Abrahamo.

I. Abrahams, Companion to the Authorised

Daily Prayer Book (rev. ed. 1922).

S. Abramson, Ba-Merkazim u-va-Tefuzot

bi-Tekufat ha-Gebnim (1965).

Acts of the Apostles (New Testament).

Who is who in ACUM [Aguddat

Kompozitorim u-Mehabbrim].

Annual of the Department of Antiquities,

Jordan (19516°.).

Adam and Eve (Pseudepigrapha).

Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, 56 vols.

(1875-1912).

The Addition to Esther (Apocrypha).

Adler, Prat Mus

Adler- Davis

Aet.
AFO

Ag. Ber
Agr.

Ag. Sam.
Ag. Song

Aharoni, Erez

Aharoni, Land

1. Adler, La pratique musicale savante dans

quelques communautes juives en Europe au

XVIIe et XVIIIe siecles, 2 vols. (1966).

H.M. Adler and A. Davis (ed. and tr.),

Service of the Synagogue, a New Edition

of the Festival Prayers with an English

Translation in Prose and Verse, 6 vols.

(1905-06).

Philo, De Aeternitate Mundi.

Archivfuer Orientforschung (first two

volumes under the name Archivfuer

Keilschriftforschung) (19236°.).

Aggadat Bereshit (ed. Buber, 1902 J.

Philo, De Agricultura.

Aggadat Samuel.

Aggadat Shir ha-Shirim (Schechter ed.,

1896).

Y. Aharoni, Erez Yisrael bi-Tekufat ha-

Mikra: Geografyah Historit (1962).

Y. Aharoni, Land of the Bible (1966).

184

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

ABBREVIATIONS

Ahikar
AI
AJA
AJHSP

AJHSQ

AJSLL

AJYB
AKM

Albright, Arch

Albright, Arch Bib

Albright, Arch Rel

Albright, Stone

Alon, Mehkarim

Alon, Toledot

ALOR
Alt, Kl Schr

Alt, Landnahme

Ant.

AO

AOR
AOS

Apion

Aq.
Ar.

Artist.
ARN 1

ARN 2

Aronius, Regesten

ARW

AS

Ashtor, Korot

Ashtor, Toledot

Assaf, Gebnim

Ahikar (Pseudepigrapha).

Archives Israelites de France (1840-1936).

American Jewish Archives (i948ff.).

American Jewish Historical Society -

Publications (after vol. 50 = AJHSQ).

American Jewish Historical (Society)

Quarterly (before vol. 50 =AJHSP).

American Journal of Semitic Languages

and Literature (1884-95 under the title

Hebraica, since 1942 JNES).

American Jewish Year Book (i899ff.).

Abhandlungen fuer die Kunde des

Morgenlandes (series).

W.F. Albright, Archaeology of Palestine

(rev. ed. i960).

W.F. Albright, Archaeology of Palestine and

the Bible (1935 3 ).

W.F. Albright, Archaeology and the Religion

of Israel (1953 s ,).

W.F. Albright, From the Stone Age to

Christianity (1957 2 ).

G. Alon, Mehkarim be-Toledot Yisrael bi-

Ymei Bay it Sheni u-vi-Tekufat ha-Mishnah

ve-ha Talmud, 2 vols. (1957-58).

G. Alon, Toledot ha-Yehudim be-Erez

Yisrael bi-Tekufat ha-Mishnah ve-ha-

Talmud, I (1958 3 ), (1961 2 ).

Alter Orient (series).

A. Alt, Kleine Schriften zur Geschichte des

Volkes Israel, 3 vols. (1953-59).

A. Alt, Landnahme der Israeliten in

Palaestina (1925); also in Alt, Kl Schr, 1

(i953)> 89-125.

Josephus, Jewish Antiquities (Loeb Classics

ed.).

Acta Orientalia (i922ff.).

Analecta Orientalia (i93iff.).

American Oriental Series.

Josephus, Against Apion (Loeb Classics

ed.).

Aquilas Greek translation of the Bible.

Arakhin (talmudic tractate).

Letter of Aristeas (Pseudepigrapha).

Avot de-Rabbi Nathan, version (1) ed.

Schechter, 1887.

Avot de-Rabbi Nathan, version (2) ed.

Schechter, 1945 2 .

I. Aronius, Regesten zur Geschichte der

Juden im fraenkischen und deutschen

Reiche bis zum Jahre 12/3 (1902).

Archiv fuer Religionswissenschaft (1898-

1941/42).

Assyrological Studies (193 iff.).

E. Ashtor (Strauss), Korot ha-Yehudim bi-

Sefarad ha-Muslemit, i(i966 2 ), 2(1966).

E. Ashtor (Strauss), Toledot ha-Yehudim

be-Mizrayim ve-Suryah Tahat Shilton ha-

Mamlukim, 3 vols. (1944-70).

S. Assaf, Tekufat ha-Geonim ve-Sifrutah

(i955)-

Assaf, Mekorot

Ass. Mos.

ATA

ATANT

AUJW

AV

Avad.

Avi-Yonah, Geog

Avi-Yonah, Land

Avot
Av. Zar.
AWJD

AZDJ
Azulai

BA

Bacher, Bab Amor

Bacher, Pal Amor

Bacher, Tann

Bacher, Trad

Baer, Spain

Baer, Studien

Baer, Toledot

Baer, Urkunden

Baer S., Seder

BAIU

Baker, Biog Diet

I Bar.

II Bar.

III Bar.
BAR

Baron, Community

S. Assaf, Mekorot le-Toledot ha-Hinnukh
be-Yisrael, 4 vols. (1925-43).
Assumption of Moses (Pseudepigrapha).
Alttestamentliche Abhandlungen (series).
Abhandlungen zur Theologie des Alten
und Neuen Testaments (series).
Allgemeine unabhaengige juedische
Wochenzeitung (till 1966 = AWJD).
Authorized Version of the Bible.
Avadim (post-talmudic tractate).
M. Avi-Yonah, Geografyah Historit shel
Erez Yisrael (1962 3 ).
M. Avi-Yonah, The Holy Land from the
Persian to the Arab conquest (536 B.C. to
A.D. 640) (i960).
Avot (talmudic tractate).
Avodah Zarah (talmudic tractate).
Allgemeine Wochenzeitung der Juden in
Deutschland (since 1967 = AUJW).
Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums.
H.Y.D. Azulai, Shem ha-Gedolim, ed. by
I.E. Benjacob, 2 pts. (1852) (and other
editions).

Biblical Archaeologist (193 8ff.).

W. Bacher, Agada der babylonischen

Amoraeer (1913 2 ).

W Bacher, Agada der palaestinensischen

Amoraeer (Heb. ed. Aggadat Amoraei Erez

Yisrael), 2 vols. (1892-99).

W Bacher, Agada der Tannaiten (Heb. ed.

Aggadot ha-Tannaim, vol. 1, pt. 1 and 2

(1903); vol. 2 (1890).

W Bacher, Tradition und Tradenten in den

Schulen Palaestinas und Babyloniens (1914).

Yitzhak (Fritz) Baer, History of the Jews in

Christian Spain, 2 vols. (1961-66).

Yitzhak (Fritz) Baer, Studien zur Geschichte

der Juden im Koenigreich Aragonien

waehrend des 13. und 14. Jahrhunderts

(1913)-

Yitzhak (Fritz) Baer, Toledot ha-Yehudim

bi-Sefarad ha-Nozerit mi-Tehillatan shel

ha-Kehillot ad ha-Gerush, 2 vols. (1959 2 ).

Yitzhak (Fritz) Baer, Die Juden im

christlichen Spanien, 2 vols. (1929-36).

S.I. Baer, Seder Avodat Yisrael (1868 and

reprints).

Bulletin de I'Alliance Israelite Universelle

(1861-1913).

Bakers Biographical Dictionary of

Musicians, revised by N. Slonimsky (1958 5 ;

with Supplement 1965).

I Baruch (Apocrypha).

II Baruch (Pseudepigrapha).

III Baruch (Pseudepigrapha).
Biblical Archaeology Review.

S.W. Baron, The Jewish Community, its
History and Structure to the American
Revolution, 3 vols. (1942).

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

185

ABBREVIATIONS

Baron, Social

Barthelemy-Milik

BASOR

Bauer-Leander

BB

BBB
BBLA

BBSAJ

BDASI

Begrich, Chronologie

Bek.

Bel

Benjacob, Ozar

Ben Sira

Ben- Yehuda, Millon

Benzinger,

Archaeologie
Ben Zvi, Eretz Israel

Ben Zvi, Erez Israel

Ber.
Bezah

*

BIES

Bik.
BJCE

BJPES

BJRL

BK

S.W. Baron, Social and Religious History of
the Jews, 3 vols. (1937); enlarged, i-2(i952 2 ),
3-14 (1957-69).

D. Barthelemy and J.T. Milik, Dead Sea
Scrolls: Discoveries in the Judean Desert,
vol. 1 Qumram Cave I (1955).

Bulletin of the American School of Oriental

Research.

H. Bauer and P. Leander, Grammatik des

Biblisch-Aramaeischen (1927; repr. 1962).

(1) Bava Batra (talmudic tractate).

(2) Biblische Beitraege (i943ff.).
Bonner biblische Beitraege (series).
Beitraege zur biblischen Landes- und
Altertumskunde (until 1949-ZDPV).
Bulletin, British School of Archaeology,
Jerusalem (1922-25; after 1927 included in
PEFQS).

Alon (since 1948) or Hadashot

Arkheblogiyyot (since 1961), bulletin of the

Department of Antiquities of the State of

Israel.

J. Begrich, Chronologie der Koenige von

Israel und Juda (1929).

Bekhorot (talmudic tractate).

Bel and the Dragon (Apocrypha).

I.E. Benjacob, Ozar ha-Sefarim (1880; repr.

1956).

see Ecclus.

E. Ben-Yedhuda, Millon ha-Lashon ha-
Ivrit, 16 vols (1908-59; repr. in 8 vols.,

1959).

I. Benzinger, Hebraeische Archaeologie

(1927 3 ).

I. Ben-Zvi, Eretz Israel under Ottoman

Rule (i960; offprint from L. Finkelstein

(ed.), The Jews, their History, Culture and

Religion (vol. 1).

I. Ben-Zvi, Erez Israel bi-Ymei ha-Shilton

ha-Ottomani (1955).

Berakhot (talmudic tractate).

Bezah (talmudic tractate).

Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society,

see below BJPES.

Bikkurim (talmudic tractate).

Bibliography of Jewish Communities in

Europe, catalog at General Archives for the

History of the Jewish People, Jerusalem.

Bulletin of the Jewish Palestine

Exploration Society - English name of the

Hebrew periodical known as:

1. Yedibt ha-Hevrah ha-Ivrit la-Hakirat
Erez Yisrael va-Attikoteha (1933-1954);

2. Yedibt ha-Hevrah la-Hakirat Erez

* * *

Yisrael va-Attikoteha (1954-1962);

3. Yedibt ba-Hakirat Erez Yisrael va-
Attikoteha (i962ff.).

Bulletin of the John Rylands Library

(I9i4ff.)-

Bava Kamma (talmudic tractate).

BLBI
BM

BO
Bondy-Dworsky

BOR

Boree, Ortsnamen

Bousset, Religion

B ousset- Gressmann

BR
BRCI

BRE
BRF

Briggs, Psalms

Bright, Hist
Brockelmann, Arab Lit

Bruell, Jahrbuecher

Brugmans-Frank

BTS

Bull, Index

BW
BWANT

BZ

BZAW

BZIH

CAB
CAD

CAH

CAH 2

Calwer, Lexikon
Cant.

Bulletin of the Leo Baeck Institute (i957ff.).

(1) Bava Mezia (talmudic tractate).

(2) BeitMikra (1955/56!^).

(3) British Museum.
Bibbia e Oriente (1959!?.).

G. Bondy and F. Dworsky, Regesten zur

Geschichte derjuden in Boehmen, Maehren

und Schlesien von 906 bis 1620, 2 vols.

(1906).

Bibliotheca Orientalis (1943]^.).

W. Boree Die alten Ortsnamen Palaestinas

(1930).

W. Bousset, Die Religion des Judentums im

neutestamentlichen Zeitalter (1906 2 ).
W. Bousset, Die Religion des Judentums im
spaethellenistischen Zeitalter (1966 3 ).
Biblical Review (1916-25).
Bulletin of the Research Council of Israel
(1951/52-1954/55; then divided).
Biblical Research (1956!?.).
Bulletin of the Rabinowitz Fund for
the Exploration of Ancient Synagogues
(i949ff).

Ch. A. and E.G. Briggs, Critical and
Exegetical Commentary on the Book of
Psalms, 2 vols. (ICC, 1906-07).
J. Bright, A History of Israel (1959).
K. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen
Literatur, 2 vols. 1898-1902 ), supplement,
3 vols. (1937-42).

Jahrbuecher fuer juedische Geschichte und
Litteratur, ed. by N. Bruell, Frankfurt
(1874-90).

H. Brugmans and A. Frank (eds.),
Geschiedenis der Joden in Nederland
(1940).

Bible et Terre Sainte (i958ff.).
S. Bull, Index to Biographies of
Contemporary Composers (1964).
Biblical World (1882-1920).
Beitraege zur Wissenschaft vom Alten und
Neuen Testament (i926ff.).
Biblische Zeitschrift (1903IT.).
Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fuer die
alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, supplement
to ZAW (i896ff).
Biuletyn Zydowskiego Instytutu
Historycznego
(i95off).

Cahiers darcheologie biblique (1953IT.).
The [Chicago] Assyrian Dictionary

(i 95 6ff).

Cambridge Ancient History, 12 vols.

(1923-39)

Cambridge Ancient History, second edition,

14 vols. (1962-2005).

Calwer, Bibellexikon.

Canticles, usually given as Song ( = Song

of Songs).

186

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

ABBREVIATIONS

Cantera-Millas,
Inscripciones
CBQ
CCARY

CD

Charles, Apocrypha

Cher.

I (or II) Chron.

CIG

CIJ

CIL
CIS

C.J.

Clermont- Ganneau,

Arch

CNFI

Cod. Just.

Cod. Theod.

Col.

Conder, Survey

Conder- Kitchener

Conf.

Conforte, Kore
Cong.

Cont.

I (or II) Cor.

Cowley, Aramic

Colwey, Cat

CRB
Crowfoot-Kenyon

C.T.
DAB

Daiches, Jews
Dalman, Arbeit

Dan
Davidson, Ozar

F. Cantera and J.M. Millas, Las
Inscripciones Hebraicas de Espaha (1956).
Catholic Biblical Quarterly (19391!.).
Central Conference of American Rabbis,
Yearbook (1890/91!!.).

Damascus Document from the Cairo

Genizah (published by S. Schechter,

Fragments of a Zadokite Work, 1910).

R.H. Charles, Apocrypha and

Pseudepigrapha . . ., 2 vols. (1913; repr.

1963-66).

Philo, De Cherubim.

Chronicles, book I and II (Bible).

Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum.

Corpus Inscriptionum Judaicarum, 2 vols.

(1936-52).

Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum.

Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum

(i88iff.).

Codex Justinianus.

Ch. Clermont- Ganneau, Archaeological

Researches in Palestine, 2 vols. (1896-99).

Christian News from Israel (1949!?.).

Codex Justinianus.

Codex Theodosinanus.

Epistle to the Colosssians (New

Testament).

Palestine Exploration Fund, Survey of

Eastern Palestine, vol. 1, pt. I (1889) = C.R.

Conder, Memoirs of the . . . Survey.

Palestine Exploration Fund, Survey of

Western Palestine, vol. 1, pts. 1-3 (1881-

83) = C.R. Conder and H.H. Kitchener,

Memoirs.

Philo, De Confusione Linguarum.

D. Conforte, Kore ha-Dorot (1842 2 ).

Philo, De Congressu Quaerendae

Eruditionis Gratia.

Philo, De Vita Contemplativa.

Epistles to the Corinthians (New

Testament).

A. Cowley, Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth

Century B.C. (1923).

A.E. Cowley, A Concise Catalogue of the

Hebrew Printed Books in the Bodleian

Library (1929).

Cahiers de la Revue Biblique (1964!!.).

J.W. Crowfoot, K.M. Kenyon and E.L.

Sukenik, Buildings of Samaria (1942).

Codex Theodosianus.

Dictionary of American Biography (1928-

58).

S. Daiches, Jews in Babylonia (1910).

G. Dalman, Arbeit und Sitte in Palaestina,
7 vols. in 8 (1928-42 repr. 1964).

Daniel (Bible).

I. Davidson, Ozar ha-Shirah ve-ha-Piyyut,
4 vols. (1924-33); Supplement in: HUCA,
12-13 (1937/38), 715-823.

DB

DBI

Decal.

Dem.

DER

Derenbourg, Hist

Det.

Deus

Deut.

Deut. R.

DEZ

DHGE

Dik. Sof

Dinur, Golah

Dinur, Haganah

Diringer, Iscr

Discoveries
DNB

Dubnow, Divrei

Dubnow, Hasidut
Dubnow, Hist
Dubnow, Hist Russ

Dubnow, Outline

Dubnow, Weltgesch

Dukes, Poesie

Dunlop, Khazars

EA

EB

EBI

EBIB

Ebr.
Eccles.
Eccles. R
Ecclus.

Eduy.

J. Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible, 4 vols.

(1963 2 ).

EG. Vigoureaux et al. (eds.), Dictionnaire

de la Bible, 5 vols, in 10 (1912); Supplement,

8 vols. (1928-66)

Philo, De Decalogo.

Demai (talmudic tractate).

Derekh Erez Rabbah (post-talmudic

tractate).

J. Derenbourg Essai sur Vhistoire et la

geographie de la Palestine (1867).

Philo, Quod deter ius potiori insidiari solet.

Philo, Quod Deus immutabilis sit.

Deuteronomy (Bible).

Deuteronomy Rabbah.

Derekh ErezZuta (post-talmudic tractate).

Dictionnaire d'histoire et de geographie

ecclesiastiques, ed. by A. Baudrillart et al.,

17 vols (1912-68).

Dikdukei Soferim, variae lections of

the talmudic text by Raphael Nathan

Rabbinovitz (16 vols., 1867-97).

B. Dinur (Dinaburg), Yisrael ba-Golah, 2

vols, in 7 (1959-68) = vols. 5 and 6 of his

Toledo t Yisrael, second series.

B. Dinur (ed.), Sefer Toledot ha-Haganah

(i954ff.).

D. Diringer, Iscrizioni antico-ebraiche

palestinesi (1934).

Discoveries in the Judean Desert (1955!!).

Dictionary of National Biography, 66 vols.

(1921-222) with Supplements.

S. Dubnow, Divrei Yemei Am Olam, 11 vols

(1923-38 and further editions).

S. Dubnow, Toledot ha-Hasidut (i960 2 ).

S. Dubnow, History of the Jews (1967).

S. Dubnow, History of the Jews in Russia

and Poland, 3 vols. (1916 20).

S. Dubnow, An Outline of Jewish History, 3

vols. (1925-29).

S. Dubnow, Weltgeschichte des juedischen

Volkes 10 vols. (1925-29).

L. Dukes, Zur Kenntnis der

neuhebraeischen religioesen Poesie (1842).

D. H. Dunlop, History of the Jewish

Khazars (1954).

El Amarna Letters (edited by J.A.

Knudtzon), Die El-Amarna Tafel, 2 vols.

(1907 14).

Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Estudios biblicos (i94iff.).

T.K. Cheyne and J.S. Black, Encyclopaedi

Biblica, 4 vols. (1899-1903).

Philo, De Ebrietate.

Ecclesiastes (Bible).

Ecclesiastes Rabbah.

Ecclesiasticus or Wisdom of Ben Sira (or

Sirach; Apocrypha).

Eduyyot (mishanic tractate).

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

187

ABBREVIATIONS

EG
EH
EHA

EI

EIS

EIS 2

Eisenstein, Dinim

Eisenstein, Yisrael

EIV
EJ

EJC

Elbogen, Century
Elbogen, Gottesdienst

Elon, Mafteah

EM

I (or II) En.
EncRel

Eph.
Ephros, Cant

Ep. Jer.

Epstein, Amora'im

Epstein, Marriage

Epstein, Mishnah

Epstein, Tanna'im

ER
Er.
ERE

Erlsr
IEsd.

II Esd.
ESE

ESN

ESS

Esth.

Est. R.

ET

Eusebius, Onom.

Ex.

Enziklopedyah shel Galuyyot (i953fi\).

Even ha-Ezer.

Enziklopedyah la-Hafirot Arkheologiyyot

be-Erez Yisrael, 2 vols. (1970).

Enzyklopaedie des Islams, 4 vols. (1905-14).

Supplement vol. (1938).

Encyclopaedia of Islam, 4 vols. (1913-36;

repr. 1954-68).

Encyclopaedia of Islam, second edition

(1960-2000).

J.D. Eisenstein, Ozar Dinim u-Minhagim

(1917; several reprints).

J.D. Eisenstein, Ozar Yisrael (10 vols, 1907-

13; repr. with several additions 1951).

Enziklopedyah Ivrit (1949!?.).

Encyclopaedia Judaica (German, A-L only),

10 vols. (1928-34).

Enciclopedia Judaica Castellana, 10 vols.

(1948-51).

I Elbogen, A Century of Jewish Life (i960 2 ).

I Elbogen, Der juedische Gottesdienst ...

(1931 3 , repr. 1962).

M. Elon (ed.), Mafteah ha-Sheelot ve-ha-

Teshuvot ha-Rosh (1965).

Enziklopedyah Mikra'it (i95off.).

1 and II Enoch (Pseudepigrapha).
Encyclopedia of Religion, 15 vols. (1987,
2005 2 ).

Epistle to the Ephesians (New Testament).

G. Ephros, Cantorial Anthology, 5 vols.

(1929-57).

Epistle of Jeremy (Apocrypha).

J N. Epstein, Mevobt le-Sifrut ha-Amoraim

(1962).

L M. Epstein, Marriage Laws in the Bible

and the Talmud (1942).

J. N. Epstein, Mavo le-Nusah ha-Mishnah,

2 vols. (1964 2 ).

J. N. Epstein, Mavo le-Sifruth ha-Tanna'im.

(i947)-
Ecumenical Review.

Eruvin (talmudic tractate).

Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, 13

vols. (1908-26); reprinted.

Eretz-Israel, Israel Exploration Society.

I Esdras (Apocrypha) ( = III Ezra).

11 Esdras (Apocrypha) ( = IV Ezra).
Ephemeris fuer semitische Epigraphik, ed.
by M. Lidzbarski.

Encyclopaedia Sefaradica Neerlandica, 2

pts. (1949)-

Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, 15 vols.

(1930-35); reprinted in 8 vols. (1948-49).

Esther (Bible).

Esther Rabbah.

Enziklopedyah Talmudit (i947ff.).

E. Klostermann (ed.), Das Onomastikon

(1904), Greek with Hieronymus' Latin

translation.

Exodus (Bible).

Ex. R.

Exodus Rabbah.

Exs

Philo, De Exsecrationibus.

EZD

*

Enziklopeday shel ha-Ziyyonut ha-Datit

(i95iff-).

Ezek.

Ezekiel (Bible).

Ezra

Ezra (Bible).

III Ezra

Ill Ezra (Pseudepigrapha).

IV Ezra

IV Ezra (Pseudepigrapha).

Feliks, Ha-Zomeah

Finkelstein, Middle
Ages

Fischel, Islam

FJW

Frankel, Mevo

Frankel, Mishnah

Frazer, Folk- Lore

Frey, Corpus

Friedmann,

Lebensbilder
FRLT

Fr umkin - Rivlin

Fuenn, Keneset

Fuerst, Bibliotheca

Fuerst, Karaeertum

Fug.

Gal.

Galling, Reallexikon

Gardiner, Onomastica

Geiger, Mikra

Geiger, Urschrift

Gen.
Gen. R.
Ger.
Germ Jud

/. Feliks, Ha-Zome'ah ve-ha-Hai ba-
Mishnah (1983).

L. Finkelstein, Jewish Self -Government in
the Middle Ages (1924).

W.J. Fischel, Jews in the Economic and

Political Life of Mediaeval Islam (1937;

reprint with introduction "The Court Jew

in the Islamic World," 1969).

Fuehrer durch die juedische

Gemeindeverwaltung und Wohlfahrtspflege

in Deutschland (1927/28).

Z. Frankel, Mevo ha-Yerushalmi (1870;

reprint 1967).

Z. Frankel, Darkhei ha-Mishnah (1959 2 ;

reprint 1959 2 ).

J.G. Frazer, Folk-Lore in the Old Testament,

3 vols. (1918-19).

J.-B. Frey, Corpus Inscriptionum

Iudaicarum, 2 vols. (1936-52).

A. Friedmann, Lebensbilder beruehmter

Kantoren, 3 vols. (1918-27).

Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur

desAlten und Neuen Testaments (series)

(i95off.).

A.L. Frumkin and E. Rivlin, Toledot

Hakhmei Yerushalayim, 3 vols. (1928-30),

Supplement vol. (1930).

S.J. Fuenn, Keneset Yisrael, 4 vols. (1887-

90).

J. Fuerst, Bibliotheca Judaica, 2 vols. (1863;

repr. i960).

J. Fuerst, Geschichte des Karaeertums, 3

vols. (1862-69).

Philo, De Fuga et Inventione.

Epistle to the Galatians (New Testament).

K. Galling, Biblisches Reallexikon (1937).

A.H. Gardiner, Ancient Egyptian

Onomastica, 3 vols. (1947).

A. Geiger, Ha-Mikra ve-Targumav, tr. by

J.L. Baruch (1949).

A. Geiger, Urschrift und Uebersetzungen

derBibel 1928 2 ).

Genesis (Bible).

Genesis Rabbah.

Gerim (post-talmudic tractate).

M. Brann, I. Elbogen, A. Freimann, and H.

Tykocinski (eds.), Germania Judaica, vol.

1 (1917; repr. 1934 and 1963); vol. 2, in 2 pts.

(1917-68), ed. by Z. Avneri.

188

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

ABBREVIATIONS

GHAT

Ghirondi-Neppi

Gig.

Ginzberg, Legends

Git.

Glueck, Explorations

Go ell, Bibliography

Goodenough, Symbols

Gordon, Textbook

Graetz, Gesch

Graetz, Hist

Graetz, Psalmen

Graetz, Rabbinowitz

Gray, Names

Gressmann, Bilder

Gressmann, Texte

Gross, Gal Jud

Grove, Diet

Guedemann, Gesch
Erz

Guedemann,
Quellenschr

Guide
Gulak, Ozar

Gulak, Yesodei

Guttmann, Mafteah

Goettinger Handkommentar zum Alten
Testament (1917-22).
M.S. Ghirondi and G.H. Neppi, Toledot
Gedolei Yisrael u-Gebnei Italyah ... u-
Veurim al Sefer Zekher Zaddikim li-
Verakhah . . .(1853), index in ZHB, 17

(1914), 171-83.

Philo, De Gigantibus.

L. Ginzberg, Legends of the Jews, 7 vols.

(1909-38; and many reprints).

Gittin (talmudic tractate).

N. Gleuck, Explorations in Eastern

Palestine, 2 vols. (1951).

Y. Goell, Bibliography of Modern Hebrew

Literature in English Translation (1968).

E.R. Goodenough, Jewish Symbols in the

Greco-Roman Period, 13 vols. (1953-68).

C.H. Gordon, Ugaritic Textbook (1965;

repr. 1967).

H. Graetz, Geschichte derjuden (last

edition 1874-1908).

H. Graetz, History of the Jews, 6 vols.

(1891-1902).

H. Graetz, Kritischer Commentar zu den

Psalmen, 2 vols, in 1 (1882-83).

H. Graetz, Divrei Yemei Yisrael, tr. by S.P.

Rabbinowitz. (1928 1929 2 ).

G.B. Gray, Studies in Hebrew Proper Names

(1896).

H. Gressmann, Altorientalische Bilder zum

Alten Testament (1927 2 ).

H. Gressmann, Altorientalische Texte zum

Alten Testament (1926 2 ).

H. Gross, Gallia Judaica (1897; repr. with

add. 1969).

Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians,

ed. by E. Blum 9 vols. (1954 5 ) and suppl.

(1961 5 ).

M. Guedemann, Geschichte des
Erziehungswesens und der Cultur der
abendlaendischen Juden, 3 vols. (1880-88).
M. Guedemann, Quellenschriften zur
Geschichte des Unterrichts und der
Erziehung bei den deutschen Juden (1873,

1891).

Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed.

A. Gulak, Ozar ha-Shetarot ha-Nehugim

be-Yisrael (1926).

A. Gulak, Yesodei ha-Mishpat ha-Ivri,

Seder Dinei Mamonot be-Yisrael, alpi

Mekorot ha-Talmud ve-ha-Posekim, 4 vols.

(1922; repr. 1967).

M. Guttmann, Mafteah ha-Talmud, 3 vols.

(1906-30).

Guttmann,

J. Guttmann, Philosophies oj

Philosophies

(1964).

Hab.

Habakkuk (Bible).

Hag.

Hagigah (talmudic tractate)

Haggai

Haggai (Bible).

Hal.

*

Hallah (talmudic tractate).

Halevy, Dorot
Halpern, Pinkas

Hananel-ESkenazi

HB

Heb.

Heilprin, Dorot

Her.

Hertz, Prayer

Herzog, Instit

Herzog-Hauck

HHY

Hirschberg, Afrikah

HJ

HL

HM

*

Hommel, Ueberliefer.

Hor.

Horodezky, Hasidut

Horowitz, Erez Yis

Hos.

HTR

HUCA

Hul.

*

Husik, Philosophy
Hyman, Toledot

Ibn Daud, Tradition

ICC

IDB

Idelsohn, Litugy

Idelsohn, Melodien

Idelsohn, Music

I. Halevy, Dorot ha-Rishonim, 6 vols.

(1897-1939).

I. Halpern (Halperin), Pinkas Vaad Arba

Arazot (1945).

A. Hananel and ESkenazi (eds.), Pontes

Hebraici ad res oeconomicas socialesque

terrarum balcanicarum saeculo XVI

pertinentes, 2 vols, (1958-60; in Bulgarian).

Hebraeische Bibliographie (1858-82).

Epistle to the Hebrews (New Testament).

J. Heilprin (Heilperin), Seder ha-Dorot, 3

vols. (1882; repr. 1956).

Philo, Quis Rerum Divinarum Heres.

J.H. Hertz (ed.), Authorised Daily Prayer

Book (rev. ed. 1948; repr. 1963).

I. Herzog, The Main Institutions of Jewish

Law, 2 vols. (1936-39; repr. 1967).

J.J. Herzog and A. Hauch (eds.), Real

encycklopaedie fuer protestantische

Theologie (1896-1913 3 ).

Ha-Zofeh le-Hokhmat Yisrael (first four

volumes under the title Ha-Zofeh me-Erez

Hagar) (1910/11-13).

H.Z. Hirschberg, Toledot ha-Yehudim be-

Afrikah ha-Zofonit, 2 vols. (1965).

Historia Judaica (1938-61).

Das Heilige Land (i857ff.)

Hoshen Mishpat.

F. Hommel, Die altisraelitische

Ueberlieferung in inschriftlicher

Beleuchtung (1897).

Horayot (talmudic tractate).

S.A. Horodezky, Ha-Hasidut ve-ha-

Hasidim, 4 vols. (1923).

I.W. Horowitz, Erez Yisrael u-Shekhenoteha

(1923)-
Hosea (Bible).

Harvard Theological Review (i9o8ff.).

Hebrew Union College Annual (1904;

i924ff.)

Hullin (talmudic tractate).

I. Husik, History of Medieval Jewish

Philosophy (1932 2 ).

A. Hyman, Toledot Tanna'im ve-Amora'im

(1910; repr. 1964).

Abraham Ibn Daud, Sefer ha-Qabbalah

- The Book of Tradition, ed. and tr. By G.D.

Cohen (1967).

International Critical Commentary on

the Holy Scriptures of the Old and New

Testaments (series, i9o8ff.).

Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible, 4 vols.

(1962).

A. Z. Idelsohn, Jewish Liturgy and its

Development (1932; paperback repr. 1967)

A. Z. Idelsohn, Hebraeisch-orientalischer

Melodienschatz, 10 vols. (1914 32).
A. Z. Idelsohn, Jewish Music in its
Historical Development (1929; paperback
repr. 1967).

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

189

ABBREVIATIONS

IEJ
IESS

IG

IGYB

ILR
IMIT

IMT
INB

INJ
Ios
Isa.
ITHL

IZBG

JA
James

JAOS

Jastrow, Diet

JBA
JBL
JBR

JC
JCS

JE

Jer.

Jeremias, Alte Test

JGGJC

JHSEM
JHSET
JJGL
JJLG

JJS
JJSO

JJV

JL
JMES

JNES

J.N.U.L.

Job

Joel

Israel Exploration Journal (i95off.).

John

International Encyclopedia of the Social

Sciences (various eds.).

I, II and III John

Inscriptiones Graecae, ed. by the Prussian

Jos., Ant

Academy.

Israel Government Year Book (1949/

Jos. Apion

5 off.).

Israel Law Review (i966ff.).

Jos., index

Izraelita Magyar Irodalmi Tdrsulat Evkonyv

(1895 1948).

Jos., Life

International Military Tribunal.

Jos, Wars

Israel Numismatic Bulletin (1962-63).

Israel Numismatic Journal (1963!?.).

Josh.

Philo, De Iosepho.

JPESB

Isaiah (Bible).

Institute for the Translation of Hebrew

JPESJ

Literature.

Internationale Zeitschriftenschau fuer

Bibelwissenschaft und Grenzgebiete

(i95iff-).

JPOS

Journal asiatique (1822IT.).

Epistle of James (New Testament).

Journal of the American Oriental Society

(c. 18506°.)

M. Jastrow, Dictionary of the Targumim,

the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the

Midrashic literature, 2 vols. (1886 1902 and

reprints).

Jewish Book Annual (192426°.).

Journal of Biblical Literature (i88iff.).

Journal of Bible and Religion (1933!?.).

Jewish Chronicle (1841!°.).

Journal of Cuneiform Studies (i947ff.).

Jewish Encyclopedia, 12 vols. (1901-05

several reprints).

Jeremiah (Bible).

A. Jeremias, Das Alte Testament im Lichte

des alten Orients 1930 4 ).

Jahrbuch der Gesellschaft fuer Geschichte

der Juden in der Cechoslovakischen

Republik (1929-38).

Jewish Historical Society of England,

Miscellanies (1925!?.).

Jewish Historical Society of England,

Transactions (1893!?.).

Jahrbuch fuer juedische Geschichte und

Literatur (Berlin) (1898-1938).

Jahrbuch derr juedische-literarischen

Gesellschaft (Frankfurt) (1903-32).

Journal of Jewish Studies (1948IT.).

Jewish Journal of Sociology (1959IT.).

Jahrbuch fuer juedische Volkskunde (1898-

1924).

Juedisches Lexikon, 5 vols. (1927-30).

Journal of the Middle East Society (i947ff.).

Journal of Near Eastern Studies

(continuation of AJSLL) (i942ff.).

Jewish National and University Library.

Job (Bible).

Joel (Bible).

JPS

JQR

JR

JRAS

JHR

JSOS

JSS

JTS

JTSA

Jub.
Judg.
Judith
Juster, Juifs

JYB
JZWL

Kal.

Kal. R.

Katz, England

Kaufmann, Schriften

Kaufmann Y.,
Religion
Kaufmann Y., Toledot

KAWJ

Kayserling, Bibl

Kelim

Ker.

Ket.

Gospel according to John (New

Testament).

Epistles of John (New Testament).

Josephus, Jewish Antiquities (Loeb Classics

ed.).

Josephus, Against Apion (Loeb Classics

ed.).

Josephus Works, Loeb Classics ed., index

of names.

Josephus, Life (ed. Loeb Classics).

Josephus, The Jewish Wars (Loeb Classics

ed.).

Joshua (Bible).

Jewish Palestine Exploration Society

Bulletin, see BJPES.

Jewish Palestine Exploration Society

Journal - Eng. Title of the Hebrew

periodical Kovez ha-Hevrah ha-Ivrit la-

Hakirat Erez Yisrael va-Attikoteha.

Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society

(1920-48).

Jewish Publication Society of America, The

Torah (1962, 1967 2 ); The Holy Scriptures

(1917)-

Jewish Quarterly Review (i889ff.).

Journal of Religion (i92iff.).

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1838!?.).

Journal of Religious History (1960/616°.).

Jewish Social Studies (1939!?.).

Jouranl of Semitic Studies (i956ff.).

Journal of Theological Studies (1900IT.).

Jewish Theological Seminary of America

(also abbreviated as JTS).

Jubilees (Pseudepigrapha).

Judges (Bible).

Book of Judith (Apocrypha).

J. Juster, Les Juifs dans VEmpire Romain, 2

vols. (1914).

Jewish Year Book (1896IT.).

Juedische Zeitschift fuer Wissenschaft und

Leben (1862-75).

Kallah (post-talmudic tractate).
Kallah Rabbati (post-talmudic tractate).
The Jews in the History of England, 1485-

1850 (1994)'

D. Kaufmann, Gesammelte Schriften, 3

vols. (1908 15).

Y. Kaufmann, The Religion of Israel (i960),

abridged tr. of his Toledot.

Y. Kaufmann, Toledot ha-Emunah ha-

Yisreelit, 4 vols. (1937 57).

Korrespondenzblatt des Vereins zur

Gruendung und Erhaltung der Akademie

fuer die Wissenschaft des Judentums (1920

30).

M. Kayserling, Biblioteca Espanola-

Portugueza-Judaica (1880; repr. 1961).

Kelim (mishnaic tractate).

Keritot (talmudic tractate).

Ketubbot (talmudic tractate).

190

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

ABBREVIATIONS

Kid.
Kil.

Kin.

Kisch, Germany

Kittel, Gesch

Klausner, Bayit Sheni

Klausner, Sifrut

Klein, corpus

Koehler-Baumgartner

Kohut, Arukh

Krauss, Tal Arch

Kressel, Leksikon

KS
Kut.

LA

L.A.

Lachower, Sifrut

Lam.

Lam. R.

Landshuth, Ammudei

Legat.

Lehmann, Nova Bibl

Lev.

Lev. R.

Levy, Antologia

Levy J., Chald Targ

Levy J., Nuehebr Tal

Lewin, Ozar
Lewysohn, Zool

Lidzbarski, Handbuch

Life
LNYL

Loew, Flora

LSI

Luckenbill, Records

Kiddushim (talmudic tractate).
Kilayim (talmudic tractate).
Kinnim (mishnaic tractate).
G. Kisch, Jews in Medieval Germany

(i949).

R. Kittel, Geschichte des Volkes Israel, 3

vols. (1922-28).

J. Klausner, Historyah shel ha-Bayit ha-

Sheni, 5 vols. (1950/512).

J. Klausner, Historyah shel haSifrut ha-Ivrit

ha-Hadashah, 6 vols. (1952-582).

S. Klein (ed.), Juedisch-palaestinisches

Corpus Inscriptionum (1920).

L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in

Veteris Testamenti lihros (1953).

H.J.A. Kohut (ed.), Sefer he-Arukh ha-

Shalem, by Nathan b. Jehiel of Rome, 8

vols. (1876-92; Supplement by S. Krauss et

al, 1936; repr. 1955).

S. Krauss, Talmudische Archaeologie, 3 vols.

(1910-12; repr. 1966).

G. Kressel, Leksikon ha-Sifrut ha-Ivrit ba-

Dorot ha-Aharonim, 2 vols. (1965-67).

Kirjath Sepher (1923/4!?.).

Kuttim (post-talmudic tractate).

Studium Biblicum Franciscanum, Liber

Annuus (i95iff.).

Philo, Legum allegoriae.

F. Lachower, Toledot ha-Sifrut ha-Ivrit

ha-Hadashah, 4 vols. (1947-48; several

reprints).

Lamentations (Bible).

Lamentations Rabbah.

L. Landshuth, Ammudei ha-Avodah (1857-

62; repr. with index, 1965).

Philo, De Legatione ad Caium.

R.R Lehmann, Nova Bibliotheca Anglo-

Judaica (1961).

Leviticus (Bible).

Leviticus Rabbah.

I. Levy, Antologia de liturgia judeo-

espahola (1965!?.).

J. Levy, Chaldaeisches Woerterbuch ueber

die Targumim, 2 vols. (1967-68; repr. 1959).

}. Levy, Neuhebraeisches und chaldaeisches

Woerterbuch ueber die Talmudim . . ., 4

vols. (1875-89; repr. 1963).

Lewin, Ozar ha-Gebnim, 12 vols. (1928-43).

L. Lewysohn, Zoologie des Talmuds

(1858).

M. Lidzbarski, Handbuch der

nordsemitischen Epigraphik, 2 vols (1898).

Josephus, Life (Loeb Classis ed.).

Leksikon fun derNayer Yidisher Liter atur

(i956ff-).

I. Loew, Die Flora der Juden, 4 vols. (1924

34; repr. 1967).

Laws of the State of Israel (1948IT.).

D.D. Luckenbill, Ancient Records of Assyria

and Babylonia, 2 vols. (1926).

Luke

LXX

Maas.

Maas. Sh.

I, II, III, and IVMacc

Maimonides, Guide
Maim., Yad

Maisler,
Untersuchungen

Mak.

Makhsh.

Mai.

Mann, Egypt

Mann, Texts

Mansi

Margalioth, Gedolei
Margalioth, Hakhmei

Margalioth, Cat

Mark

Mart. Isa.

Mas.

Matt.

Mayer, Art

MB

MEAH

Meg.
Meg. Taan.

Meil

MEJ
Mehk.
Mekh. SbY
Men.
MER
Meyer, Gesch

Meyer, Ursp

Mez.
MGADJ

MGG

Gospel according to Luke (New

Testament)

Septuagint (Greek translation of the Bible).

Maaserot (talmudic tractate).

Maase Sheni (talmudic tractate).

Maccabees, I, II, III (Apocrypha), IV

(Pseudepigrapha).

Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed.

Maimonides, Mishneh Torah (Yad

Hazakah).

B. Maisler (Mazar), Untersuchungen zur

alten Geschichte und Ethnographie Syriens

und Palaestinas, 1 (1930).

Makkot (talmudic tractate).

Makhshrin (mishnaic tractate).

Malachi (Bible).

}. Mann, Jews in Egypt in Palestine under

the Fatimid Caliphs, 2 vols. (1920-22).

J. Mann, Texts and Studies, 2 vols

(i93i-35)-

G.D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova

et amplissima collectio, 53 vols, in 60 (1901-

27; repr. i960).

M. Margalioth, Enziklopedyah le-Toledot

Gedolei Yisrael, 4 vols. (1946-50).

M. Margalioth, Enziklopedyah le-Hakhmei

ha-Talmud ve-ha-Gebnim, 2 vols. (1945).

G. Margalioth, Catalogue of the Hebrew

and Samaritan Manuscripts in the British

Museum, 4 vols. (1899-1935).

Gospel according to Mark (New

Testament).

Martyrdom of Isaiah (Pseudepigrapha).

Masorah.

Gospel according to Matthew (New

Testameant).

L.A. Mayer, Bibliography of Jewish Art

(1967).

Wochenzeitung (formerly Mitteilungsblatt)

des Irgun Olej Merkas Europa (1933IT.).

Misceldnea de estudios drabes y hebraicos

(i952ff.).

Megillah (talmudic tractate).

Megillat Taanit (in HUCA, 8 9 (1931-32),

318-51).

Me'ilah (mishnaic tractate).

Middle East Journal (1947IT.).

Mekhilta de-R. Ishmael.

Mekhilta de-R. Simeon bar Yohai.

Menahot (talmudic tractate).

Middle East Record (19 6 off.).

E. Meyer, Geschichte des Alterums, 5 vols.

in 9 (1925-58).

E. Meyer, Urspring und Anfaenge des

Christentums (1921).

Mezuzah (post-talmudic tractate).

Mitteilungen des Gesamtarchivs der

deutschen Juden (1909-12).

Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 14

vols. (1949-68).

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

191

ABBREVIATIONS

MGG 2

MGH
MGJV

MGWJ

MHJ

Michael, Or

Mid.
Mid. Ag.
Mid. Hag.
Mid. Job.
Mid. Jonah
Mid. Lek. Tov
Mid. Prov.
Mid. Ps.

Mid. Sam.
Mid. Song
Mid. Tan.
Miege, Maroc

Mig.
Mik.
Milano, Bibliotheca

Milano, Italia

MIO

Mish.

MJ

MJC

MK

MNDPV

Mortara, Indice

Mos
Moscati, Epig

MT

Mueller, Musiker

Munk, Melanges

Mut.
MWJ

Nah.
Naz.
NDB

Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart,

2nd edition (1994)

Monumenta Germaniae Historica (i826ff.).

Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft fuer juedische

Volkskunde (1898-1929); title varies, see

also JJV.

Monatsschrift fuer Geschichte und

Wissenschaft des Judentums (1851-1939).

Momumenta Hungariae Judaica, 11 vols.

(1903-67).

H.H. Michael, Or ha-Hayyim: Hakhmei

Yisrael ve-Sifreihem, ed. by S.Z. H.

Halberstam and N. Ben-Menahem (1965 2 ).

Middot (mishnaic tractate).

Midrash Aggadah.

Midrash ha-Gadol.

Midrash Job.

Midrash Jonah.

Midrash Lekah Tov.

*

Midrash Proverbs.

Midrash Tehillim (Eng tr. The Midrash on

Psalms (JPS, 1959).

Midrash Samuel.

Midrash Shir ha-Shirim.

Midrash Tannaim on Deuteronomy.

J.L. Miege, Le Maroc et VEurope, 3 vols.

(1961 62).

Philo, De Migratione Abrahami.

Mikvabt (mishnaic tractate).

A. Milano, Bibliotheca Historica Italo-

Judaica (1954); supplement for 1954-63

(1964); supplement for 1964-66 in RMI,

32 (1966).

A. Milano, Storia degli Ebrei in Italia

(1963).

Mitteilungen des Instituts fuer

Orientforschung i953ff.).

Mishnah.

Le Monde Juif (19466°.).

see Neubauer, Chronicles.

Moed Katan (talmudic tractate).

Mitteilungen und Nachrichten des

deutschen Palaestinavereins (1895-1912).

M. Mortara, Indice Alfabetico dei Rabbini e

Scrittori Israeliti ... in Italia ... (1886).

Philo, De Vita Mosis.

S, Moscati, Epigrafia ebaica antica 1935-

1950 (1951).

Masoretic Text of the Bible.

[E.H. Mueller], Deutisches Musiker-

Lexikon (1929)

S. Munk, Melanges de philo sophie juive et

arabe (1859; repr. 1955).

Philo, De Mutatione Nominum.

Magazin fuer die Wissenshaft des

Judentums (18745 93).

Nahum (Bible).

Nazir (talmudic tractate).

Neue Deutsche Biographie (i953ff.).

Ned.
Neg.
Neh.
NG 2

Nuebauer, Cat

Neubauer, Chronicles

Neubauer, Geogr

Neuman, Spain

Neusner, Babylonia

Nid.
Noah

Noth, Hist Isr

Noth, Personennamen

Noth, Ueberlief

Noth, Welt

Nowack, Lehrbuch

NT

Num.

NumR.

Obad.

ODNB online
OH

*

Oho.
Olmstead

OLZ
Onom.
Op.
OPD

Or.

Or. Sibyll.

OS

OTS

PAAJR

Pap 4QS e

Par.

Pauly-Wissowa

Nedarim (talmudic tractate).

Nega'im (mishnaic tractate).

Nehemiah (Bible).

New Grove Dictionary of Music and

Musicians (2001).

A. Neubauer, Catalogue of the Hebrew

Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library ..., 2

vols. (1886-1906).

A. Neubauer, Mediaeval Jewish Chronicles,

2 vols. (Heb., 1887-95; repr. 1965), Eng.

title of Seder ha-Hakhamim ve-Korot ha-

Yamim.

A. Neubauer, La geographie du Talmud

(1868).

A. A. Neuman, The Jews in Spain, their

Social, Political, and Cultural Life

During the Middle Ages, 2 vols.

(1942).

J. Neusner, History of the Jews in Babylonia,

5 vols. 1965-70), 2nd revised printing

i969ff.).

Niddah (talmudic tractate).

Fragment of Book of Noah

(Pseudepigrapha) .

M. Noth, History of Israel (1958).

M. Noth, Die israelitischen Personennamen.

... (1928).

M. Noth, Ueberlieferungsgeschichte des

Pentateuchs (1949).

M. Noth, Die Welt desAlten Testaments

(1957 3 ).

W. Nowack, Lehrbuch der hebraeischen
Archaeologie, 2 vols (1894).
New Testament.
Numbers (Bible).
Numbers Kabbah.

Obadiah (Bible).

Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.

Orah Hayyim.

Oholot (mishnaic tractate).

H.T. Olmstead, History of Palestine and

Syria (1931; repr. 1965).

Orientalistische Literaturzeitung (189 8ff.)

Eusebius, Onomasticon.

Philo, De Opificio Mundi.

OsefPiskei Din shel ha-Rabbanut ha-Rashit

le-Erez Yisrael, Bet ha-Din ha-Gadol le-

Irurim (1950).

Orlah (talmudic tractate).

Sibylline Oracles (Pseudepigrapha).

L'Orient Syrien (1956!?.)

Oudtestamentische Studien (i942ff.).

Proceedings of the American Academy for

Jewish Research (193 off.)

A papyrus exemplar of IQS.

Parah (mishnaic tractate).

A.F. Pauly, Realencyklopaedie der klassichen

Alertumswissenschaft, ed. by G. Wissowa et

al. (1864IT.)

192

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

ABBREVIATIONS

PD

PDR

PdRE

PdRK

Peah

Peake, Commentary

Pedersen, Israel

PEFQS

PEQ

Perles, Beitaege

Pes.
Pesh.
Pesher Hab.

I and II Pet.
Pfeiffer, Intro d

PG

Phil.

Philem.
PIASH

PJB

PK

PL

Plant
PO

Pool, Prayer

Post

PR

Praem.

Prawer, Zalbanim

Press, Erez

Pritchard, Pictures

Pritchard, Texts

Piskei Din shel Bet ha-Mishpat ha-Elyon le-

Yisrael (i948ff.)

Piskei Din shel Battei ha-Din ha-

Rabbaniyyim be-Yisrael.

Pirkei de-R. Eliezer (Eng. tr. 1916. (1965 2 ).

Pesikta de-Rav Kahana.

Peah (talmudic tractate).

A.J. Peake (ed.), Commentary on the Bible

(1919; rev. 1962).

J. Pedersen, Israel, Its Life and Culture, 4

vols, in 2 (1926-40).

Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly

Statement (1869-1937; since 1938-PEQ).

Palestine Exploration Quarterly (until

1937 PEFQS; after 1927 includes

BBSAJ).

J. Perles, Beitraege zur rabbinischen

Sprachund Alterthumskunde (1893).

Pesahim (talmudic tractate).

Peshitta (Syriac translation of the Bible).

Commentary to Habakkuk from Qumran;

see lQp Hab.

Epistles of Peter (New Testament).

R.H. Pfeiffer, Introduction to the Old

Testament (1948).

J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologia Graeca, 161

vols. (1866-86).

Epistle to the Philippians (New

Testament).

Epistle to the Philemon (New Testament).

Proceedings of the Israel Academy of

Sciences and Humanities (1963/7II.).

Palaestinajahrbuch des deutschen

evangelischen Institutes fuer

Altertumswissenschaft, Jerusalem (1905-

1933)-

Pinkas ha-Kehillot, encyclopedia of

Jewish communities, published in over

30 volumes by Yad Vashem from 1970

and arranged by countries, regions and

localities. For 3 -vol. English edition see

Spector, Jewish Life.

J.P. Migne (ed.), Patrologia Latina 221 vols.

(1844-64).

Philo, De Plantatione.

R. Graffin and F. Nau (eds.), Patrologia

Orientalis (19030°.)

D. de Sola Pool, Traditional Prayer Book

for Sabbath and Festivals (i960).

Philo, De Posteritate Caini.

Pesikta Rabbati.

Philo, De Praemiis et Poenis.

J. Prawer, Toledot Mamlekhet ha-Zalbanim

be-Erez Yisrael, 2 vols. (1963).

I. Press, Erez-Yisrael, Enziklopedyah

Topografit-Historit, 4 vols. (1951-55).

J.B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near East in

Pictures (1954, 1970).

J.B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near East Texts

... (1970 3 ).

Pr. Man.
Prob.
Prov.
PS

Ps.
PSBA

Ps. of Sol
IQ Apoc

6QD

QDAP

4QDeut. 32

4QEx a

4QEx a

4QFlor

QGJD

IQH

IQIs

IQIs 1

IQM

4QpNah

IQphyl

4Q Prayer of
Nabonidus

IQS

Prayer of Manasses (Apocrypha).

Philo, Quod Omnis Probus Liber Sit.

Proverbs (Bible).

Palestinsky Sbornik (Russ. (1881 1916,

i954ff).

Psalms (Bible).

Proceedings of the Society of Biblical

Archaeology (1878-1918).

Psalms of Solomon (Pseudepigrapha).

The Genesis Apocryphon from Qumran,
cave one, ed. by N. Avigad and Y. Yadin

(1956).

Damascus Document or Sefer Berit

Dammesk from Qumran, cave six, ed. by

M. Baillet, in RB, 63 (1956), 513-23 (see

also CD).

Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities

in Palestine (i932ff.).

Manuscript of Deuteronomy 32 from

Qumran, cave four (ed. by P.W. Skehan, in

BASOR, 136 (1954), 12-15).

Exodus manuscript in Jewish script from

Qumran, cave four.

Exodus manuscript in Paleo-Hebrew

script from Qumran, cave four (partially

ed. by P.W. Skehan, in JBL, 74 (1955),

182-7).

Florilegium, a miscellany from Qumran,

cave four (ed. by J.M. Allegro, in JBL, 75

(1956), 176-77 and 77 (1958), 350-54)-).
Quellen zur Geschichte der Juden in
Deutschland 1888-98).
Thanksgiving Psalms of Hodayot from
Qumran, cave one (ed. by E.L. Sukenik
and N. Avigad, Ozar ha-Megillot ha-
Genuzot (1954).

Scroll of Isaiah from Qumran, cave one
(ed. by N. Burrows et al., Dead Sea
Scrolls ..., 1 (1950).

Scroll of Isaiah from Qumran, cave one
(ed. E.L. Sukenik and N. Avigad, Ozar ha-
Megillot ha-Genuzot (1954).
The War Scroll or Serekh ha-Milhamah (ed.
by E.L. Sukenik and N. Avigad, Ozar ha-
Megillot ha-Genuzot (1954).
Commentary on Nahum from Qumran,
cave four (partially ed. by J.M. Allegro, in
JBL, 75 (1956), 89-95).
Phylacteries (tefillin) from Qumran, cave
one (ed. by Y. Yadin, in Eretz Israel, 9

(1969), 60-85).

A document from Qumran, cave
four, belonging to a lost Daniel
literature (ed. by J.T. Milik, in RB, 63

(1956), 407-15)-

Manual of Discipline or Serekh ha-Yahad
from Qumran, cave one (ed. by M.
Burrows et al., Dead Sea Scrolls ..., 2, pt. 2

(i95i)-

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

193

ABBREVIATIONS

IQS

IQS

4QSam a

4QSam b

4QTestimonia

4QT.Levi

Rabinovitz, Dik Sof

RB

RBI

RCB

Regne, Cat

Reinach, Textes

REJ

Rejzen, Leksikon

Renan, Ecrivains

Renan, Rabbins

RES

Rev.
RGG 3

RH

RHJE

RHMH

RHPR

RHR

RI

Riemann-Einstein

Riemann- Gurlitt

Rigg-Jenkinson,
Exchequer

The Rule of the Congregation or Serekh
ha-Edah from Qumran, cave one (ed. by
Burrows et al., Dead Sea Scrolls ..., 1 (1950),
under the abbreviation IQ28a).
Blessings or Divrei Berakhot from Qumran,
cave one (ed. by Burrows et al., Dead Sea
Scrolls ..., 1 (1950), under the abbreviation
IQ28b).

Manuscript of I and II Samuel from
Qumran, cave four (partially ed. by F.M.
Cross, in BASOR, 132 (1953), 15-26).
Manuscript of I and II Samuel from
Qumran, cave four (partially ed. by F.M.

Cross, in JBL, 74 (1955), 147-72).
Sheet of Testimony from Qumran, cave
four (ed. by J.M. Allegro, in JBL, 75 (1956),

174-87).).

Testament of Levi from Qumran, cave four

(partially ed. by J.T. Milik, in RB, 62 (1955),

398-406).

See Dik Sof.
Revue biblique (i892ff.)
Recherches bibliques (1954!?.)
Revista de cultura biblica (Sao Paulo )

(i957ff.)

J. Regne, Catalogue des actes . . . des rois

d'Aragon, concernant les Juifs (1213-1327),

in: REJ, vols. 60 70, 73, 75-78 (1910-24).

T. Reinach, Textes dauteurs Grecs et

Romains relatifs au Judai'sme (1895; repr.

1963)-

Revue des etudes juives (i88off.).

Z. Rejzen, Leksikon fun der Yidisher

Literature, 4 vols. (1927-29).

A. Neubauer and E. Renan, Les ecrivains

juifs francais ... (1893).

A. Neubauer and E. Renan, Les rabbins

francais (1877).

Revue des etude semitiques et Babyloniaca

(1934-45).

Revelation (New Testament).

Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart,

7 vols. (1957-65 3 ).

Rosh Ha-Shanah (talmudic tractate).

Revue de Vhistoire juive en Egypte (i947ff.).

Revue d'histoire de la medecine hebraique

(i948ff-).

Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses

(l92lff.).

Revue d'histoire des religions (i88off.).

Rivista Israelitica (1904-12).

Hugo Riemanns Musiklexikon, ed. by A.

Einstein (1929 11 ).

Hugo Riemanns Musiklexikon, ed. by W.

Gurlitt (1959-67 12 ), Personenteil.

J.M. Rigg, H. Jenkinson and H.G.

Richardson (eds.), Calendar of the Pleas

Rolls of the Exchequer of the Jews, 4 vols.

(1905-1970); cf. in each instance also J.M.

Rigg (ed.), Select Pleas ... (1902).

RMI

Rom.

Rosanes, Togarmah

Rosenbloom, Biogr

Diet
Roth, Art
Roth, Dark Ages

Roth, England

Roth, Italy
Roth, Mag Bibl

Roth, Marranos

Rowley, Old Test

RS

RSO

RSV

Rubinstein, Australia I

Rubinstein, Australia II

Ruth
Ruth R.
RV

Sac.

Salfeld, Martyrol

I and II Sam.

Sanh.

SBA

SBB

SBE
SBT
SBU

Schirmann, Italyah

Schirmann, Sefarad

Scholem, Mysticism

Scholem, Shabbetai
Zevi

Schrader, Keilinschr
Schuerer, Gesch

Rassegna Mensile di Israel (1925^).

Epistle to the Romans (New Testament).

S.A. Rosanes, Divrei Yemei Yisrael be-

Togarmah, 6 vols. (1907-45), and in 3 vols.

(1930-38 2 ).

J.R. Rosenbloom, Biographical Dictionary

of Early American Jews (i960).

C. Roth, Jewish Art (1961).

C. Roth (ed.), World History of the Jewish

People, second series, vol. 2, Dark Ages

(1966).

C. Roth, History of the Jews in England

(1964 3 ).

C. Roth, History of the Jews in Italy (1946).

C. Roth, Magna Bibliotheca Anglo-Judaica

(i937).

C. Roth, History of the Marranos (2nd rev.

ed 1959; reprint 1966).

H.H. Rowley, Old Testament and Modern

Study (1951; repr. 1961).

Revue semitiques depigraphie et d'histoire

ancienne (1893/94!?.).

Rivista degli studi orientali (1907IT.).

Revised Standard Version of the Bible.

H.L. Rubinstein, The Jews in Australia, A

Thematic History, Vol. I (1991).

W.D. Rubinstein, The Jews in Australia, A

Thematic History, Vol. II (1991).

Ruth (Bible).

Ruth Rabbah.

Revised Version of the Bible.

Philo, De Sacrificiis Abelis et Caini.

S. Salfeld, Martyrologium des Nuernberger

Memorbuches (1898).

Samuel, book I and II (Bible).

Sanhedrin (talmudic tractate).

Society of Biblical Archaeology.

Studies in Bibliography and Booklore

(i953ff-).

Semana Biblica Espanola.

Studies in Biblical Theology (i95iff.).

Svenkst Bibliskt Uppslogsvesk, 2 vols. (1962-

6 3 2 ).

J.H. Schirmann, Ha-Shirah ha-Ivrit be-

Italyah (1934).

J.H. Schirmann, Ha-Shirah ha-Ivrit bi-

Sefarad u-vi-Provence, 2 vols. (1954-56).

G. Scholem, Major Trends in Jewish

Mysticism (rev. ed. 1946; paperback

ed. with additional bibliography

1961).

G. Scholem, Shabbetai Zevi ve-ha-Tenu'ah

ha-Shabbeta'it bi-Ymei Hayyav, 2 vols.

(1967).

E. Schrader, Keilinschriften und dasAlte

Testament (1903 3 ).

E. Schuerer, Geschichte des juedischen

Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, 3 vols, and

index-vol. (1901-11 4 ).

194

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1

ABBREVIATIONS

Schuerer, Hist

Set. T.

Sem.

Sendrey, Music

SER
SEZ
Shab
Sh. Ar.

Shek.
Shev.
Shevu.
Shunami, Bibl

Sif.

Sif. Num.

Sifra

Sif. Zut.

SIHM

Silverman, Prayer

Singer, Prayer

Sob.

Sof.

Som.

Song

Song. Ch.

Song R.

SOR

Sot.

SOZ

Spec.

Spector, Jewish Life

Steinschneider, Arab

lit
Steinschneider, Cat

Bod

Steinschneider,
Hanbuch

Steinschneider,
Uebersetzungen
Stern, Americans

van Straalen, Cat

Suarez Fernandez,
Docmentos

E. Schuerer, History of the Jewish People
in the Time of Jesus, ed. by N.N. Glatzer,
abridged paperback edition (1961).
Sefer Torah (post-talmudic tractate).
Semahot (post-talmudic tractate).
A. Sendrey, Bibliography of Jewish Music

(i95i)-

Seder Eliyahu Kabbah.

Seder Eliyahu Zuta.

Shabbat (talmudic tractate).

J. Caro Shulhan Arukh.

OH - Orah Hayyim

YD - Yoreh Deah

EH - Even ha-Ezer

HM - Hoshen Mishpat.

Shekalim (talmudic tractate).

Shevi'it (talmudic tractate).

Shevu bt (talmudic tractate).

S. Shunami, Bibliography of Jewish

Bibliographies (19 6^ 2 ).

Sifrei Deuteronomy.

Sifrei Numbers.

Sifra on Leviticus.

Sifrei Zuta.

Sources inedites de l'histoire du Maroc

(series).

M. Silverman (ed.), Sabbath and Festival

Prayer Book (1946).

S. Singer Authorised Daily Prayer Book

(1943 17 ).

Philo, De Sobrietate.

Soferim (post-talmudic tractate).

Philo, De Somniis.

Song of Songs (Bible).

Song of the Three Children (Apocrypha).

Song of Songs Kabbah.

Seder Olam Kabbah.

Sotah (talmudic tractate).

Seder Olam Zuta.

Philo, De Specialibus Legibus.

S. Spector (ed.), Encyclopedia of Jewish Life

Before and After the Holocaust (2001).

M. Steinschneider, Die arabische Literatur

derjuden (1902).

M. Steinschneider, Catalogus Librorum

Hebraeorum in Bibliotheca Bodleiana, 3

vols. (1852-60; reprints 1931 and 1964).

M. Steinschneider, Bibliographisches

Handbuch ueber die . . . Literatur fuer

hebraeische Sprachkunde (1859; repr. with

additions 1937).

M. Steinschneider, Die hebraeischen

Uebersetzungen des Mittelalters (1893).

M.H. Stern, Americans of Jewish Descent

(i960).

S. van Straalen, Catalogue of Hebrew Books

in the British Museum Acquired During the

Years 1868-1892 (1894).

L. Suarez Fernandez, Documentos acerca de

la expulsion de losjudios de Espana (1964).

Suk.
Sus.
SY
Sym.

SZNG

Sukkah (talmudic tractate).

Susanna (Apocrypha).

Sefer Yezirah.

Symmachus' Greek translation of the

Bible.

Studien zur neueren Geschichte.

Taan.

Taanit (talmudic tractate).

Tarn.

Tamid (mishnaic tractate).

Tanh.

*

Tanhuma.

*

Tanh. B.

*

Tanhuma. Buber ed (1885).

Targ. Jon

Targum Jonathan (Aramaic version of the

Prophets).

Targ. Onk.

Targum Onkelos (Aramaic versi